Verse:Irta/English: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = English
|name = English
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis]]
|creator = diachronics by [[User:Praimhín]]
|nativename = Inglish
|
|pronunciation = /ˈɪŋglɪʃ/
|state = Spain, United States, India, Australia, New Zealand ...
|region = Turkey, Armenia, Northern Levant, Iran
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Azalic]]
|fam2=[[Azalic]]
|fam3=L-Middle English
|script1=Latn
|script=Latin script
}}
}}


'''English in the Lõis timeline''' is Indo-European and pretty much has exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different history and orthography. In particular, it is an [[Azalic]] language, not a Germanic one. Also missing are some loans from German and Modern Scandinavian such as ''schadenfreude'' and ''smörgåsbord''. Words (even words directly inherited from PIE) may not have the same etymologies as in our English.
'''English in the Irta timeline''' (Thurish: ''yȧzalathā nowā'', Riphean: ''āzaliske rstine''; names that sound like "Azalic" are used in Northern Europe, but Latin and Romance use names from Latin ''Anglica'', from the native name ''əngoilisχ'') is Indo-European and pretty much has exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different history and orthography created by Praimhín. In particular, it is an [[Azalic]] language, not a Germanic one. Also missing are some loans from German and Modern Scandinavian such as ''schadenfreude'' and ''smörgåsbord''. Words (even words directly inherited from PIE) may not have the same etymologies as in our English.
 
It is part of a sprachbund with [[Togarmite]], [[Padmanābha]] and [[L-Persian]].
 
In addition to the Near East, Lõisian English is spoken by diaspora communities, the largest of which are Poland, Northern China, and more recently, Mexico. ''Note'': Nahuatl loans in English predate the Azalic diaspora in Mexico by centuries, and are passed through an intermediate Corded Ware language so they would be the same as in our timeline.


==Diachronics==
==Diachronics==
Line 28: Line 21:
*Proto-Azalic (500 BC): moen phroċn chom moen yunċ Ənghoilisċ swerər phrinṫsu: qhoin iċ swer in Phrothəm Ənghoilisċə, ṫoin ṫoe honṫswer in Newin Ənghoilisċə /moen pʰroxn kʰom moen juŋx əngʰoilisx swerər pʰrinθsu: kʷʰoin ix swer in pʰrotʰəm əngʰoilisxə, θoin θoe honθswer in newin əngʰoilisxə/
*Proto-Azalic (500 BC): moen phroċn chom moen yunċ Ənghoilisċ swerər phrinṫsu: qhoin iċ swer in Phrothəm Ənghoilisċə, ṫoin ṫoe honṫswer in Newin Ənghoilisċə /moen pʰroxn kʰom moen juŋx əngʰoilisx swerər pʰrinθsu: kʷʰoin ix swer in pʰrotʰəm əngʰoilisxə, θoin θoe honθswer in newin əngʰoilisxə/


*Lõisian "Old English" (0 AD): mae complānċt wiṫ mae yunċ Azalisċ spəɨcenṫ phrinṫs: qhen iċ spəɨc in Antēc Azalisċ, ṫen ṫā answer in Modern Əinglisċ
* Old Azalic (Irta's "Old English") (500 AD): mae complānċt wiṫ mae yunċ Azalisċ spəɨcenṫ phrinṫs: qhen iċ spəɨc in Antēc Azalisċ, ṫen ṫā answer in Modern Əngilisċ
 
* "Middle English" (1000 AD): mae problem wiδ mae yung Azalic spəɨcen phrinṫs: qhen ī spəɨc in Proto Azalic, δen δā anser in Modern Ingliš


*Lõisian "Middle English" (500 AD): mae problem wiδ mae yung Azalic spəɨcen phrinṫs: qhen ī spəɨc in Proto Azalic, δen δā anser in Modern Ingliš
*1500 AD - present: my problem with my young Azalic speaking friends: when I speak in Proto-Azalic, they answer in English


*900 AD - present: my problem with my young Azalic speaking friends: when I speak in Proto-Azalic, they answer in English
===Early New English===


