Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
| (22 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar.
| |
| ==Affixes==
| |
| A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
| |
|
| |
|
| #applicative or derivational prefixes
| |
| #object prefix
| |
| #(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
| |
| #'''STEM'''
| |
| #voice suffix
| |
| #TAM + subject
| |
| #emphatic suffix ''-is''
| |
|
| |
| Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
| |
|
| |
| ===Object markers===
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
| |
| |+ Object affixes
| |
| |-
| |
| !style="width: 50px; "|
| |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Singular
| |
| !style="width: 100px; "|Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1
| |
| |''in-''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|1 + 2
| |
| |''-''
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|2
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| !|3
| |
| |''bi-''
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Voice markers===
| |
| *''-ro-'' = passive marker
| |
| Some verbs may be ablauted.
| |
|
| |
| ===TAM + subject markers===
| |
| Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. There are two major paradigms of verbs, ignoring principal parts:
| |
|
| |
| *Consonant stems:
| |
| *Vowel stems: -ā-, -e-, -i-
| |
|
| |
| The 3pl suffixes -bis/-b and -tis/-t are in free variation, though there is some preference for one set in certain tenses.
| |
|
| |
| The emphatic marker is often but not always added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle (e.g. ''ei'' 'not', ''rin'' {{sc|relativizer}}):
| |
| *''cacsanis'' = I eat
| |
| *''ei cacsan'' = I do not eat
| |
|
| |
| Collective nouns take the ''singular'' form of the verb.
| |
| ====Present====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussānis || torenis || aellinis || cacsanis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussāris || toreris || aelliris || cacsaris
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussāmis || toremis || aellimis || cacsamis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussāsis || toresis || aellisis || cacsasis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussās || tores || aellis || cacsis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussāmēs || toremēs || aellimēs || cacsamēs
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussāntis || torentis || aellintis || cacsantis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussāces || toreces || aellisces || cacsaces
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussābis<br/>tussātis || torebis<br/>toretis || aellibis<br/>aellitis || cacsabis<br/>cacsatis
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms (shown with ''ei'' 'not'):
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || ei tussān || ei toren || ei aellin || ei cacsan
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || ei tussār || ei torer || ei aellir || ei cacsar
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || ei tussām || ei torem || ei aellim || ei cacsam
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || ei tussāsi || ei toresi || ei aellisi || ei cacsasi
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || ei tussā || ei tore || ei aelli || ei cacsa
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || ei tussāmē || ei toremē || ei aellimē || ei cacsamē
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || ei tussānt || ei torent || ei aellint || ei cacsant
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || ei tussāce || ei torece || ei aellice || ei cacsace
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || ei tussāb<br/>ei tussāt || ei toreb<br/>ei toret || ei aellib<br/>ei aellit || ei cacsab<br/>ei cacsat
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Imperfect====
| |
| Uses reduplication:
| |
| *Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
| |
| *Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- just use the first V as the redupliant: ''ȝastranis'' 'I laugh', ''aȝastranis'' 'I used to laugh'.
| |
|
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tetussānis || tetorenis || aeaellinis || cecacsanis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tetussāris || tetoreris || aeaelliris || cecacsaris
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tetussāmis || tetoremis || aeaellimis || cecacsamis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tetussāsis || tetoresis || aeaellisis || cecacsasis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tetussās || tetores || aeaellis || cecacsis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tetussāmēs || tetoremēs || aeaellimēs || cecacsamēs
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tetussāntis || tetorentis || aeaellintis || cecacsantis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tetussāces || tetoreces || aeaellices || cecacsaces
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tetussātis || tetoretis || aeaellitis || cecacsatis
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || ei tetussān || ei tetorene || ei aeaelline || ei cecacsane
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || ei tetussār || ei tetorer || ei aeaellir || ei cecacsar
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || ei tetussām || ei tetorem || ei aeaellim || ei cecacsam
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || ei tetussāsi || ei tetoresi || ei aeaellisi || ei cecacsasis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || ei tetussā || ei tetore || ei aeaelli || ei cecacsa
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || ei tetussāmē || ei tetoremē || ei aeaellimē || ei cecacsamē
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || ei tetussānt || ei tetorent || ei aeaellint || ei cecacsant
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || ei tetussāce || ei tetorece || ei aeaellice || ei cecacsace
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || ei tetussāt || ei tetoret || ei aeaellit || ei cecacsat
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Preterite====
| |
| Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.
| |
|
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussādīs || toredīs || aellidīs || cētīs
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussāvoes || torevoes || aellivoes || cēvoes
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussāsmis || toresmis || aellismis || cēsmis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussāstis || torestis || aellistis || cēstis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussāsos || toresos || aellisos || cēsos
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussāmris || toremris || aellimris || cēmris
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussāntris || torentris || aellintris || cēntris
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussācris || torecris || aellicris || cēcris
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussābris || torebris || aellibris || cēbris
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || ei tussādī || ei toredī || ei aellidī || ei cētī
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || ei tussāvoe || ei torevoe || ei aellivoe || ei cēvoe
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || ei tussāsmi || ei toresmi || ei aellismi || ei cēsmi
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || ei tussāsti || ei toresti || ei aellisti || ei cēsti
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || ei tussāso || ei toreso || ei aelliso || ei cēso
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || ei tussāmer || ei toremer || ei aellimer || ei cēmer
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || ei tussānter || ei torenter || ei aellinter || ei cēnter
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || ei tussācer || ei torecer || ei aellicer || ei cēcer
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || ei tussāber || ei toreber || ei aelliber || ei cēber
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Pluperfect====
| |
| (Reduplicate the preterite forms.)
