Brusing/Middle: Difference between revisions
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'''Brusing''' ('' | '''Brusing''' (''Brūsingisca taca'' /brùːsɪŋgiska tàka/) is an [[Oselo-Bruso-Thedic]] language that emphasizes the non-Germanic aspects of the subbranch. It is inspired by Sanskrit and Old English. | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
assign tone | |||
*tāla (f) = sequence, row; a musical term | *tāla (f) = sequence, row; a musical term | ||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
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====o-stems==== | ====o-stems==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''wèlg'' 'wolf (m.)' (< {{recon|wḷkʷós}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''wèlg''||''wèlge'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''wèlges''||''wèlgan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''wèlge''||''wèlgum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''wèlg'' ||''wèlgu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''wèlget'' ||''wèlges'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''wèlge'' ||''wèlgus'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''þánd'' 'child (n.)' (< {{recon|ǵénh₁tom}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''þánd''||''þánda'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''þándes''||''þándan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''þánde''||''þándum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''þánd'' ||''þánda'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''þándet'' ||''þándes'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''þánde'' ||''þándus'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====eh2-stems==== | ====eh2-stems==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''árda'' 'earth (f.)' (< *h₁érteh₂) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''árda''||''árdas'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''árdas''||''árdan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''árde''||''árdum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''árda'' ||''árdu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''árde'' ||''árdes'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''árde'' ||''árdus'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''bǣ́d'' (m.) 'ruler'; later 'tyrant, despot' (< {{recon|potis}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''glṓst'' 'load (f.)' (< {{recon|*kleh₂-s-tus}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
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====n-stems==== | ====n-stems==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''nā́ma'' 'name (n.)' (< POBT {{recon|nomṇ}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|''nāma''||'' | |''nāma''||''nāmana'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''nǣmanas''||''nāmanan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''nǣmunu''||''nāmunum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|''nāma'' ||'' | |''nāma'' ||''nāmana'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''nǣmanas'' ||''nāmanis'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''nǣmane'' ||''nāmanis'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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====Athematics==== | ====Athematics==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''pérc'' 'city (f.)' (< {{recon|bʰṛgʰs}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | !| !! Singular !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Nominative | !|Nominative | ||
|'' | |''perc''||''percas'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Genitive | !|Genitive | ||
|'' | |''percas''||''percan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Dative | !|Dative | ||
|'' | |''percu''||''percum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Accusative | !|Accusative | ||
|'' | |''perca'' ||''percas'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Ablative | !|Ablative | ||
|'' | |''percas'' ||''percis'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|Locative | !|Locative | ||
|'' | |''perce'' ||''percus'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Pronouns=== | |||
ec, dū, is/ia/id, wīs, jūs, ūi/ias/īa | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives decline for number, gender, case and definiteness. | |||
The following is the inflection of ''cāt'' 'good', from PIE *gʰōdʰ-os. When a box shows three forms, the forms are in the order masculine, feminine, neuter. | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''cāt'' 'good'; indefinite declension | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''cāt''<br/>''cāta''<br/>''cāt''||''cāte''<br/>''cātas''<br/>''cāta'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''cātes''<br/>''cātas''<br/>''cātes''||''cātan'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''cāte''||''cātum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''cāt''<br/>''cāta''<br/>''cāt''||''cātu''<br/>''cātu''<br/>''cāta'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''cātet''<br/>''cāte''<br/>''cātet''||''cātes'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''cāte'' ||''cātus'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ ''cāt'' 'good'; definite declension | |||
|- | |||
!| !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|Nominative | |||
|''cāta''||''cātunus''<br/>''cātunus''<br/>''cātana'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Genitive | |||
|''cātanas''||''cātanan'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Dative | |||
|''cātunu''||''cātunum'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Accusative | |||
|''cātana''<br/>''cātana''<br/>''cāta''||''cātani''<br/>''cātani''<br/>''cātana'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Ablative | |||
|''cātanas''||''cātanis'' | |||
|- | |||
!|Locative | |||
|''cātane'' ||''cātanis'' | |||
|} | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Unlike in Thedic languages, all verbs use the athematic endings in Brusing. | Unlike in Thedic languages, all verbs use the athematic endings in Brusing. | ||
Verbs are negated by prefixing ''na-''. | Verbs are negated by prefixing ''na-''. (TODO: sandhi) | ||
Verbs had five tenses: present, imperfect, aorist, perfect, and future. | Verbs had five tenses: present, imperfect, aorist, perfect, and future. | ||
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====Athematics==== | ====Athematics==== | ||
====e/o-thematics==== | ====e/o-thematics==== | ||
'' | ''spáðan'' 'to see' | ||
*Present: spaðem, spaðas, spaðad, spaðum, spaðad, spaðand | *Present: spaðem, spaðas, spaðad, spaðum, spaðad, spaðand | ||
*Imperfect: aspað, aspaðast, aspað, aspaðum, aspaðad, aspaðer | *Imperfect: aspað, aspaðast, aspað, aspaðum, aspaðad, aspaðer | ||
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*Perfect: spāð, spāst, spāð, spāðum, spāðad, spāðer | *Perfect: spāð, spāst, spāð, spāðum, spāðad, spāðer | ||
*Future: spassem, spassas, spassad, spassum, spassad, spassand | *Future: spassem, spassas, spassad, spassum, spassad, spassand | ||
*Imperative: -, spað, spastu, spaðum, spaðad, spaðandu | |||
*Imperative: -, spað, | |||
====eh2-verbs==== | ====eh2-verbs==== | ||
====yé-verbs==== | ====yé-verbs==== | ||
====éye-verbs==== | ====éye-verbs==== | ||
'' | ''tā̀rajan'' 'to pain, to grieve' | ||
*Present: '' | *Present: ''tārajem, tārajas, tārajad, tārajum, tārajad, tārajand'' | ||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
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[[Category:Lõis]] | [[Category:Lõis]] | ||
[[Category:Indo-European languages]] | [[Category:Indo-European languages]] | ||
[[Category:Stem-Germanic]] |
Latest revision as of 07:49, 2 April 2021
Brusing (Brūsingisca taca /brùːsɪŋgiska tàka/) is an Oselo-Bruso-Thedic language that emphasizes the non-Germanic aspects of the subbranch. It is inspired by Sanskrit and Old English.