===10th-17th century English===
consonant inventory of 15th century Azalic English:
consonant inventory of 15th century Azalic English:
p t̪ tʃ k b d̪ dʒ g m n̪
p t̪ tʃ k b d̪ dʒ g m n̪
Line 40: Line 34:
l~lˠ ɹ̝ˠ j
l~lˠ ɹ̝ˠ j
and allophonic ʔ
and allophonic ʔ
(stops may or may not be aspirated, it's free variation)
(stops were not aspirated)


TRAP: /a/
TRAP: /a/
Line 55: Line 49:
GOOSE: /u:/
GOOSE: /u:/
FOOT: /u/
FOOT: /u/
STRUT: /ɨ/
STRUT: /ø/
 
no Canadian raising, rhotic vowels are basically the vowels plus /ɹ/ [ɹ̝ˠ]
no Canadian raising, rhotic vowels are basically the vowels plus /ɹ/ [ɹ̝ˠ]


chain shift in 18th century accents: /ø/ -> /ə/, but /o:/ becomes a new front rounded vowel /ɔɵ/ and then /ɔʉ/ (a bit like in Australian English)
most of the changes that happen between the 10th and 17th centuries are to the consonants: /pʰ tʰ/ turn into breathy spirants /ɸʰ θʰ/, which was thought of as substandard speech until around the 13th century; the breathiness disappears around the 15th century when ph th officially become /ɸ θ/


15th century English also had a split between w from PAzal *v, pronounced /ʋ/, and w from PAzal *qh and *ᵹh, pronounced /w/
15th century English also had a split between w from PAzal *v, pronounced /ʋ/, and w from PAzal *qh and *ᵹh, pronounced /w/
chain shift in 18th century accents: /ø/ -> /ə/, but /o:/ becomes a new front rounded vowel /ɔɵ/ and then /ɔʉ/ (a bit like in Australian English); then in the 20th century it would shift to /əʏ/


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
English in Lõis has three writing systems: the Avestan alphabet, the Hebrew abjad (always with vowel pointing) and the Latin alphabet. The Avestan and Hebrew orthographies are phonemic and the Latin one is a bit more etymological, spelling Latinate words in a way that is closer to their source languages.
Some hyperarchaisms even in Latin and Greek loans: gnobill for noble
===Avestan===


===Hebrew===
==Accents==
Mainly used among Jews.
different from our English accents; RP shouldn't exist


Consonants:
===Quelfton English===
*/m n ŋ/ = מ נ נג
Spoken in Quelfton, a city in Irta's Eastern Canada
*/p t ts tʃ k Ø/ = פ ט צ צש ק א
*/b d dʒ g/ = ב ד דש ג
*/f θ s ʃ h/ = ף ת ס ש ה
*/v ð z ʒ/ = ב' ד' ז זש
*/w r l j/ = ו ר ל י


Vowels: Since English has more vowels than Tiberian Hebrew, some extra diacritics are used to distinguish vowels that are similar.
Pronounced /kʌftən/; quelf is from PIE *gʷelbʰ- 'womb'
*null vowel = none
*commA = shva
*TRAP (טְרַפ) = BATH = PALM = patach
*DRESS (דרֶס) = segol
*FACE (ףֵיס) = tsere + yud
*KIT (קִט) = hiriq
*FLEECE (ףלִיס) = happY = hiriq + yud
*FOOT = STRUT = qubutz
*GOOSE (גוּס) = shuruq + vav
*GOAT (גוֹט) = cholam
*LOT (לָט) = qamatz
*THOUGHT (תָהט) = qamatz + he
*PRICE (פרַיס) = patach + yud
*MOUTH (מַות) = patah + vav
*CHOICE (צשָיס) = qamatz + yud
*NURSE (נְרס) = letteR = shva + resh
*NEAR (נִיר) = hiriq + yud + resh
*SQUARE (סקויר) = tsere + resh
*START = patach + resh
*NORTH = qamatz + resh
*FORCE = cholam + resh
*POOR = qubutz + resh
*CURE = yud + qubutz + resh


