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| [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]
| | '''Judeo-Mandarin''' is a descendant of Old Mandarin, spoken by most Chinese Jews in Irta. |
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| In the [[Lõis]] timeline, '''An Yidiš''' or '''Judeo-Gaelic''' (natively: אַן ייִדיש ''an Yidiš'' /ən 'jidiʃ/ 'the Jewish language' or אַ גֿאָלג'־יידעך ''a Gholj-Yidech'' /ə ɣoldʒ 'jidəx/ 'Jewish Gaelic') is the sole surviving Goidelic language. It is called "Yiddish" in Lõisian English. With over 10 million speakers, it is the main vernacular of the so-called "Galician Jews" in the Levant and in Eastern and Southern Europe. On top of the inherited Gaelic vocabulary, it mainly borrows words from Hebrew, but also from English, Khuamnisht, Togarmite and Persian.
| | Note: As a Gentile Korean speaker I believe I'm ''somewhat'' more qualified to sketch this than to sketch a hypothetical Judeo-Celtic language. I'll just sketch the sound changes here, without venturing into creating the Jewish-specific vocabulary. |
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| ==Names==
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| Patronymics:
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| *Gaelic: מאַק/ניק חיים mac (m)/nic (f) Chaim, אוֹה/ני חיים Ouh (m)/Ni (f) Chaim (we might write these as McChaim, O'Chaim when nativized to English)
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| *Semitic: בּן/בּר/בּת חיים, חיימי ben (m)/bar (m)/bas (f) Chaim, Chaimi
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| *Azalic: חיימסאָן Chaimson
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| *Persian: חיימזאַדעהּ, חיימיאַן, חיימינעג'אָד Chaimzadeth, Chaimian, Chaiminejod
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| ===Famous people===
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| *סקוט מאַק אהרון Scott McAharon (''Scot mac Aharen'') - quantum physicist and computer scientist
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| ==Todo==
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| *Interrogatives: ''Cad a to o zein aget?'' 'What are you doing?'
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| *Cleft construction: '''''Iš''' zein lešóunes '''a''' tom a zein anéš'' = It is making languages that I'm doing now.
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| ==Phonology==
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| *Consonants: b c ch č d f g gh j h l ł m n p r s š t th tz v y z /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z/.
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| **Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final.
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| **/z/ is [ʒ] dialectally.
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| *''tz z č j l'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l.
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| *Lenitions: Note that ''d s'' are NOT lenitable unlike in our Irish and Gaelic.
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| **b /b/ > bh /v/
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| **f /f/ > fh /0/
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| **g /g/ > gh /ɣ/
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| **c /k/ > ch /χ/
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| **č /tʃ/ > čh /ʃ/
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| **m /m/ > mh /v/
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| **p /p/ > ph /f/
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| **t /t/ > th /h/
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| **tz /ts/ > tzh /h/
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| **j /dʒ/ > jh /j/
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| *Vowels: ''a e i o u ai ei oi ou ia ua'' /a e i o u ai ei~ea oi~y ou~oa ia ua/, vowel reduction to /ə/ common.
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| *Stress is transcribed if not initial
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| *OIr oí > oi?
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| ==Orthography==
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| An Yidiš is written in an adapted Hebrew alphabet.
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| Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Semitic words:
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| א בּ ב גּ ג ג' ד ה הּ ז ט י(י) ל ל' מ נ ס פּ ף צ צ' ק ר ש = zero b v g gh d h th z t y l ł m n s p f tz č c r s š /0 b v g ɣ dʒ h h z t j l w m n s p f ts tʃ k r ʃ/.
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| Rafe is used for initial lenition: בֿ גֿ גֿ' דֿ זֿ טֿ כֿ מֿ סֿ פֿ ףֿ צֿ צֿ' קֿ תֿ for bh gh jh dh zh th ch mh sh ph fh tzh čh ch th /v ɣ j ɣ j h x v h f 0 h ʃ x h/
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| /j/ between two vowels is written יי.
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| Vowels are spelled as follows (in non-Semitic words):
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| אַ ע יי י אָ אוֹ או יַי וי = /a e ei i o ou u ai oi/
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| יִ is used for /i/ after י /j/.
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| Hebrew words are spelled as in Hebrew. A dagesh on bet, gimel, kaf, pe, or tav is always written when present. Note that ת = /s/ in Hebrew and Aramaic loans.