| |
|
| |
| ====Future====
| |
| Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.
| |
|
| |
| Here it's more common to use -tēbis/-tēb for 3pl than -tētis/-tēt.
| |
|
| |
| Phonological rules for consonant stems:
| |
| *''m'' + ''t'' > ''nt''
| |
| *''b, φ, g'' + ''t'' > ''ct''
| |
| *''cs'' + ''t'' > '':st''
| |
| *''θ, δ'' + ''t'' > ''ss''
| |
| *''d'' + ''t'' > ''tt''
| |
| *''ȝ'' + ''t'' > ''ħt''
| |
|
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussātēnis || toretēnis || cāstēnis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussātēris || toretēris || cāstēris
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussātēmis || toretēmis || cāstēmis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussātēsis || toretēsis || cāstēsis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussātēs || toretēs || cāstēs
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussātēmēs || toretēmēs || cāstēmēs
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussātēntis || toretēntis || cāstēntis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussātēces || toretēces || cāstēces
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussātēbis || toretēbis || cāstēbis
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || ei tussātēn || ei toretēn || ei cāstēn
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || ei tussātēr || ei toretēr || ei cāstēr
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || ei tussātēm || ei toretēm || ei cāstēm
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || ei tussātēsi || ei toretēsi || ei cāstēsi
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || ei tussātē || ei toretē || ei cāstē
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || ei tussātēmē || ei toretēmē || ei cāstēmē
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || ei tussātēnt || ei toretēnt || ei cāstēnt
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || ei tussātēce || ei toretēce || ei cāstēce
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || ei tussātēb || ei toretēb || ei cāstēb
| |
| |}
| |
| ====Future perfect====
| |
|
| |
| ====Jussive====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussānaes || torenaes || cacsanaes
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussāraes || toreraes || cacsaraes
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussāmioris || toremioris || cacsamioris
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussāsioris || toresioris || cacsasioris
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussoris || torioris || cacsioris
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussāmaes || toremaes || cacsamaes
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussāntaes || torentaes || cacsantaes
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussācaes || torecaes || cacsacaes
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussātioris || toretioris || cacsatioris
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative ''δā''):
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsanis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || δā tussānae || δā torenae || δā cacsanae
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || δā tussārae || δā torerae || δā cacsarae
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || δā tussāmior || δā toremior || δā cacsamior
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || δā tussāsior || δā toresior || δā cacsasior
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || δā tussor || δā torior || δā cacsior
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || δā tussāmae || δā toremae || δā cacsamae
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || δā tussāntae || δā torentae || δā cacsantae
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || δā tussācae || δā torecae || δā cacsacae
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || δā tussātior || δā toretior || δā cacsatior
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Optative====
| |
|
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || tussādonis || torēdonis || cacsidonis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussādoris || torēdoris || cacsidoris
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || tussādomis || torēdomis || cacsidomis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || tussādosis || torēdosis || cacsidosis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || tussādos || torēdos || cacsidos
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || tussādomēs || torēdomēs || cacsidomēs
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussādontis || torēdontis || cacsidontis
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussādoces || torēdoces || cacsidoces
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || tussādotis || torēdotis || cacsidotis
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1SG || δā tussādon || δā torēdon || δā cacsidon
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || δā tussādor || δā torēdor || δā cacsidor
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.M || δā tussādom || δā torēdom || δā cacsidom
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.F || δā tussādosi || δā torēdosi || δā cacsidosi
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3SG.N || δā tussādo || δā torēdo || δā cacsido
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1EX || δā tussādomē || δā torēdomē || δā cacsidomē
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || δā tussādont || δā torēdont || δā cacsidont
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || δā tussādoce || δā torēdoce || δā cacsidoce
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || δā tussādot || δā torēdot || δā cacsidot
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Imperative====
| |
| Independent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || tussās! || torēs! || aellīs! || cacsas!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || tussāntēs! || torentēs! || aellintēs! || cacsantēs!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || tussācēs! || torecēs! || aelliscēs! || cacsacēs!
| |
| |}
| |
| Dependent forms:
| |
| {| class="bluetable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Person !! ''tussānis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''cacsynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2SG || δā tussā! || δā torē! || δā aellī! || δā cacsa!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 1IN || δā tussāntē! || δā torentē! || δā aellintē! || δā cacsantē!
| |
| |-
| |
| | 2PL || δā tussācē! || δā torecē! || δā aellicē! || δā cacsacē!
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ===Non-finite forms===
| |
| Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.
| |
|
| |
| ====Infinitives====
| |
| *Infinitive: ''-us'' (consonantal verbs) / ''-s'' (theme vowel verbs)
| |
| **''cacus'' = to eat
| |
| **''tussās'' = to pray
| |
| *Verbal noun: ''-ācos''
| |
| *Adverbial infintive: ''-nos''
| |
|
| |
| ====Participles====
| |
| *Present participle: ''-gim''
| |
| *Past passive participle: ''-inom''
| |
| *Future participle: ''-tēgim''
| |
|
| |
| ==Paradigms==
| |