===Latin===
====Vocabulary====
uon, tô, thrê, phuor, phaiv, six, sevn, aiht, nyn, ten
Stereotypical Boston words like "wicked" and "pissa"


<poem>
====Phonology====
''O Captin! My Captin! ûr phiêrphul trip is dôn;''
Philly + Boston; It is meant to be RP in ways that the Irta California accent is not. Intonation is similar to American.
''Ðe ship has weđrd evrih rac, đe prise uê suht is wun;''
*MOUTH is monophthongized to [ɶ̝ː], sometimes with a MOUTH-START merger to /aː~æː/.
''Ðe port is niêr, đe bels ih hiêr, đe pơpul al exsulting,''
*-ing becomes -in' in casual speech
''Huîl pholo eihs đe stedih kêl, đe vessl grim and dâring;''
*(Ph) Philly L (/l/ becomes a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant)
''But O hart! hart! hart!''
*(~Ph, ~RP) Philly-style reinforcement before voiceless consonants; i.e. generalized Canadain-raising-esque effects
''O đe blêding drops of red,''
**When the consonant is voiceless, the nucleus is shortened consonant is lengthened: ''face'' [fɪjsˑ]
''Huer on đe dec my captin lihs,''
**Otherwise this does not happen: ''fame'' [fɛˑɪm]
''Phalen cold and diêd.''
*(B, RP) non-rhotic
</poem>
*(Ph, B, RP) Few or no mergers before prevocalic /r/
*(Ph, ~B, ~RP) Philly short-A system; lax A = [æ], tense A = [eə~ɛə]
*(Ph, RP) GOAT = [əʊ]; GOOSE = [üw]
*(~Ph, ~RP) LOT = [ɑ], THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = POOR = [oə~ɔə]
*(B, ~RP) START = [ä]
*SQUARE (= tense A) = [eə~ɛə]
*NEAR = [iə~ɪə]
*NURSE = [əː]
*wine-whine distinction is optional
*A 3-way distinction of Mary [meəɹi], merry [mɛɹi~mɤɹi], marry [mæɹi], unlike Pacific English
*hurry [hɤɹi], furry [fəːɹi]
*orange [ɑɹɪndʒ]
*mirror [mɪɹə(ɹ)] != nearer [niəɹə(ɹ)]
*/iːg/ > /ɪg/, /eɪg/ > /ɛg/ in many words
*/θ ð/ are commonly [t̪ d̪].
*"aunt" and "can't" use /a:/.
*wine-whine merger absent
*CLOTH = LOT, not THOUGHT


====Sample====
oəʟ hjüwmən bɪjɪnz ə boən fɹɪj ən iʝkˑwəʟ ɪn dɪgnɪɾɪj ən ɹʌɪʔˑs. d̪eɪ əɹ ɪndœːd wɪd ɹɪjzn ən kɒnʃns, ən ʃəd ækt toədz wɤn ənɤd̪əɹ ɪn ə spɪɹɪɾ əv bɾɤd̪əhəd.


pelth₂óm > PPTA pheldă > phêld "field"
pliʝˑs koəʟ stɛʟə. eəsk ə ɾə bɹɪŋ d̪is t̪ɪŋz wɪd̪ ə fɹəm d̪ə stoə. sɪks spüwnz əf fɹɛʃˑ snəʊ pɪjz, fɑɪf t̪ɪkˑ sʟæbz əv blüw tʃɪjz, ən mɛɪbɪj ə snæk fəɹ ə bɹʌðə bɑˑb. wɪj oəʟsə nɪjɾ ə smoəʟ pʟæstɪk snɪjkˑ ən ə bɪg toɪ fɹoəg fə d̪ə kɪdz. ʃi kən sküwpˑ d̪is t̪ɪŋz ɪɾ̃ə t̪ɾɪj ɹɛd bægz, ən wiʟ gə miʝɾ ə wɛnsdɛɪ æʔ t̪ə tɹɛɪn stɪjʃˑən.