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| The hyphen used looks like this: מאָ־מֿאַדרע ''mo-mhadre'' 'my dog'.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ===Verbs===
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| Only the verbal noun and the imperative survive:
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| :{{heb|טאָם אַ ל'אַסעג נרות חנוכּה.}}
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| :'''''Tom a łasegh neires hanuce.'''
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| :/tom ə 'wasəɣ 'neirəs 'hanukə/
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| :be.PRES 1SG PRES to_light.VN candle-PL Hanukkah
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| :''I'm lighting Hanukkah candles.'' (or ''I light Hanukkah candles'')
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| :{{heb|נאָהּ סקריבו דאָ אות אַר זי שבת!}}
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| :'''''Noh scrivu do ous ar zi šabes!'''''
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| :PROH write-IMP.PL two character on_day Shabbat
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| :''Don't write two letters on Shabbat!''
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| Verbs from Hebrew are usually borrowed in the deverbal noun form.
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| ====Tenses====
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| The tenses are (pres, past/conditional, fut) x (imperfective, perfective). The auxiliary controls the tense and the preposition controls the aspect.
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| *''to še ag ih'' = he eats; he is eating
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| **''vil še...'' = does he...?
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| **''chal še...'' = he does not...
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| **''nachil še...'' = doesn't he...?/that he does not
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| **''gu vil še...'' = COMP he...
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| **''a to še...'' = REL he...
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| *''to še nei ih'' = he ate/has eaten
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| *''bei še ag ih'' = he will eat
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| **''bei še...'' = will he...?
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| **''cha bhei še...'' = he will not...
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| **''nach bhei še...'' = won't he...?
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| **''a vi še...'' = REL he will...
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| *''va še ag ih'' = he was eating/he would eat
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| **''rou še...'' = was he...?/would he?
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| **''cha rou še...'' = he was not.../he would not...
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| **''nach rou še...'' = was he not...?/would he not...?
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| *''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg)
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| *''ihu!'' = Eat! (2pl) (from a dialectal reflex of *itheabh)
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| *''noh ih(u)!'' = Don't eat!
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| For stative verbs in imperfective tenses, ''i mo-, i do-, ina-, etc.'' + VN is used:
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| *''tom i mo-chadl'' = I sleep
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| *''tom i mo-thi'' = I sit
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| *''tom i mo-šesev'' = I stand
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| *''tom i mo-li'' = I lie (somewhere)
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| *''tom i mo-fhirech'' = I live (I dwell)
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| ====Conjugation====
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| *''to'', ''vil'', ''chal'', and ''nachil'' are conjugated as follows:
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| **''tom, tor, to še/ši, toj, tohi, to šid''
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| **''vilim, vilir, vil še/ši, vilij, vilhi, vil šid''
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| **''chalim, chalir...''
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| **''nachilim, nachilir...''
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| *''va, rou'':
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| **''vas, vaš, va še/ši, vimer, vyur, va šid''
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| **''rous, rouš, rou še/ši, roumer, rovyur, rou šid''
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| *''bei'': ''beim, beir, bei še/ši, beij, beihi, bei šid''
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| ===Copula===
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| ===Nouns===
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| Like Irish and Hebrew, An Yidiš has masculine and feminine genders. Hebrew words (usually) have the same gender as in Hebrew. There is no grammatical case.
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| Plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-n''/''-en'', or less commonly umlaut of ''a o u'' to ''e e i''.
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| Hebrew words often form plurals in unstressed ''-im'' /im/ or ''-es'' /əs/ but native Celtic words may use them too and not all Hebrew words use the Hebrew plural.
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| Masculine nouns: Nouns beginning with a vowel take ''ant-'', before a labial ''am-'', otherwise ''an''
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| *אַנט אישצשע ''ant išče'' = the water
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| *אַם בּיאַ ''am bia'' = the food
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| *אַן ל'אַהּ ''an łah'' = the day
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| *אַן צעך ''an tzech'' = the house
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| *אַן נס ''an nes'' = the miracle
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| Feminine nouns: Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''t'' and ''tz'') lenite and take ''a-'';
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| *אַ גּֿעלעך ''a jhełech'' = the moon
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| *אַ מֿען ''a mhen'' = the woman/wife
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| *אַן אות ''an ous'' = the letter (character)
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| *אַן סוכּה ''an suco'' = the booth
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| Plural nouns: ''nah-'' /nə(h)/ (the ''h'' is only pronounced before a vowel)
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| *נאַהּ־טיש ''nah tiš'' = the houses
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| *נאַהּ־ל'אַהן ''nah łahn'' = the days
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| *נאַהּ־מנאָ ''nah mno'' = the women/wives
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| *נאַהּ אותיות ''nah ousyes'' = the letters
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| *נאַהּ סוכּות ''nah suces'' = the booths
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| *נאַהּ ניסים ''nah nisim'' = the miracles
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| Nouns may take a preposed vocative particle ''a'' which lenites.
