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Ábḫanni: Difference between revisions

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'''Ábḫanni''' {{ábḫ-ipa|ábḫanni}} is a divergent [[Abhannic languages|Abhannic]] language, and is an isolate within this family, forming its own branch.
'''Ábḫanni''' {{ábḫ-ipa|ábḫanni}} is an [[Abhannic languages|Abhannic]] language, and is an isolate within this family.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 15: Line 15:
===Consonants===
===Consonants===


Ábḫanni has the following consonant phonemes:
Ábḫanni has a rather asymmetric consonant inventory. It consists of the following:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |  
! Labial
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Labial
! Dental or <br /> alveolar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Dental or <br /> alveolar
! Palatal or <br /> prepalatal
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Palatal or <br /> prepalatal
! Velar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Velar
! Glottal
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Nasal
| '''m''' <br /> {{IPA|/m/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' <br /> /m/
| '''n''' <br /> {{IPA|/n̪/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' <br /> /n̪/
| '''j''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɲ̟/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''j''' <br /> /ȵ/
|  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
|  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Plosive
! <small>voiceless</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |
|  
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' <br /> /t̪/
| '''t''' <br /> {{IPA|/t̪/}}
| style="text-align: center;" |  
|  
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' <br /> /k/
| '''k''' <br /> {{IPA|/k/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <br /> /ʔ/
|  
|-
|-
! <small>prenasalized</small>
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Fricative
| '''mb''' <br /> {{IPA|/ᵐb/}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Unvoiced
| '''nd''' <br /> {{IPA|/ⁿd̪/}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|  
| style="text-align: center;" | '''z''' <br /> /θ̱/
| '''ng''' <br /> {{IPA|/ᵑɡ/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' <br /> /ɕ/
|  
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ḫ''' <br /> /x/
| style="text-align: center;" |  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Voiced
! <small>voiceless</small>
| style="text-align: center;" | '''b''' <br /> /β/
|  
| style="text-align: center;" | '''d''' <br /> /ð/
| '''z''' <br /> {{IPA|/θ̱/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''jh''' <br /> /ʑ/
| '''s''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɕ/}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
| '''ḫ''' <br /> {{IPA|/x/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' <br /> /ɦ/
|
|-
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Liquid
| '''b''' <br /> {{IPA|/β/}}
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| '''d''' <br /> {{IPA|/ð/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' <br /> /ɺ/
| '''jh''' <br /> {{IPA|/ʑ/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' <br /> /j/
|
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| '''h''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɦ/}}
| style="text-align: center;" |  
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|  
| '''r''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɺ/}}
| '''y''' <br /> {{IPA|/j/}}
|  
|  
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
*The consonants {{IPA|/n̪/}}, {{IPA|/t̪/}}, {{IPA|/ⁿd̪/}}, and {{IPA|/θ̱/}} are denti-alveolar and laminal; {{IPA|/ð/}} is interdental and apical; and {{IPA|/ɺ/}} is alveolar and apical.
*{{IPA|/n̪/}} never occurs word-initially, where it was replaced at some point by {{IPA|/m/}}. For example, ''míkkar'' 'to rock (back and forth)' has an frequentative ''mbaníkkar'' 'to stumble around' formed by prefix ''mba-''. However, this word-initial {{IPA|/m/}}-{{IPA|/n̪/}} alteration is no longer productive, and hence forms such has ''zoimíkkar'' 'I saw that it rocked' exist when using productive morphology such as the evidential ''zoi-''.
*{{IPA|/n̪/}} becomes {{IPA|[ŋ]}} when preceding {{IPA|/k/}}.
*When ungeminated and preceding a stressed vowel, {{IPA|/ɲ̟/}} becomes the prenasalized voiced plosive {{IPA|[ᶮɟ̟]}}. It is written '''nj''' when geminated.
*{{IPA|/t̪/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} become {{IPA|[d̪]}} and {{IPA|[g]}}, respectively, when not geminated and following {{IPA|/n̪/}}.
*The prenasalized consonants only occur word-initially and are relatively uncommon.
*{{IPA|/ᵑɡ/}} becomes {{IPA|[ŋ]}} when not preceding a stressed or secondarily stressed vowel.
*The unvoiced dental fricative {{IPA|/θ̱/}} is a denti-alveolar nonsibilant fricative, i.e., a non-sibilant version of {{IPA|[s̪]}}.
*The phonemes {{IPA|/θ̱/}} and {{IPA|/ɕ/}} are subject to the assimilaton {{IPA|/ɕVθ̱/}} → {{IPA|/ɕVɕ/}}.
*When geminated, {{IPA|/β/}} becomes {{IPA|[pp]}} and is written '''pp'''.
*The voiced dental fricative {{IPA|/ð/}} is a true interdental fricative. This phoneme is very uncommon and its distribution is highly restricted, occuring only in {{IPA|/aˈðV/}} and  {{IPA|/aˌðV/}} sequences.
*The consonant {{IPA|/ɺ/}} is generally pronounced as a lateral flap. It is subject to the anticipatory dissimilation {{IPA|/ɺVɺ/}} → {{IPA|/nVɺ/}}. Word-finally, this consonant is sometimes weakened to {{IPA|[ɦ]}}.
*The palatal approximant {{IPA|/j/}} has restricted distribution, occuring only sequences of the form {{IPA|/VjV/}} while adjacent to at least one {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|[ɪ̯]}}.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


The vowel system of Ábḫanni is, described minimally, {{IPA|/i e ɔ a/}}, and features length and tone distinctions as well as diphthongs. The full set of vowel phonemes is as follows:
The vowel system of Ábḫanni is, described minimally, as follows:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
!
! colspan="2" | Front
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Front
! colspan="2" | Back
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Back or <br /> Central
|-
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Close
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Close
| '''i í''' <br /> {{IPA|/i í/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''i''' <br /> /i/
| '''ii íi ií''' <br /> {{IPA|/iː îː ǐː/}}
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mid
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Mid
! <small>pure</small>
| style="text-align: center;" | '''e''' <br /> /e/
| '''e é''' <br /> {{IPA|/e é/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''o''' <br /> /ɔ/
|
| '''o ó''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɔ ɔ́/}}
|
|-
! <small>closing</small>
|
| '''ei éi eí''' <br /> {{IPA|/eːɪ̯ êːɪ̯ ěːɪ̯/}}
| '''oi ói''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɔɪ̯ ɔ́ɪ̯/}}
| '''ou óu oú''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɔːʊ̯ ɔ̂ːʊ̯ ɔ̌ːʊ̯/}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Open
! <small>pure</small>
| '''a á''' <br /> {{IPA|/a á/}}
| '''aa áa aá''' <br /> {{IPA|/aː âː ǎː/}}
|
|
|-
|-
! <small>closing</small>
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Open
| '''ai ái''' <br /> {{IPA|/aɪ̯ áɪ̯/}}
|
| '''aai áai aái''' <br /> {{IPA|/aːɪ̯ âːɪ̯ ǎːɪ̯/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a''' <br /> /ä/
| '''ao áo''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɑɔ̯ ɑ́ɔ̯/}}
| '''aao áao aáo''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɑːɔ̯ ɑ̂ːɔ̯ ɑ̌ːɔ̯/}}
|}
|}


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