==Accents==
===Pacific===
===The "Sephardi-Estuary-Ashkenazi" continuum===
A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Modern RP/Estuary.
The Lõisian standard English accent belongs in a continuum of accents, with a quasi-Sephardi Hebrew accent on one end and a quasi-Ashkenazi Hebrew accent on the other end. However, it's been influenced significantly by the nearby Philadelphian accent (spoken in the ancient city of Philadelphia).


====Overview====
Intonation is mostly American + my own weird intonation
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
=====Vocab=====
|-
Mostly like our American English, with a limited number of Britishisms: ''knackered, mental, bollocks, bugger, fancy, ...'' the ones I sorta-know how to use
! colspan="5" | Vowels
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Feature  !! style="width: 250px;" | Western ("Sephardi") !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Philadelphian!! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard !! style="width: 250px;" | Eastern ("Ashkenazi")
|-
! KIT
| ɪ || ɪ~ɪ̈ || ɪ~ɪ̈ || i
|-
! DRESS
| ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || e
|-
! TRAP
| a~ɑ || æ || a || a; o ("Poylish")
|-
! BATH (the BATH lexical set is same as RP)
| a~ɑ || eə || aː~æ: || a; o ("Poylish")
|-
! LOT
| ɔ || ɑ~ä || ɔ~ɒ || o
|-
! STRUT
| ʊ || ʌ~ɤ || ɜ̟~ɐ || ɜ
|-
! FOOT
| ʊ || ʊ || ʊ̈~ɘ || u
|-
! FLEECE
| iː || iʝ + reinforcement before C; ɪj otherwise || ɪj~iː || iː; ej ("Poylish")
|-
! FACE
| eː~eɪ || ɪj + reinforcement before C; ɛɪ otherwise || ɛɪ || eɪ; aɪ ("Poylish")
|-
! PRICE
| aɪ || əɪ~ʌɪ + reinforcement before C; ɑɪ~ɒɪ otherwise || ɑɪ || aɪ; oɪ ("Poylish")
|-
! CHOICE
| oɪ || oɪ~ʊɪ + reinforcement before C; oɪ otherwise || oɪ || ɔɪ~oɪ; ui ("Poylish")
|-
! MOUTH
| aʊ || æʊ~ɛɔ || æʊ || aʊ
|-
! GOAT
| oː~oʊ || əʊ~ə̟ʊ~eʊ, oʊ before [ɫ] || ə̟ʊ~əʊ~əʏ~ʌʏ, ɔʊ~ɒʊ before [ɫ]|| ɔɪ~oɪ; a: ("Poylish")
|-
! GOOSE
| uː || üw~yː, uː before [ɫ] || üː, uː before [ɫ] || uː; iː ("Poylish")
|-
! PALM
| ɑː || ɑ~ä || ɑː  || aː
|-
! THOUGHT
| ɑː || oə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) || oː || ɔː; uː ("Poylish")
|-
! NEAR
| iːɹ || iə(ɹ) || iɚ || iʀ
|-
! SQUARE
| eːɹ || eə(ɹ) || ɛɚ || eʀ
|-
! NURSE
| əːɹ || əː(ɹ) || ɚː || əʀ
|-
! START
| ɑːɹ || ɒː(ɹ) || ɑɚ || aʀ
|-
! NORTH
| ɑːɹ || oə(ɹ) || oɚ || oʀ
|-
! FORCE
| oːɹ || oə(ɹ) || oɚ (oʊɚ~əʊɚ for Jewish speakers) || ɔɪʀ~oɪʀ
|-
! POOR
| uːɹ || oə(ɹ) || uɚ || uʀ
|-
! CURE
| juːɹ || joə(ɹ)~jə(ɹ) || juɚ~jɚː || juʀ
|-
! commA
| ə || ə(ɹ) || ə || ə
|-
! lettER
| əɹ || ə(ɹ) || ɚ || əʀ
|-
! happY
| i || iː~ɪj || iː~ɪj || i
|-
! colspan="5" | Other phenomena
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Feature !! style="width: 250px;" | Western !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Philadelphian!! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard !! style="width: 250px;" | Eastern
|-
! Rhoticity
| Historical /r/ is always [ɹ] || Non-rhotic with intrusive R || Historical /r/ is always [ɹ] || Historical /r/ is always [ʀ]
|-
! Dark L
| Always || Always, often vocalizing || Only when non-prevocalic || Never
|-
! /θ ð/
| Always [t̪ d̪] || Often [t̪ d̪] || [θ ð] || [s̠ d]
|-
! /w/
| [w] || [w] || [w] || [v]
|-
! Aspiration of voiceless stops and t/d-tapping
| As in AmE || As in AmE || As in AmE || Never
|}


