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| The history of Hebrew and Judaism in [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]] is much like our own, except no revival of Hebrew has taken place. This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Lõis.
| | == Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) == |
| | <poem> |
| | דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת |
| | וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת |
| | נְעִים שִׁמְכֶם וְלֹא יֻשְׁבַּת |
| | שְׁבוּ נוּחוּ בְּיוֹם שַׁבָּת |
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| ==Corded Ware Hebrew==
| | דְּרוֹשׁ נָוִי וְאוּלָמִי |
| Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community.
| | וְאוֹת יֶשַׁע עֲשֵׂה עִמִּי |
| | נְטַע שׂוֹרֵק בְּתוֹךְ כַּרְמִי |
| | שְׁעֵה שַׁוְעַת בְּנֵי עַמִּי |
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| Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.
| | דְּרוֹךְ פּוּרָה בְּתוֹךְ בָּצְרָה |
| | וְגַם בָּבֶל אֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה |
| | נְתוֹץ צָרַי בְּאַף עֶבְרָה |
| | שְׁמַע קוֹלִי בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָא |
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| The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The 2fs morpheme /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.
| | אֱלֹקים תֵּן בַּמִּדְבָּר הַר |
| | הֲדַס שִׁטָּה בְּרוֹשׁ תִּדְהָר |
| | וְלַמַּזְהִיר וְלַנִּזְהָר |
| | שְׁלוֹמִים תֵּן כְּמֵי נָהָר |
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| ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
| | הֲדוֹךְ קָמַי חַי אֵל קַנָּא |
| | בְּמוֹג לֵבָב וּבִמְגִנָּה |
| | וְנַרְחִיב פֶּה וּנְמַלֶּאנָּה |
| | לְשׁוֹנֵנוּ לְךָ רִנָּה |
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| /vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./ | | דְּעֵה חָכְמָה לְנַפְשֶׁךָ |
| | וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ |
| | נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ |
| | שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ |
| | </poem> |
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| שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
| | == East Asian readings == |
| | Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops |
| | === Mandarin Hebrew === |
| | === Korean Hebrew === |
| | Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/ |
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| /ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/ | | Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/ |
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| ===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
| | Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte |
| Typical Western or Central CW reading
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| בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
| | === Japanese Hebrew === |
| | Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}] |
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| [vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]
| | Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/ |
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| וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃
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| [wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]
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| וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
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| [waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]
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| וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
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| [waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]
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| וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
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| [wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]
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| ==Qivattu Hebrew==
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| Similar to Corded Ware Hebrew except it has geminates and no enunciative vowels
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| Readings similar to this are used in Western Europe.
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| ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
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| /vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔədoˈnaj, ʔəloheˈnu ˈmelex haʁoˈlam, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁamˈmim, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔadoˈnaj, noˈθen hattoˈra./
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| שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
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| /ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijjəˈmanu wəhiggiˈʁanu lazzəˈman hazˈze/
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| ==Baden Hebrew==
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| ==[[TT-English]] Hebrew==
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| Mostly like our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except that all of the begadkefat consonants except /g/ preserve the lenition. Probably the most conservative Hebrew reading on Lõis. The exact accent would depend on the speaker's native English accent; the given values are the L-Standard English values.
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| Jews started speaking English after English underwent the Great Vowel Shift and entered the Northern Levant Sprachbund, which was soon after Tiberian Hebrew niqqud was standardized around AD 900.
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| The colloquial use of penultimately stressed Hebrew words in L-Jewish English (as in our Yiddish) is the source of English words such as ''chutzpah'' (Lõisian orthography: {{angbr|''khutspoh''}}) and ''Torah'' (Lõisian orthography: {{angbr|''Tuoroh''}}; pronounced with the FORCE vowel in Lõis). (If you were wondering, ''oy vey'' comes from a not-specifically-Jewish source: from ''oh woe'' [øɪ vøɪ] in a Lõisian accent of English that yields an Ashkenazi Hebrew accent when Hebrew is read in it.)
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| ===Vowels===
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| *patach = chataf patach = TRAP /a/ in open stressed syllables / PALM /ɑː/ in closed or unstressed syllables. Usually transcribed ''a''.
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| *segol = chataf segol = DRESS /ɛ/. Usually transcribed ''e''.
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| *tzere = FACE /ɛɪ/. Usually transcribed ''â''.
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| *qamatz = chataf qamatz = THOUGHT /ɔː/ in open stressed syllables / LOT /ɔ/ in closed or unstressed syllables. Usually transcribed ''oh'' or ''au''.
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| *cholam = GOAT /əʊ~əʏ/. Usually transcribed ''uo''.
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| *chiriq = FLEECE /i:~ɪj/ in stressed or open syllables / KIT /ɪ/ in unstressed closed syllables. Usually transcribed ''i'' or ''ê''.
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| *qubbutz / shuruq = GOOSE /ü:/ in stressed or open syllables / FOOT /ɵ~ʊ̈/ in unstressed closed syllables. Usually transcribed ''u'' or ''ô''.
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| *shva is usually not pronounced except to resolve initial consonant clusters disallowed in English. When pronounced it is pronounced [ə]. Usually not written.
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| ===Consonants===
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| /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~∅ b v g g d ð h w z x t j k x l m n s ʔ~∅ p f ts k ɾ~ɹ~ʋ ʃ t θ/ | |
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| As in Received Pronunciation, /l/ is clear [l] when before a vowel and dark [ɫ] otherwise. /ʊ̈ üː əʊ/ before dark L are backed to [ʊ uː ɔʊ].
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| Voiceless plosives are usually aspirated.
