Verse:Tdūrzů/Knench/Ancient: Difference between revisions

|nativename = 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤀

|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]

|name = Druidic Canaanite

|pronunciation = /xənaɣ̃ˈni:ja:/

|region = Cyprus

|fam4=North Semitic

|fam5=Canaanite

'''Druidic Canaanite''' or '''Druidic Hebrew''' (natively 𐤄𐤋𐤔𐤅𐤍 𐤄𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤀 ''hal-lašōn haχ-χanaȝnījā'' /ʔallaˈʃoːn ʔaxxanaɣ̃ˈniːjaː/) is the stage of [[Xnánið]] between the split from Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew ca. 6th century BC and ca. 5th century CE. It was used as a literary language during this period and was the language of Near-East druidism, a form of Celtic druidism incorporating Semitic pagan elements, before the religion was supplanted by Henosis Ousias. It was then that the drastic changes that had occurred in the spoken language began to be reflected in writing, thus ushering in the era of modern Xnánið.  

Druidic Canaanite developed in isolation from Jewish Hebrew in Cyprus and was influenced by Celtic languages such as Gaulish and Galatian. It is a separate lineage from the Post-Exilic Jewish reading traditions that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish reading traditions.

Druidic Canaanite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.

Since Druidic Canaanite merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (''half'') and he (''hê'') are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''ʔaC-''.

Out of the 25 consonants of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew, Druidic Canaanite merged:

 

/m p b f v n t d tʰ θ ð ts s tsʰ ʃ ɣ̃ ħ k g kʰ x ɣ l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c š ȝ ħ k g ᴋ χ γ l w j r h''}}

 

 

Druidic Canaanite had overlong vowels.

'''a e i u ā ē ī ō ū â ê î ô û''' /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː aːː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/

The phonemic distinction between /e/ and /i/ is doubtful.

Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: ''pû'' 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ,  Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)

===Morphophonology===

==Grammar==

*1sg: ''hánī''

*2sg: ''háθθa'' (m), ''háθθe'' (f)

*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f)

*1pl: ''háħnu''

*2pl: ''haθθémma'' (m), ''haθθénna'' (f)

*3pl: ''hémma'' (m), ''hénna'' (f)

The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (from Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔā-''.

The Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́'' became unstressed ''-ā'', and the stress in feminine singular nouns in ''-ā'' shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ōδ'', from Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.  

Often ''-ā'' is found where Standard Jewish Hebrew has ''-t''.

Example with ''sūs'' 'horse' and ''sūsā'' 'female horse':

|+ '''Noun declension'''

! number

!colspan=2| singular

!colspan=2| plural

! gender

! indef.

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sūs'' <br/> /suːs/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''sūsā'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''sūsīm'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiːm/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sūsōδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/

! def.

| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''has-sūs'' <br/> /ʔassuːs/

| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 ''has-sūsā'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsaː/

| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌‎ ''has-sūsīm'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/

| 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''has-sūsōδ'' <br/> /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/

! const.

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎 ''sūs'' <br/> /suːs/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''sūsaδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsað/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sūsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕‎‎ ''sūsōδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/

! "my"

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sūsī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sūsaδī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðiː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉‎ ''sūsê'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉‎‎ ''sūsuδê'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːː/

! "thy" (m)

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sūsaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣa/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sūsaδaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sūsēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣa/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sūsuδēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/

! "thy" (f)

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sūsaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sūsaδaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊‎ ''sūsēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊‎‎ ''sūsuδēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/

! "his"

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 ''sūsaδō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðoː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅‎ ''sūsô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅‎‎ ''sūsuδô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðoːː/

! "her"

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 ''sūsâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 ''sūsaδâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀‎ ''sūsehâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːseʔaːː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀‎‎ ''sūsuδēhâ''  <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːʔaːː/

! "our"

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 ''sūsinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsinu/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 ''sūsaδinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðinu/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍‎ ''sūsēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːnu/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍‎‎ ''sūsuδēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/

! "y'all's" (m)

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sūsaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣem/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 ''sūsaδaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌‎ ''sūsēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣem/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌‎‎ ''sūsuδēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/

! "y'all's" (f)

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 ''sūsaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣen/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 ''sūsaδaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍‎ ''sūsēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣen/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍‎‎ ''sūsuδēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/

! "their" (m)

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 ''sūsām'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːm/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 ''sūsaδām'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːm/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎  ''sūsêm, sūsēmō'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmoː/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 ‎‎‎ ''sūsuδêm, sūsuδēmō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmoː/

! "their" (f)

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 ''sūsān'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːn/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 ''sūsaδān'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːn/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍‎ ''sūsên'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːn/

| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍‎‎ ''sūsuδên'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/

 

 

 

 

====Binyan ''faȝal'' (paʕal)====

|+ ''šamár'' 'he kept'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

! perfect

| ''šamárθī''

| ''šamárθa''

| ''šamárθe''

| ''šamár''

| ''šamárā''

| ''šamárnu''

| ''šamárθem''

| ''šamárθen''

|colspan=2| ''šamárū''