====Western accent====
This is the "Western English" accent. When [[L-Hebrew|Hebrew]] is read in this accent, it sounds like Israeli Hebrew with an American accent. It still has some non-Sephardi features, e.g. tsere = FACE = [eɪ] is distinct from segol = DRESS = [ɛ].
The intonation is stereotypical American/Valley Girl.
====L-Philadelphian====
This accent is spoken in both the city of Alaşehir in Turkey (or as locals call it, "Flulfia"), and in Philadelphia, PA (called "New Philadelphia" in Lõis). It's basically a non-rhotic version of our Philly accent; r-intrusion is used, as in the New York accent.
A characteristic feature is ''reinforcement'' for certain vowels or diphthongs before consonants, which changes the pronunciation of the vowel:
*The nucleus is shortened.
*When the consonant is voiced, the offglide is lengthened: ''fame'' [fɪiːm]
*When the consonant is voiceless, the consonant is lengthened: ''face'' [fɪjsː]
/θ ð/ are commonly [t̪ d̪].
====L-Standard English====
Often called the "Newton accent". Also a standard for [[L-Hebrew|English Hebrew]].
A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Philly + Modern RP/Estuary. Rhotic in the GenAm sense.
=====Vowels=====
=====Vowels=====
*orange = [ɒɹɪndʒ~ɔɹɪndʒ]
*orange = [oːɹəndʒ]
*Mary [mɛəɹi] ≈ merry [mɛɹi] ≠ marry [maɹi]
*Mary-merry-marry merger
*Mirror-nearer distinction
*Mirror-nearer merger
*Hurry-furry distinction
*Hurry-furry merger
*No mergers before /l/
*No mergers before /l/
*No trap-bath split
*No yod-coalescence


=====Consonants=====
=====Consonants=====
Line 263: Line 128:
*/p t k/ are unaspirated after stressed syllables as in AmE.
*/p t k/ are unaspirated after stressed syllables as in AmE.
*/d t/ has a tapped [ɾ] allophone in similar environments as in American English.
*/d t/ has a tapped [ɾ] allophone in similar environments as in American English.
*wine-whine merger optional.
*wine-whine merger present.
*/r/ may be [ʋ] between vowels.
 
====Eastern accent====
When L-English Jews [[L-Hebrew|read Hebrew]] in this accent, it sounds almost exactly like the Ashkenazi accent. Source of "oy vey" (from ''oh woe'' /øɪ vøɪ/)
 
This is not a specifically Jewish accent, and not all L-English Jews (or even all Ultra-Orthodox Jews) speak it; however, a sizeable community of Ultra-Orthodox Jews speaks this accent.
 
*/w/ = [v]
*/l/ is always light
*/r/ = [ʀ~ʁ]
*/s/ = Basque z
*/θ/ = Basque s
*/ð/ = [d]
*Stops are unaspirated
 
[o:l hju:mən bijənz əʀ boʀən fʀi: ən i:kwəl ɪn digniti ən ʀaɪts. dei əʀ ɪndaʊd wid ʀi:zən ən konʃəns ən ʃʏd akt toʀds won ənʏdəʀ ɪn ə spiʀit əv bʀʏdəχʏd]
 
====Poylish====
Traditionally spoken by the Azalic population of Poland. In a dialect continuum with Polish, a close sister language (which is not the same as our timeline's Polish since it's Azalic)
 
