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| [[Ngiwrith/Lexicon]]
| | '''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh. |
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| [[Ngiwrith/Swadesh list]]
| | The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity |
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| | l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters |
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| {{Infobox language
| | Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
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| |name = {{PAGENAME}}
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| |image =
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| |setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
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| |nativename = Knánith
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| |pronunciation = /knaːniθ/
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| |region =
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| |states =
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| |speakers =
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| |date =
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| |familycolor=afroasiatic
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| |fam1=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam2=Semitic
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| |fam3=Central Semitic
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| |fam4=North Semitic
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| }}
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| '''Knánith''' is a descendant of Biblical Hebrew spoken in Lõis's Crete. (todo: less Rabbinical Hebrew)
| | /ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr |
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| Numbers:
| | samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/ |
| 0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), hnay, hlusz, arbøng, homisz, szesz, szew, hmun, teszang, ngaxør
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| 11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay ngaxør, hlusz ngaxør, arbøng ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszaŋ ngaxør, ngaxre
| | definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural |
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| 40: stay ngaxre
| | Heth and he merge |
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| 60: hlusz ngaxre
| | pronouns: |
| | * 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/ |
| | * 2sg /tʰə/ |
| | * 3sg m /hʏ/ |
| | * 3sg f /hɪ/ |
| | * 1pl /nʏ/ |
| | * 2pl /tʰəm/ |
| | * 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/ |
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| ...
| | Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style |
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| 120: merkø
| | /-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess' |
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| 14400: rúø
| | h-g-y 'to savor' |
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| before: kkorm
| | ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved' |
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| <!--
| | k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big' |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical' |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul') |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
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| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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| --> | | One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake') |
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| ==Introduction== | | == Phonology == |
| *Swadesh list | | Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals) |
| *''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-) | | === Vowels === |
| *''Ni bø løhabiw ngiwrith, khozuth ni bø lødhabir akh ttipøth ngiwrith.'' | | === Consonants === |
| **I like Hebrew, but I only know a little Hebrew. | | ==== Phones ==== |
| *''tiwdith'' = [[Thedish]] | | ==== Underlying consonants ==== |
| *''Am yagį li...'' = May I... | | * |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/ |
| *''szą sze...'' = when... | | * |b| from Old Knench /b/ |
| *Many adverbs are from infinitive absolute | | * |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/ |
| *''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called) | | * |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/ |
| *''midhborø'' = conference | | * |h| from Old Knench /h/ |
| | * |w| from Old Knench /w/ |
| | * |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð) |
| | * |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ) |
| | * |j| from Old Knench /j/ |
| | * |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/ |
| | * |l| from Old Knench /l/ |
| | * |m| from Old Knench /m/ |
| | * |n| from Old Knench /n/ |
| | * |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s) |
| | * |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ) |
| | * |f| from Old Knench /p/ |
| | * |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}}) |
| | * |r| from Old Knench /r/ |
| | * |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ) |
| | * |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/ |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==== Vocalizables ==== |
| ===Orthography=== | | ''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|. |
| ===Consonants===
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| /m pʰ b f v w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ {{angbr|''m p b f v w n t tt d th dh ts s/x z sz y ng k kk g kh h l r''}}
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| Allophonic palatalization occurs before /ɛ/, /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ tɕ˭ dʑ ɕ/.
| | === Mutation === |
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| ====Mutations==== | | == Morphology == |
| Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:
| | === Verbs === |
| | Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct) |
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| p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- w- th- dh- kh- Ø-
| | Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions) |
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| "Already lenited" consonants lenite as follows: f w th dh kh Ø > nf, nw, nth, ndh, nkh, n
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| ===Vowels===
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| /a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə:/ = {{angbr|a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ}}
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| Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| Stress is always penultimate.
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| Knánith has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Biblical Hebrew.
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
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| Nouns
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| Adjectives
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| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| -->
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| ===Nouns and adjectives===
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| Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.
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| Cretan has lost grammatical gender.