! imperfect

| ''hešmúr''

| ''θešmúr''

| ''θešmúrī''

| ''ješmúr''

| ''θešmúr''

| ''nešmúr''

| ''θešmúrū''

| ''θešmúrna''

| ''ješmúrū''

| ''θešmúrna''

! narrative past

| ''wāhéšmur''

| ''waθθéšmur''

| ''waθθéšmurī''

| ''wajjéšmur''

| ''waθθéšmur''

| ''wannéšmur''

| ''waθθéšmurū''

| ''waθθéšmurna''

| ''wajjéšmurū''

| ''waθθéšmurna''

! imperative

| ''šimúr!''

| ''šimúrī!''

| ''šimúrū!''

| ''šimúrna!'' (rare)

! active participle

|colspan=10| ''šōmḗr''

|-

! passive participle

|colspan=10| ''šamū́r''

|colspan=10| ''šimṓr''

! infinitive absolute

|colspan=10| ''šamṓr''

====Binyan ''fiȝal'' (passive of ''faȝal'')====

From ''*puȝal''

 

|+ ''šimár'' 'he was kept'

! perfect

| ''šimárθī''

| ''šimárθa''

| ''šimárθe''

| ''šimár''

| ''šimárā''

| ''šimárnu''

| ''šimárθem''

| ''šimárθen''

|colspan=2| ''šimárū''

! imperfect

| ''hišmár''

| ''θišmár''

| ''θišmárī''

| ''jišmár''

| ''θišmár''

| ''nišmár''

| ''θišmárū''

| ''θišmárna''

| ''jišmárū''

| ''θišmárna''

! narrative past

| ''wāhíšmar''

| ''waθθíšmar''

| ''waθθíšmarī''

| ''wajjíšmar''

| ''waθθíšmar''

| ''wanníšmar''

| ''waθθíšmarū''

| ''waθθíšmarna''

| ''wajjíšmarū''

| ''waθθíšmarna''

| ''-''

| ''-''

| ''-''

! active participle

|colspan=10| ''šūmā́r''

! infinitive construct

|colspan=10| ''-''

|colspan=10| ''šamṓr''

====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)====

 

====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)====

|+ ''kittíl'' 'he grew (sth)'

! perfect

| ''kittélθī''

| ''kittélθa''

| ''kittélθe''

| ''kittíl''

| ''kittílā''

| ''kittélnu''

| ''kittélθem''

| ''kittélθen''

|colspan=2| ''kittílū''

! imperfect

| ''hagattíl''

| ''θagattíl''

| ''θagattílī''

| ''jagattíl''

| ''θagattíl''

| ''nagattíl''

| ''θagattílū''

| ''θagattélna''

| ''jagattílū''

| ''θagattélna''

! narrative past

| ''wāhagáttil''

| ''waθθagáttil''

| ''waθθagáttilī''

| ''wajjagáttil''

| ''waθθagáttil''

| ''wannagáttil''

| ''waθθagáttilū''

| ''waθθagáttelna''

| ''wajjagáttilū''

| ''waθθagáttelna''

| ''kattíl!''

| ''kattílī!''

| ''kattílū!''

| ''kattélna!'' (rare)

|colspan=10| ''migattíl''

|colspan=10| ''kattíl''

! infinitive absolute

|colspan=10| ''kattíl''

====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====

====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)====

====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)====

====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)====

:''Main article: [[Druidic Canaanite/Gzarot]]''

Druidic Canaanite innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Biblical Hebrew wanted to indicate tense unambiguously.

*Pluperfect: ''hajā́'' or ''wajjế'' + perfect

*Preterite: waw-preterite or perfect (waw-preterite predominant in narratives)

*Past imperfect: ''hajā'' or ''wajjế'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect

*Non-past: imperfect

*Emphatic future: ''wājā́'' + imperfect (remnant of BH ''*wahayā'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)

*Jussive: ''jế'' 'let it be' + imperfect

The verb tense most commonly used in narrative prose is the narrative past. A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info).

The narrative past must always appear in sentence-initial position.

==Derivation==

===Mishkalim===

*ᴋaᴛāl, ᴋaᴛēl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words

*masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)

*feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlā, ᴋiᴛlā, ᴋuᴛlā

*ᴋaᴛalā (''paraγā'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')

*ᴋaᴛilā

*ᴋaᴛulā (''kadúlā'' 'magnificence', ''zarúħā'' 'radiance')

*θaᴋᴛilā, θeᴋᴛulā

===Affixes===

*''hilô'' (pl. ''hilṓhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''

*''hašírā'' = the spirit of a tree

===p===

===k===

===t===

*''zadā'' = defect, crookedness (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)

*''zīdā'' = wrongness, injustice

*''zaruħā'' 'radiance'

**''níᴛfā'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)

*''ȝarábā'' = willow

*''rimmṓn'' = pomegranate

===š===

===ś===