===A pre-Grimm accent===
Inspiration: Korean accent, British accents, New York accent
*/f θ h hw/ = [pʰ tʰ h~x xw]
*/p t k/ = unaspirated stops, often ejectives especially word-finally except after fricatives
*/tʃ dʒ/ = [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]
*/v/ = [b~β]
*/l/ = [l] (always clear L)
*/r/ = [ɾ~ɹ]
*/ð/ = [d~ð]
*/ʃ/ = [sx~sʰ]
*FLEECE = i:
*FACE = e:
*GOOSE = ü:
*GOAT = o:~o&#797;:
*PALM = BATH = a:
*THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = ʌ:
*CHOICE = oi
*PRICE = aɪ
*MOUTH = aʊ
*KIT = i
*DRESS = e
*TRAP = ɛ
*LOT = ʌ
*FOOT/STRUT = u
*NURSE = ɚ:
*START = a:(ɹ)
*SQUARE = e:ə(ɹ)
*NEAR = i:ə(ɹ)
*POOR = u:ə(ɹ)
*CURE = ju:ə(ɹ)
*lettER = commA = ə(ɹ)~ʌ̈(ɹ)
 
Yod-coalescence, with /tj dj θj sj/ = [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ t͡ɕʰ ɕ]
 
In broad accents: wu/wu:/wuə > u/u:/uə and ji/ji:/jiə > i/i:/iə; hence year/ear, yeast/east, swoon/soon are homophones
 
BATH [a:] occurs for L-Standard English /a/ usually where Korean commonly transcribes the English word as /a/. (The instances do ''not'' correspond to instances of BATH in RP.)
*''chance'' [t͡ɕa:ns]; but ''dance'' [dɛns], ''answer'' [ɛnsʌ̈]
*''plant'' [pla:ntʼ], ''Grant'' [gra:ntʼ]; but ''grant'' [grɛntʼ]
*''glass'' [gla:s], ''gas'' [ga:s]; but ''pass'' [pɛs], ''class'' [klɛs]
*''plastic'' [pla:stikʼ], ''last'' [la:st], ''master'' [ma:stʌ̈]
*''mask'' [ma:sk], ''flask'' [fla:sk]; but ''ask'' [ɛsk], ''task'' [tɛsk]
*''after'' [a:ftʌ̈], ''craft'' [kra:ft]
*''half'' [ha:pʰ]; but ''graph'' [grɛpʰ]
*''bath'' [ba:tʰ]; but ''math'' [mɛtʰ]
 
===Medh Chêl accent===
*KIT = [i], FLEECE = [iː]
*DRESS = [e̞], SQUARE = [e̞ː]
*TRAP = [æ], [æː] in some words (with a split similar to bad-lad split)
*LOT = [ɑ], PALM = START = [ɑː]
*STRUT = [ɤ], THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = [oː]
*NURSE = [ø̞ː]
*FOOT = [u]
*GOOSE = [yː]
*GOAT = [ø̞y] / [ɶy]
*FACE = [ɛi]
*PRICE = [ɑɪ], MOUTH = [æo] (cultivated), [æø] (broad)
*NEAR = [ie], POOR = [uo]
 
==="Stage Old English"===
Australianized vowels, Pre-Grimm/Ancient Greek stops
 
===An "Old English" accent===
*CHOICE = œɪ
*PRICE = ɑ:
*MOUTH = æ:ɑ
*PALM = æ:
*FACE = æɪ
*GOAT = e:o
*THOUGHT = ɔ:
*FLEECE = i:
*GOOSE = u:
**/ju:/ = y:
*FERN = FIR = ør~yr (also MERRY and MIRROR)
*FUR = ʊr (also HURRY)
*FORCE = e:or~ø:r
*NORTH = ɔ:r
*NEAR = CURE = iur~y:r
*POOR = u:r
*SQUARE = e:r
*TRAP = ɑ, æɑ before /l r/ (also START and MARRY)
*DRESS = ɛ, eo~œ before /l/
*KIT = ɪ, ɪʊ~ʏ before /l/
*LOT = ɔ
*FOOT = STRUT = ʊ


[[Category:Azalic languages]]
[[Category:Azalic languages]]

Latest revision as of 17:03, 1 April 2023

Verse:Irta/English/Non-Azalic etyma
English
Created bydiachronics by User:Praimhín
SettingVerse:Irta
Native toSpain, United States, India, Australia, New Zealand ...