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| Some cantors who are careful readers may pronounce /ħ ʕ tʼ kʼ/ as [ħ ʕ t⁼ k⁼] and have clear aspiration in non-emphatic /t k/.
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| Gemination is not pronounced.
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| A schwa [ə] may be added before non-prevocalic r. Non-prevocalic R may even be vocalized to [ə]. (L-Standard English has variable rhoticity, so speakers are likely to perceive a diphthong ending in [ə] as a vowel plus R, even though no R sound is there.)
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| Voicing assimilation does NOT occur as in Israeli Hebrew, but follows English patterns.
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| ===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 600px;"
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Verse !! style="width: 250px;" | Quasi-Philly !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard !! style="width: 250px;" | Quasi-Ashkenazi Hebrew
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| || בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
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| || [bəɹɪjˈʃiʝt̪ bɔˈɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm {{!}} ʔɪjt̪ haʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɪjt̪ hɔˈʔoəɾɛts]
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| || [bəɹɛɪˈʃɪjθ bɔˈʋɔː ʔɛləʏˈhɪjm {{!}} ʔɛɪθ haʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɛɪθ hɔˈʔɔːʋɛts]
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| || [bəʀeɪˈʃiːs̠ boˈʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm {{!}} ʔeɪs̠ haʃoˈmaːjɪm vəˈʔeɪs̠ hoˈʔoːʀets]
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| ||וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם
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| ||וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
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| ||וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
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| ||וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
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| ====Quasi-Philly====
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| # [bəɹɪjˈʃiʝt̪ bɔˈɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm | ʔɪjt̪ haʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɪjt̪ hɔˈʔoəɾɛts]
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| # [wəhɔˈʔoəɹɛts hojəˈt̪oə ˈt̪əʊhüw wɔˈvəʊhüw wəˈxəʊʃɛx ʔæɫ pənɛɪ t̪əˈhəʊm | wəˈɾüwæx ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm məɹaˈxɛfɛθ ʔæɫ pənɛɪ haˈmoəjɪm]
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| # [waˈjəʊmɛɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm jəhi ʔəʊɾ | wajəˈhi ʔəʊɾ]
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| # [waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ʔɛθ hɔˈʔəʊɾ ki ˈtəʊv | wajavˈdeːɫ ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm bɪjn hɔˈʔəʊɾ ʔüˈvɪjn haˈxəʊʃɛx]
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| # [wajɪˈkɹoə ʔɛɫəʊˈhiʝm ɫɔˈʔəʊɾ ˈjəʊm wəɫaˈxəʊʃɛx ˈkoəɾoə ˈɫojəɫoə | wajˈhi ˈʔɛɹɛv wajˈhi ˈvəʊkɛɾ jəʊm ʔɛˈxoəd̪]
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| ====L-Standard English accent====
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| # [bəɹɛɪˈʃɪjθ bɔˈʋɔː ʔɛləʏˈhɪjm | ʔɛɪθ haʃɔˈmɑːjɪm wəˈʔɛɪθ hɔˈʔɔːʋɛts]
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| # [wəhɔˈʔɔːɹɛts hɔjəˈθɔː ˈθəʊhüː wɔˈvəʊhüː wəˈxəʊʃɛx ʔaɫ pənɛɪ θəˈhəʊm | wəˈɾüːwax ʔɛləʏˈhiːm məɾaˈxɛfɛθ ʔaɫ pəˈnɛɪ haˈmɔːjɪm]
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| # [waˈjəʊmɛə ʔɛləʊˈhɪjm jəhɪj ʔəʏɾ | wajəˈhiː ʔəʏɾ]
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| # [waˈjɑːɾ ʔɛləʊˈhiːm ʔɛθ hɔˈʔəʊə kiːˈtɜʏv | wajavˈdɛɪɫ ʔɛləʊˈhiːm bɛɪn hɔˈʔəʊɾ ʔüːˈvɛɪn haˈxəʏʃɛx]
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| # [wajɪˈkɹɔː ʔɛləʏˈhiːm lɔˈʔəʏəɹ ˈjəʊm wəlaˈxəʊʃɛx ˈkɔːʋɔː ˈlɔːjlɔː | wajəˈhiː ˈʔɛɹɛv wajəˈhiː ˈvəʊ̈kɛəɹ jəʏm ʔɛˈxɔːð]
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| ====Quasi-Ashkenazi Hebrew====
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| # [bəʀeɪˈʃiːs̠ boˈʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm | ʔeɪs̠ haʃoˈmaːjɪm vəˈʔeɪs̠ hoˈʔoːʀets]
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| # [vəhoˈʔoːʀets hojəˈs̠oː ˈs̠ɔɪhu voˈvɔɪhu vəˈχɔɪʃeχ ʔal pəneɪ s̠əˈhɔɪm | wəˈʀuaχ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm məʀaˈχefes̠ ʔal pəneɪ haˈmoːjɪm]
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| # [vaˈjɔɪmeʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm jəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ | vajəˈhiː ʔɔɪʀ]
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| # [vaˈjaːʀ ʔelɔɪˈhiːm ʔes̠ hɔˈʔɔɪʀ kiːˈtɔɪv | vajavˈdeɪl ʔelɔɪˈhiːm beɪn hoˈʔɔɪʀ ʔüˈveɪn haˈχɔɪʃeχ]
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| # [vajɪˈkʀoː ʔelɔɪˈhiːm loˈʔɔɪʀ ˈjɔɪm vəlaˈχɔɪʃeχ ˈkoːʀo ˈlojlo | vajəˈhiː ˈʔeʀev vajəˈhiː ˈvɔɪkeʀ jɔɪm ʔeˈχoːd]
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| ==Khuômiskh Hebrew==
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| Should sound like a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew
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