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| ===Adjectives===
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| Adjectives always have ''-e'' in the plural, except that the plural of ''-ech'' is ''-i'': the plural of ייִדעך ''Yidech'' 'Jew(ish)' is ייִדי ''Yidi''.
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| *pred: טאָם בּעגּ ''Tom beg.'' = I am short.
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| *m.sg.: ףער בּעגּ ''fer beg'' = a short man; אַם ףער בּעג ''am fer beg'' = the short man
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| *f.sg.: ףיור בֿעגּ ''fyur bheg'' = a short sister; אַן ףֿיור בֿעגּ ''an fhyur bheg'' = the short sister
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| *pl.: ףערן אָרדע ''fern orde'' = tall men; נאַה ףערן אָרדע ''nah fern orde'' = the tall men
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| Comparatives are formed by adding ניס ''nis'' 'more' and עס ''es'' 'most' before the adjective and using the comparative form of the adjective:
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| מוֹר - ניס מוֹ - עס מוֹ ''mour - nis mou - es mou'' = big - bigger - biggest
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| ===Pronouns===
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| conj. pronouns: מע טו שע שי שין שיב שיד me tu še ši šin šiv šid
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| disj. pronouns: מע טו ע אי שין שיב איד me tu e i šin šiv id
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| emphatic prons: מישע, טוסע, שעשן, שישע, שיניע, שיבשע, שיצן miše, tuse, šešn, šiše, šinye, šivše, šitzn
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| emphatic suffixes: -še -se -šn -še -ye -še -sn
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| Possessive prefixes:
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| *מאָ־בּֿראָהער ''mo-bhroher'' /mo vrohəɾ/ 'my brother'; מ־אַהער ''m-aher'' /mahəɾ/ 'my father'
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| *דאָ־בּֿראָהער ''do-bhroher'' /do vrohəɾ/ 'thy brother'; ד־אַהער ''d-aher'' /dahəɾ/ 'thy father'
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| *אַ־בּֿראָהער ''a-bhroher'' /ə vrohəɾ/ 'his brother'; אַ־אַהער ''a-aher'' /a ahəɾ/ 'his father'
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| *אַהּ־בּראָהער ''ah-broher'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'her brother'; אַהּ־אַהער ''ah-aher'' /əh ahəɾ/ 'her father'
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| *אָר־בּראָהער ''or-broher'' /oɾ brohəɾ/ 'our brother'; אָרן־אַהער ''orn-aher'' /oɾn ahəɾ/ 'our father'
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| *באַר־בּראָהער ''var-broher'' /vəɾ brohəɾ/ 'your brother'; באַרן־אַהער ''varn-aher'' /vəɾn aheɾ/ 'your father'
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| *אַ־בּראָהער ''a-broher'' /ə brohəɾ/ 'their brother'; אַן־אַהער ''an-aher'' /ən ahəɾ/ 'their father'
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| ''m' '' and ''d' '' are used before a vowel, a /j/ or when a lenited ''f'' results in an initial vowel or /j/: ףיור ''fyur'' /fjuɾ/ 'sister'; מ־ףֿיור ''m-fhyur'' /mjuɾ/ 'my sister'.
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| A possessive prefix must be used before every noun: 'my mother and my father' is מאָ־מֿאָהער איס מ־אַהער ''mo-mhoher is m-aher'', not ''*mo-moher is aher''.