English in the Irta timeline (Thurish: yȧzalathā nowā, Riphean: āzaliske rstine; names that sound like "Azalic" are used in Northern Europe, but Latin and Romance use names from Latin Anglica, from the native name əngoilisχ) is Indo-European and pretty much has exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different history and orthography created by Praimhín. In particular, it is an Azalic language, not a Germanic one. Also missing are some loans from German and Modern Scandinavian such as schadenfreude and smörgåsbord. Words (even words directly inherited from PIE) may not have the same etymologies as in our English.

Diachronics

  • dialectal PIE (according to one in-universe theory): meyno- proḱnom ḱom meyno- h₂yuHṇḱ- ṇǵʰh₁olyo-isk- swer-ro- priHṇt-su: kʷo-Hn-i eǵh₂ swere h₁en protṃmo-ṇǵʰh₁olyo-isk-ei, to-Hn-i toi h₂enti-swere h₁en new-iHno- ṇǵʰh₁olyo-isk-ei.
  • Proto-Azalic (500 BC): moen phroċn chom moen yunċ Ənghoilisċ swerər phrinṫsu: qhoin iċ swer in Phrothəm Ənghoilisċə, ṫoin ṫoe honṫswer in Newin Ənghoilisċə /moen pʰroxn kʰom moen juŋx əngʰoilisx swerər pʰrinθsu: kʷʰoin ix swer in pʰrotʰəm əngʰoilisxə, θoin θoe honθswer in newin əngʰoilisxə/
  • Old Azalic (Irta's "Old English") (500 AD): mae complānċt wiṫ mae yunċ Azalisċ spəɨcenṫ phrinṫs: qhen iċ spəɨc in Antēc Azalisċ, ṫen ṫā answer in Modern Əngilisċ
  • "Middle English" (1000 AD): mae problem wiδ mae yung Azalic spəɨcen phrinṫs: qhen ī spəɨc in Proto Azalic, δen δā anser in Modern Ingliš
  • 1500 AD - present: my problem with my young Azalic speaking friends: when I speak in Proto-Azalic, they answer in English

Early New English

consonant inventory of 15th century Azalic English: p t̪ tʃ k b d̪ dʒ g m n̪ ɸ β ʋ w θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h l~lˠ ɹ̝ˠ j and allophonic ʔ (stops were not aspirated)

TRAP: /a/ BATH: /a:/ PALM: /ɑ/ FACE: /e:/ DRESS: /ɛ/ FLEECE: /i:/ KIT: /i/ PRICE: /ae/ LOT: /ɔ/ THOUGHT: /ɔ:/ GOAT: /o:/ GOOSE: /u:/ FOOT: /u/ STRUT: /ø/

no Canadian raising, rhotic vowels are basically the vowels plus /ɹ/ [ɹ̝ˠ]

most of the changes that happen between the 10th and 17th centuries are to the consonants: /pʰ tʰ/ turn into breathy spirants /ɸʰ θʰ/, which was thought of as substandard speech until around the 13th century; the breathiness disappears around the 15th century when ph th officially become /ɸ θ/

15th century English also had a split between w from PAzal *v, pronounced /ʋ/, and w from PAzal *qh and *ᵹh, pronounced /w/

chain shift in 18th century accents: /ø/ -> /ə/, but /o:/ becomes a new front rounded vowel /ɔɵ/ and then /ɔʉ/ (a bit like in Australian English); then in the 20th century it would shift to /əʏ/

Orthography

Some hyperarchaisms even in Latin and Greek loans: gnobill for noble

Accents

different from our English accents; RP shouldn't exist

Quelfton English

Spoken in Quelfton, a city in Irta's Eastern Canada

Pronounced /kʌftən/; quelf is from PIE *gʷelbʰ- 'womb'

Vocabulary

Stereotypical Boston words like "wicked" and "pissa"

Phonology

Philly + Boston; It is meant to be RP in ways that the Irta California accent is not. Intonation is similar to American.