Todo
assign tone
- tāla (f) = sequence, row; a musical term
a e i u ā ē ī ū ei eu ai au āi ēi āu ēu ->
a e i u ā ē ī ū ūi ē āe ōe āe ūi ōe ē
i want ū to become ȳ
u-umlaut:
o œ y u ō œ̄ ȳ ū ū œ̄ ōe ūi ōe ū ūi œ̄
suHnus -> *sūnus -> sūn "son"
- h₂elut "beer" -> *aluð -> olu
that sounds like estonian õlu
CVCuC words get the u if the V is short
Proto-Brusing:
Avis ðersaiwa
Avis, dat welnān natāra, spāða ðersuos: ainan kerrun wāðnan teuðanda, ainanwa mahsalān kerriðān, ainanwa ðumana sneuman paranda.
Grammar
Nouns
Brusing nouns had 6 cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and locative.
o-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | wèlg | wèlge |
Genitive | wèlges | wèlgan |
Dative | wèlge | wèlgum |
Accusative | wèlg | wèlgu |
Ablative | wèlget | wèlges |
Locative | wèlge | wèlgus |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | þánd | þánda |
Genitive | þándes | þándan |
Dative | þánde | þándum |
Accusative | þánd | þánda |
Ablative | þándet | þándes |
Locative | þánde | þándus |
eh2-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | árda | árdas |
Genitive | árdas | árdan |
Dative | árde | árdum |
Accusative | árda | árdu |
Ablative | árde | árdes |
Locative | árde | árdus |
i- and u-stems
The i-stems and u-stems merge in Classical Brusing.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | bǣd | bǣdus |
Genitive | bǣdus | bǣdian |
Dative | bǣdu | bǣdum |
Accusative | bǣd | bǣdi |
Ablative | bǣdus | bǣdis |
Locative | bǣdu | bǣdis |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | glōst | glōstus |
Genitive | glōstus | glōstian |
Dative | glōstu | glōstum |
Accusative | glōst | glōsti |
Ablative | glōstus | glōstis |
Locative | glōstu | glōstis |
ih2-stems
wǣsti (POBT wostiyā) = clothing
n-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | nāma | nāmana |
Genitive | nǣmanas | nāmanan |
Dative | nǣmunu | nāmunum |
Accusative | nāma | nāmana |
Ablative | nǣmanas | nāmanis |
Locative | nǣmane | nāmanis |
Likewise: wāta 'water', ðarta 'heart'
Athematics
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | perc | percas |
Genitive | percas | percan |
Dative | percu | percum |
Accusative | perca | percas |
Ablative | percas | percis |
Locative | perce | percus |
Pronouns
ec, dū, is/ia/id, wīs, jūs, ūi/ias/īa
Adjectives
Adjectives decline for number, gender, case and definiteness.
The following is the inflection of cāt 'good', from PIE *gʰōdʰ-os. When a box shows three forms, the forms are in the order masculine, feminine, neuter.
|
|
Verbs
Unlike in Thedic languages, all verbs use the athematic endings in Brusing.
Verbs are negated by prefixing na-. (TODO: sandhi)
Verbs had five tenses: present, imperfect, aorist, perfect, and future.
The irrealis tenses are: subjunctive, optative, imperfective imperative, and aorist imperative.
Brusing also had a passive voice, inherited from PIE.
Athematics
e/o-thematics
spáðan 'to see'
- Present: spaðem, spaðas, spaðad, spaðum, spaðad, spaðand
- Imperfect: aspað, aspaðast, aspað, aspaðum, aspaðad, aspaðer
- Aorist: aspās, aspāst, aspās, aspassum, aspassad, aspasser
- Perfect: spāð, spāst, spāð, spāðum, spāðad, spāðer
- Future: spassem, spassas, spassad, spassum, spassad, spassand
- Imperative: -, spað, spastu, spaðum, spaðad, spaðandu
eh2-verbs
yé-verbs
éye-verbs
tā̀rajan 'to pain, to grieve'
- Present: tārajem, tārajas, tārajad, tārajum, tārajad, tārajand