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| *The regular "feminine" singular suffix is -ø or -th.
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| *The regular "masculine" plural suffix is -in or ''-e''.
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| *The regular "feminine" plural is -uth.
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| *However, there are many irregular plurals, especially nouns derived from construct state constructions. e.g. ''benusz, blenusz'' = human
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| ''køfor, køforin'' = village, villages
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| ''bagbøg, bagbøgin'' = bottle, bottles
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| ''i, iin'' = island, islands
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| ''kkiszø, kkiszuth'' = squash, squashes
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| ''gøfø, gøfuth'' = corpse, corpses
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| ''tagrith, tagriyuth'' = incident, incidents
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| Cretan has lost grammatical gender and the construct state. The only remnant of the construct state is the -th- interfix used in possessive constructions between two nouns that end and begin with a vowel, respectively: e.g.
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| *''hadhør-mittø'' 'bedroom'
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| *''ngønove-th-anf'' 'the grapes of wrath'
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| *''nøszomø-th-ahwø'' 'spirit of brotherhood'
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| Degree markers:
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| *''de-'' = as X as; equally X
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| *''ro-'' = too (from IE pro-)
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| *''ther-'' = comparative
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| *''khi-'' = superlative
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| ===Pronouns===
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| Knánith has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
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| ====Auxiliaries====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Various auxiliaries in Knánith
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| ! | Non-pronominal
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| |-
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| ! Affirmative
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| | ''ni, i''
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| | ''to''
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| | ''te''
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| | ''u''
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| | ''hi''
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| | ''nanu, onu, nu''
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| | ''tem''
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| | ''em''
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| | ''re, r' ''
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| |-
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| ! Interrogative
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| | ''am ni, am i''
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| | ''am to''
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| | ''am te''
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| | ''am u''
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| | ''am hi''
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| | ''am nu''
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| | ''am tem''
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| | ''am em''
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| | ''am''
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| |-
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| ! Negative
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| | ''en ni, en i''
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| | ''en to''
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| | ''en te''
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| | ''en u''
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| | ''en hi''
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| | ''en nu''
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| | ''en tem''
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| | ''en em''
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| | ''en''
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| |-
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| ! Past
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| | ''si ni, sit i, sit ni''
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| | ''sit to''
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| | ''sit te''
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| | ''so u''
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| | ''sto hi''
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| | ''sin nu''
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| | ''sit tem''
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| | ''su'm''
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| | ''so/sto/su''
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| ! Passive present
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| | ''ur ni, ur i''
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| | ''tur to''
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| | ''tri te''
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| | ''yur u''
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| | ''tur hi''
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| | ''nur nu''
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| | ''tru tem''
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| | ''ru'm''
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| | ''yur/tur/ru''
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| |-
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| ! Passive past
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| | ''var ni, var i, vart i''
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| | ''vart to''
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| | ''vart te''
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| | ''var u''
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| | ''vro hi''
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| | ''var nu''
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| | ''vart tem''
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| | ''vru'm''
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| | ''var/vro/vru''
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| |-
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| ! Subjunctive
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| | ''és ni, és i''
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| | ''tás to''
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| | ''tás te''
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| | ''yás u''
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| | ''tás hi''
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| | ''nás nu''
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| | ''tásu tem''
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| | ''yásu'm''
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| | ''yás/tás/yásu''
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| |-
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| ! Future
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| | ''lekh i''
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| | ''tlekh to''
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| | ''tlekh te''
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| | ''lekh u''
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| | ''tlekh hi''
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| | ''lekh nu''
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| | ''tlekhu tem''
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| | ''lekhu'm''
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| | ''lekh/tlekh/lekhu''
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| ! "May"
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| | ''kkekh i''
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| | ''tkkekh to''
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| | ''tkkekh te''
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| | ''kkekh u''
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| | ''tkkekh hi''
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| | ''kkekh nu''
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| | ''tkkekhu tem''
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| | ''kkekhu'm''
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| | ''kkekh/tkkekh/kkekhu''
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| |}
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| ===Prepositions===
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| Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
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| example of a knánith inflected preposition: lø "for"
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| *1sg: li, li ni
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| *2sg.m: lakh to
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| *2sg.f: lakh te
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| *3sg.m: lu hu, lú hu
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| *3sg.f: lo hi, loy hi
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| *1pl. lon nu, lonu
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| *2pl. lém tem
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| *3pl. lam em
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
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| :'''''R'iszaz bø lékhul tapuhaz.'''''