  • MOUTH is monophthongized to [ɶ̝ː], sometimes with a MOUTH-START merger to /aː~æː/.
  • -ing becomes -in' in casual speech
  • (Ph) Philly L (/l/ becomes a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant)
  • (~Ph, ~RP) Philly-style reinforcement before voiceless consonants; i.e. generalized Canadain-raising-esque effects
    • When the consonant is voiceless, the nucleus is shortened consonant is lengthened: face [fɪjsˑ]
    • Otherwise this does not happen: fame [fɛˑɪm]
  • (B, RP) non-rhotic
  • (Ph, B, RP) Few or no mergers before prevocalic /r/
  • (Ph, ~B, ~RP) Philly short-A system; lax A = [æ], tense A = [eə~ɛə]
  • (Ph, RP) GOAT = [əʊ]; GOOSE = [üw]
  • (~Ph, ~RP) LOT = [ɑ], THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = POOR = [oə~ɔə]
  • (B, ~RP) START = [ä]
  • SQUARE (= tense A) = [eə~ɛə]
  • NEAR = [iə~ɪə]
  • NURSE = [əː]
  • wine-whine distinction is optional
  • A 3-way distinction of Mary [meəɹi], merry [mɛɹi~mɤɹi], marry [mæɹi], unlike Pacific English
  • hurry [hɤɹi], furry [fəːɹi]
  • orange [ɑɹɪndʒ]
  • mirror [mɪɹə(ɹ)] != nearer [niəɹə(ɹ)]
  • /iːg/ > /ɪg/, /eɪg/ > /ɛg/ in many words
  • /θ ð/ are commonly [t̪ d̪].
  • "aunt" and "can't" use /a:/.
  • wine-whine merger absent
  • CLOTH = LOT, not THOUGHT

Sample

oəʟ hjüwmən bɪjɪnz ə boən fɹɪj ən iʝkˑwəʟ ɪn dɪgnɪɾɪj ən ɹʌɪʔˑs. d̪eɪ əɹ ɪndœːd wɪd ɹɪjzn ən kɒnʃns, ən ʃəd ækt toədz wɤn ənɤd̪əɹ ɪn ə spɪɹɪɾ əv bɾɤd̪əhəd.

pliʝˑs koəʟ stɛʟə. eəsk ə ɾə bɹɪŋ d̪is t̪ɪŋz wɪd̪ ə fɹəm d̪ə stoə. sɪks spüwnz əf fɹɛʃˑ snəʊ pɪjz, fɑɪf t̪ɪkˑ sʟæbz əv blüw tʃɪjz, ən mɛɪbɪj ə snæk fəɹ ə bɹʌðə bɑˑb. wɪj oəʟsə nɪjɾ ə smoəʟ pʟæstɪk snɪjkˑ ən ə bɪg toɪ fɹoəg fə d̪ə kɪdz. ʃi kən sküwpˑ d̪is t̪ɪŋz ɪɾ̃ə t̪ɾɪj ɹɛd bægz, ən wiʟ gə miʝɾ ə wɛnsdɛɪ æʔ t̪ə tɹɛɪn stɪjʃˑən.

Pacific

A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Modern RP/Estuary.

Intonation is mostly American + my own weird intonation

Vocab

Mostly like our American English, with a limited number of Britishisms: knackered, mental, bollocks, bugger, fancy, ... the ones I sorta-know how to use

Vowels
  • orange = [oːɹəndʒ]
  • Mary-merry-marry merger
  • Mirror-nearer merger
  • Hurry-furry merger
  • No mergers before /l/
  • No trap-bath split
  • No yod-coalescence
Consonants
  • L is light [l] before vowels and dark [ɫ] otherwise, as in RP.
    • wholly-holy split.
  • No glottal reinforcement before stops.
  • /p t k/ are unaspirated after stressed syllables as in AmE.
  • /d t/ has a tapped [ɾ] allophone in similar environments as in American English.
  • wine-whine merger present.
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