Khuamnisht: Difference between revisions
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K̔uamništ has two dialects, a Southern one (leniting of medial aspirated stops to ''h'', turning some umlauted vowels in Proto-Azalic into long vowels), and a Northern one which has ejectives. | K̔uamništ has two dialects, a Southern one (leniting of medial aspirated stops to ''h'', turning some umlauted vowels in Proto-Azalic into long vowels), and a Northern one which has ejectives. | ||
It's in a sprachbund with [[Kwenya]], a Hellenic language, and [[Anorite]], a Semitic language. | |||
Khuamnisht and Greek are the classical languages of Buddhism in Lõis. | |||
==Phonology== | |||
à /ɔ/ | |||
o may be /œ/ | |||
p̔ t̔ c̔ č̔ k̔ /pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʃʰ kʰ/ | |||
v x y /v x j/ | |||
==Some sound changes== | |||
Initial *a (from initial PAzal *o) -> ya in some words (koineized) | |||
PAzal *ə -> e | |||
xuan, tà, t̔ria, p̔rur, p̔àx, šak, šavt, yaxt, nin, caxen | |||
erkencaš, t̔ricaš, p̔rucaš, p̔àxcaš, šacaš, šavencaš, yaxcaš, nivcaš, k̔en | |||
1000: t̔usk̔en | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
K̔uamništ nouns fall into three declension classes. First declension nouns pluralize by slenderizing their final consonants, and second declension nouns pluralize by adding final ''-e''. Most nouns belong to the third declension, where nouns pluralize in ''- | K̔uamništ nouns fall into three declension classes. First declension nouns pluralize by slenderizing their final consonants, and second declension nouns pluralize by adding final ''-e''. Most nouns belong to the third declension, where nouns pluralize in ''-t̔'' or ''-et̔''. | ||
Nouns in K̔uamništ have ten cases: ergative, absolutive, genitive, dative, instrumental, comitative, essive, locative, translative and distributive. | Nouns in K̔uamništ have ten cases: ergative, absolutive, genitive, dative, instrumental, comitative, essive, locative, translative and distributive. | ||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Unlike nouns, adjectives do not inflect. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
| Line 62: | Line 92: | ||
| ''lovad'' || ''bentad'' || ''k̔oltad'' | | ''lovad'' || ''bentad'' || ''k̔oltad'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Syntax== | |||
Inspiration: poetic English, Urdu | |||
Khuamnisht syntax is SOV head-initial like [[Anorite]], but may be OSV or very occasionally SVO. Imperative and optative clauses use VSO syntax. | |||
Khuamnisht is never pro-drop: ''Yet ye sebedžàt̔as!'' "Eat the vegetables!" | |||
[[Category:Azalic languages]] | [[Category:Azalic languages]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:32, 27 January 2020
| Khuamnisht | |
|---|---|
| K̔uamništ | |
| Created by | – |
| Setting | Verse:Lõis |
Indo-European
| |
K̔uamništ (natively K̔uamništ goč̔ /kʰuəmniʃt goʰtʃ/) is an Azalic language. It is significantly more agglutinative than English.
K̔uamništ has two dialects, a Southern one (leniting of medial aspirated stops to h, turning some umlauted vowels in Proto-Azalic into long vowels), and a Northern one which has ejectives.
It's in a sprachbund with Kwenya, a Hellenic language, and Anorite, a Semitic language.
Khuamnisht and Greek are the classical languages of Buddhism in Lõis.
Phonology
à /ɔ/
o may be /œ/
p̔ t̔ c̔ č̔ k̔ /pʰ tʰ tsʰ tʃʰ kʰ/
v x y /v x j/
Some sound changes
Initial *a (from initial PAzal *o) -> ya in some words (koineized)
PAzal *ə -> e
xuan, tà, t̔ria, p̔rur, p̔àx, šak, šavt, yaxt, nin, caxen
erkencaš, t̔ricaš, p̔rucaš, p̔àxcaš, šacaš, šavencaš, yaxcaš, nivcaš, k̔en
1000: t̔usk̔en
Morphology
Nouns
K̔uamništ nouns fall into three declension classes. First declension nouns pluralize by slenderizing their final consonants, and second declension nouns pluralize by adding final -e. Most nouns belong to the third declension, where nouns pluralize in -t̔ or -et̔.
Nouns in K̔uamništ have ten cases: ergative, absolutive, genitive, dative, instrumental, comitative, essive, locative, translative and distributive.
Adjectives
Unlike nouns, adjectives do not inflect.
Verbs
| Weak: lov 'love' | Strong: bent 'bind' | Semi-strong: k̔olt 'grasp' | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperative | lov! | bent! | k̔olt! |
| Present progressive | lovaš | bentaš | k̔oltaš |
| Present habitual and aorist | lovel | bentel | k̔oltel |
| Preterite | ollovaš | ebbentaš | okk̔oltaš |
| Subjunctive (PAz irrealis + *wekw-) | ollovač̔aš | ebbentač̔aš | okk̔oltač̔aš |
| Future (PAz irrealis + *h2el-) | lovlaš | bentlaš | k̔oltlaš |
| Perfect (PAz stative + *steh2-) | lovt̔aš | bentt̔aš | k̔oltt̔aš |
| Pluperfect (PAz stative + *ste-steh2-) | lovsat̔aš | bentsat̔aš | k̔oltsat̔aš |
| Active part. | lovnt̔ | bentnt̔ | k̔oltnt̔ |
| Passive part. | lovad | bentad | k̔oltad |
Syntax
Inspiration: poetic English, Urdu
Khuamnisht syntax is SOV head-initial like Anorite, but may be OSV or very occasionally SVO. Imperative and optative clauses use VSO syntax.
Khuamnisht is never pro-drop: Yet ye sebedžàt̔as! "Eat the vegetables!"