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| ===Prepositions===
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| *ag 'at': agom, aget, eje, eči, agen, agev, acu
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| *de 'to, for': dom, dit, de, di, din, div, du
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| *ze 'off, away from': zom, zit, ze, zi, zin, ziv, zu
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| *ouh 'from': uom, uat, ua, uahi, uen, uev, uahu
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| *i(n) 'in': inom, inet, on, intzi, inen, inev, intu
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| *ar 'on': orom, oret, er, eri, oren, orev, oru
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| *as 'from': asom, aset, as, aši, asen, asev, asu
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| *ru 'before, in front of': rum, rut, reve, rempi, run, ruv, rompu
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| *ri 'with': ryom, ret, reš, rei, rin, riv, ryu
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| *um 'around': umom, umet, eme, empi, umen, umev, umpu
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| *fo 'under': fum, fut, fu, fihi, fun, fuv, fuhu
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| ====Combinations====
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| ''i'' + definite article is ''ins a(n/m)'' in the sg and ''ins nah'' in the plural:
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| *אינס אַן צעך ''ins an tzech'' 'in the house'
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| *אינס אַן אָץ ''ins an otz'' 'in the place'
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| *אינס נאַה צירן ''ins nah tzirn'' 'in the countries'
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| ''i'' + possessive ''a(n)-'': ''ina(n)-''
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| ''i'' + possessive ''or-'': ''inar-''
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| ''ou'' + ''an-/am-/a-'' : ''oun-/oum-/oun-''
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| ====Syntax====
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| Prepositions stick to every noun in a noun phrase: טאָם ניי פאָל נאַהּ ףרעגּערצן אוֹ מאָ־מֿאָהער איס אוֹ מאָ־בּראָהער ''Tom nei fol nah fregertzn ou mo-mhoher is ou mo-bhroher'' 'I got the answers from my mother and brother'
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| ===Numerals===
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| Numerals are always followed by the singular form.
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| 0 = אפס ''efes''
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| counting numbers: אַה אוין, אַה דו, אַה טרי, אַה צ'עהער, אַה קוג', אַה שיי, אַה שעכט, אַה אָכט, אַה נוי, אַה זעש ah oin, ah du, ah tri, ah čeher, ah cuj, ah šei, ah šecht, ah ocht, ah noi, ah zeš
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| 11, 12, ... = oin yeg, du yeg, tri yeg...
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| 20, 30, 40, ... = fišed, trišed, doišed, cujed, šesced, šechted, ochted, noied
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| 21, 22, ... = fišed is oin, fišed is du, ...
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| 100, 200, ... = čeid, du čheid, tri čheid, ...
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| 1000 = mile
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| attributives: for 1 mutation follows gender; 2-6 lenites
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| ordinals: tosi, ele, triev, čehrev, cujev,...
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| ==Syntax==
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| An Yidiš syntax is similar to Irish or Scottish Gaelic syntax but somewhat simplified.
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| Since An Yidiš lost the genitive case, most genitives use the construction ''an X ag Y'' (lit. the X at Y) when Y is a noun. For example, אַן קאַט אַגּ מאָ־מֿאַק ''an cat ag mo-mhac'' = my son's cat.
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| ===Predicate nouns===
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| *"PRON is a NOUN": איש מען מע ''Iš men me'' = I'm a woman
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| *"X is a NOUN": איש מען אי רבקה ''Iš men i Rivce'' = Rivce is a woman
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| *"1p/2p is the NOUN": איש מישע אַ מֿען אַגּ משה ''Iš miše a mhen ag Mouše'' = I am Mouše's wife
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| *"3p is the NOUN": שי אַ מֿען אגּ משה אי ''Ši a mhen ag Mouše i'' = She is Mouše's wife
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| **שי אַ מֿען אַג משה אי רבקה ''Ši a mhen ag Mouše i Rivce'' (or ''Ši Rivce i a mhen ag Mouše'') = Rivce is Mouše's wife
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| *For focused predicatives: איש מונצער אַ טאָ אין רבקה ''Iš muntzer a to in Rivce'' 'Rivce is a teacher (not some other job)'
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| *Pred. adjectives or adjuncts use the verb בּי ''bi'':
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| **טאָ רבקה אָרד ''To Rivce ord'' 'Rivce is tall'
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| **טאָ רבקה אינס אַן חדר קאַדעל ''To Rivce ins an cheder cadel'' 'Rivce is in the bedroom'
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| ===Infinitive phrases===
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| Infinitive phrases usually correspond to German ''zu''-infinitives, and also used with some modals.
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| They're of the form [direct object] + ''a'' + VN + oblique objects, where ''a'' lenites the VN.
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| If there is a pronominal direct, ''a'' + possessive pronoun + VN must be used, with contractions and mutations occurring as necessary.