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| :''The man is eating the apple.''
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| :'''''Re bethi ni bø dhe-rul kø liyothøn.'''''
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| :''My house is as big as a whale.''
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| :'''''Sto i lásuth halgbethø i bø muødh múhør.'''''
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| :''She did her homework very late.''
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| The definite article is a clitic:
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| *Singular: -az (after C) or -zu (after V)
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| *Plural: -il
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| Examples:
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| *''hadhør'' = a room
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| *''hadhraz'' = the room
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| *''hadhri'' = rooms
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| *''hadhril'' = the rooms
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| *''hadhør grul'' = a big room
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| *''hadhør grulaz'' = the big room (< ''hah-hadhər hag-gâdhol haz-ze'')
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| *''botin grulin'' = big houses
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| *''botin grulil'' = the big houses
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| *''tøpuaz r' iszaz bø lékhul u'' = The apple, the man eats it
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| There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: ''szem-malkaz'' = the king's name.
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| To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-az fu'' and ''X-az szom'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''ze fu'' and ''ze szom'' (where the ''ze'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
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| The abstract demonstrative is ''zuth''.
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ''Isz li rangu'' "I'm hungry"
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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| ==Vocabulary==
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| Construct state combinations grammaticalize
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| *bel, ble- = agentive
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| *beth- = place noun
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| ==Example texts==
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| ===UDHR, Article 1===
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| :'''''Vru kol blenuszil ledhø kø vlehuri, hem szowi ngal kúdhaz ke skhøyuthil. Vru'm lehánig bø thvønø ke matspøn, ke re ngalem lithnágh ódh lø hni bø nøszomø-th-ahwø.'''''
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| :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
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| ===Tower of Babel===
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| # ''Bø khol ngulømaz sto áth sofø bø kkáth ledhabir ke uthøm miluthil bø kkáth lisztamisz.''
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| # ''Wini ksze su'm bø losangøth me mizroh, su'm litakkil bø miszuraz Szinngor ke lithyaszew szom.''
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| # ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu lásuth lwenuth ke léfuth em ettew." Ke su lwenuthil leszamisz lom em kø awnebniyø, ke hemør kø mald.''
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| # ''Ke su'm lemur: "Enø, butonu lewnuth kkiriø ke mídøl bo hi, yás ruszu u lagiø le szomayim, ki nás nu lásuth lonu szem, ke klu nás nu lithpazir pli kol ngulømaz!"''
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| # ''Wini so Eluim lowu mattø, ki wayás u láwid bø kkiriøzu ke mídølaz sze yu blenuszil bø lewnuth.''
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| # ''Ke so Eluim lemur: "Szą sze su'm hatholø lásuth zuth kø ódh ngom sze bø ledhabir áth sofø, lu yiye szum mikhszul ngal ma u ma sze yásu'm lithkawin lásuth!''
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| # ''"Enø, bu tonu lalakht mattø ke løwalbil soføthom em, klu wøyásu'm láwin szuthif."''
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| # ''Kokh so Eluim løfazir em, ke su'm lahdul lewnuth kkiriøzu.''
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| # ''Ke mi sibøzu fu sze kkiriøzu bø lakko szemaz "Bovil" -- szom so Eluim løwalbil sofø kol ngulømaz. Me szom so Eluim løfazir em pli kol ngulømaz.''
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| ===Schleicher's Fable===
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]]
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| [[Category:Lõis]]
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]]
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