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| Examples:
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| *''matone a thavertz'' = to give a gift (''ein Geschenk zu geben'')
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| *''o thavertz dom'' = to give it (masc.) to me
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| *''o tavertz dom'' = to give it (fem.)/them to me
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| ==Phrasebook==
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| *שלום ''Šolem'' = Hello, goodbye
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| *שלום עליכם ''Šolem aléichem'' = Hello
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| *עליכם שלום ''Aléichem šolem'' = Hello (in response to ''Šolem aléichem'')
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| *סל'אָן ''Słon'' = (informal) Bye
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| *בּיאָנאַכט אַגּעט/אַגּעב ''Byonacht aget/agev'' = Thank you (lit. may you have blessing)
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| *ףאָלצע רוט/רוב ''Foltze rut/ruv'' = Welcome
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| *צ'ייד מילע ףאָלצע ''Čeid mile foltze'' = A hundred thousand welcomes
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| *קאַרד ע אַנט ענים רעט? ''Card e ant enim ret?'' = What is your name?
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| *דוד שע אנט ענים ריאָם ''Dovid še ant enim ryom'' = My name is David
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| *ביל אַן אַזעליש אַגּעט/אַגּעב? ''Vil an Azeliš aget/agev?'' = Do you speak English?
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| *כאַל אַן יודעך אַגּאָם ''Chal an Yudech agom'' = I can't speak Yudech
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| *כאַלים אַ טיקשינץ ''Chalim a ticšintz'' = I don't understand
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| *ל'אַבער ניס מעלע, רי דאָ־טֿעל = ''Łaver nis mele, ri do-thel'' = Please speak more slowly
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| **ל'אַברו ניס מעלע, רי באַר־טעל ''Łavru nis mele, ri var-tel'' = above, 2pl
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| *טאָ איאַרי אַגּאָם אַ ל'אַבער אס יידיש, אַך כאַל קומעס דאָם. ''To iari agom a łaver as Yidiš, ach chal cumes dom.'' = I want to speak An Yidiš, but I cannot.
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| *בּליאַן מֿאַהּ בֿיאָניצע ''Blian mhath bhyonitze'' = Happy new year
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| ===Dates and time===
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| ====Civil months====
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| ====Jewish months====
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| ====Days of the week====
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| Note: in Yudech a day is considered to begin at sunset or nightfall, as according to Jewish law.
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| *Sunday: זי־סוֹל ''zi-soul''
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| **Sunday morning: מאַזין סוֹל ''mazin soul''
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| **Sunday afternoon (before sunset): ףעסקער סוֹל ''fescer soul''
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| **Sunday evening (after sunset): ערב ל'ואַן ''erev łuan'' (!)
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| **Sunday night: איישע ל'ואַן ''eiše łuan'' (!)
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| *Monday: זי־ל'ואַן ''zi-łuan''
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| *Tuesday: זי־מאָרץ ''zi-mortz''
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| *Wednesday: זי־צ'יידין ''zi-čeidin''
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| *Thursday: זי־זיירעדין ''zi-zeiredin''
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| *Friday: זי־הייַנע ''zi-haine''
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| *Saturday: זי־שבּת ''zi-šabes''
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| ====Telling the time====
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| *טאָ שי טרי שעה ''To ši tri šo.'' = It's 3:00.
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| *טאָ שי דו שעה ייֵגּ ''To ši du šo yeig'' = It's 12:00.
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| ===Colors===
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| *ףין ''fin'' = white
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| *דוב ''duv'' = black
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| *זערעגּ ''zereg'' = red
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| *בּוייע ''buye'' = yellow
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| *גּל'אַס ''głas'' = green
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| *גּאָרעם ''gorem'' = blue
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| *בּאַנעש ''baneš'' = violet; purple
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| *דוֹן ''doun'' = brown
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| ==Sample texts==
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| ===Ma Nishtana===
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| :'''''Card a to nei ahrev ar an eiše šo ou coch eišn ele?'''''
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| :''What has changed on this night from all other nights?''
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| :'''''Gu ar coch eišn ele a toj ag ith chometz is matze šeile, ach iš ar an eiše šo a toj ag ith matze avón.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights we eat both chometz (leavened bread) and matzo, but tonight we eat only matzo.''
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| :'''''Gu ar coch eišn ele a chalij a tum głasren fyu oin łer, ach iš ar an eiše šo a toj a tum du łer.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights we don't dip vegetables even once, but tonight we dip twice.''
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| :'''''Gu ar coch eišn ele a toj ag ith is toj ciz agen in or ti is to ciz agen in or li šiar, ach iš ar an eiše šo a toj coch dinye agen in or li šiar.'''''
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| :''That on all other nights some of us eat while sitting and some of us recline, but tonight all of us recline.''
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| [[Category:Celtic languages]]
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