Eadlan/Older draft: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
m (IlL moved page User:IlL/Netagin6 to Eadlan/Older draft without leaving a redirect)
 
(133 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 7: Line 7:
|pronunciation=
|pronunciation=
|familycolor=dodellic
|familycolor=dodellic
|fam1=[[Shalaic]]
|fam1=[[Idavic]]
|setting = [[Verse:AETHER]]
|fam2=[[Netagic]]
|setting = [[Verse:Unbegotten]]
|iso3=
|iso3=
|notice=
|notice=
}}
}}


'''Netagin''' (''Năhtuıyin'' /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and [[Windermere]]-inspired Shalaic language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative.
'''Netagin''' (''Năhtuıyin'' /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and [[Windermere]]-inspired Idavic language. It is related to [[Shalaian]] but phonologically is less conservative. Like Shalaian, Netagin is an inflected head-initial language, but has a more fusional morphology: both nouns and verbs are inflected using stem changes (Sami-style consonant gradation, umlaut and creaky voice ablaut) in addition to prefixes and suffixes. It also retains older Idavic morphology such as cases and the dual. The relationship between Shalaian and Netagin is analogous to that between Centum and Satem IE languages: labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become the ''c̦''-series in Netagin.


Netagin has notably developed Uralic-style consonant gradation. It also has non-rhoticity as a historical sound change, a sprachbund feature it shares with [[Shalaian]] but in a much more limited fashion (Only word-final /r/ is lost).
Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Idavic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:
*Preglottalization
*Large vowel system
*Historical non-rhoticity
*Verb-initial syntax
*Split-ergativity
==Todo==
Deutschify the grammar (V2, cases, STOV)?
 
yubmă = aroma
 
Very large vowel system? Khmer gibberish? Construct state with vowel changes (Revive Trây?)


==About==
==About==
Line 24: Line 36:


===Internal history===
===Internal history===
Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew and (in-universe) Philadelphia English, and Celtic languages.
Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative [[Shalaian]], it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, Welvington English, and Celtic languages (Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and [[Verthanic]]).


Both Netagin and Shalaian are used  as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.
Both Netagin and Shalaian are used  as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.


===Internal² history===
===Internal² history===
Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Shalaic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:
*Preglottalization
*Large vowel system
*Historical non-rhoticity
*Verb-initial syntax
*Split-ergativity
Unlike Shalaian, Netagin is a "satem" language, i.e. labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become palatalized.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 42: Line 46:


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
/ɪ u ɛ ɔ ə ɨ a iə uə eə oə ɨə/ ''i u e o ă ĭ a ia ua ea oa ĭa''


Umlauted counterparts of the above are marked with ı:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''iı, ĭı''' /i/
| '''ĭ, ăı''' /ɨ/
| '''uı''' /ʉ/
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''i, eı''' /e/
| '''ă''' /ə/
| '''oı''' /ɵ/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''aı, äı''' /æ/
|
| '''ä''' /a/
| '''a''' /ɒ/
|}
The diphthongs are '''ia ua ea oa ĭa ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı''' /iə uə eə oə ɨə ie ue ie oe ɨi/.
====Umlaut====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!normal
|| i || u || e || o || ă || ĭ || ä || á || ia || ua || ea || oa || ĭa
|-
!umlauted
|| iı || uı || eı || oı || ăı || ĭı || äı || áı || ieı || ueı || eaı || oeı || ĭeı
|}
Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> ä a/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa


/i ʉ e ɵ ɨ æ ie ue ie oe ɨɪ/ ''iı uı eı ăı aı ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı''
TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement
 
Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> a o/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
*Nasals: m bm bmm hm hmm n dn dnn hn hnn /m pm p:m m̥ː m̥:: n tn t:n n̥ː n̥ː:/
*Nasals:  
**m bm bmm hm hmm /m pm bːm m̥ː m̥ːː/
**n dn dnn hn hnn /n tn dːn n̥ː n̥ːː/
*Stops:  
*Stops:  
**p hp hpp b hb hbb f /pʰ ʔpʰ ʔ:pʰ p~b hp h:p v/
**p pp hp hpp b bb hb hbb f /pʰ pːʰ ʔpʰ ʔːpʰ p~b pː hp hːp v~f/
**t ht htt d hd hdd th /tʰ ʔtʰ t~d ht ð/
**t tt ht htt d dd hd hdd th /tʰ tːʰ ʔtʰ ʔːtʰ t~d tː ht hːt ð~θ/
**ț hț hțț ḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ ʔtsʰ ts~dz hts z/
**ț țț hț hțț ḑ ḑḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ tsːʰ ʔtsʰ ʔːtsʰ ts~dz tsː hts hːts z/
**c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ ʔtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ htʃ ʒ/
**c̦ c̦c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ ģģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ tʃːʰ ʔtʃʰ ʔːtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ tʃː htʃ hːtʃ ʒ/
**ξ hξ hξξ λ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ ʔtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ htɬ l/
**ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/
**c hc hcc g hg hgg /kʰ ʔkʰ k~g hk/
**c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/  
**q hq hqq /qʰ ʔqʰ/
*Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/
*Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː h xː/
*Other resonants:
*Other resonants:
**l ll gll hl hll /ʟ qː χː/
**l ll gll hl hll /ʟ qː ɢː χː χːː/
**r rr drr hr hrr /r tr r̥ː/
**r rr drr hr hrr /ɾ tɾ dːɾ r̥ː r̥ːː/
**y yy gyy hy hyy /j cː çː/
**y yy gyy hy hyy /j cː ɟː çː çːː/
**w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː xʷː/
**w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː gʷː xʷː xʷːː/
 
The back liquid /ʟ/ is realized as a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant [ʁ̃ˁ]. /ʟ/ and its gradated counterparts come from a merger of Proto-Idavic *l, *ʕ, and often *q.


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is always final.
Stress is always initial, ignoring derivational prefixes.


===Gradation===
===Gradation===
There are 3 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, termed weak, strong, overlong or I, II, III. These are purely morphological: different forms a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.
There are 2 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, respectively termed ''weak'' and ''strong''. Gradation is purely morphological and is no longer phonologically conditioned: different forms of a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.
====Simple consonants====
====Simple consonants====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak  
||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''j'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''q'' /q⁼/ || ''s'' || ''ș'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w''
||''f'' || ''b'' || ''th'' || ''d'' || ''z'' || ''ḑ'' || ''y'' || ''ģ'' || ''ƛ'' || ''λ'' || ''j'' || ''g'' || ''s'' || ''ș'' || ''σ'' || ''h'' || ''m'' || ''n'' || ''l'' || ''r'' || ''y'' || ''w''
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong  
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''hq'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww''<!--
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong  
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''hqq'' ||''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''  
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' ||''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''hm'' || ''hn'' || ''gll'' || ''drr'' || ''gyy'' || ''gww''-->
|}
|}


====Geminate stems====
====Historical geminates====
Geminate stems in Netagin largely arise from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes.
Geminates historically arose from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes, before gradation became morphologically significant. In Modern Netagin geminates almost always turned to preaspirated or preglottalized stops, except after resonants.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak  
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''hq'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''
|| ''hb'' || ''hp'' || ''hd'' || ''ht'' || ''hḑ'' || ''hț'' || ''hģ'' || ''hc̦'' || ''hλ'' || ''hξ'' || ''hg'' || ''hc'' || ''ss'' || ''șș'' || ''σσ'' || ''hh'' || ''bm'' || ''dn'' || ''ll'' || ''rr'' || ''yy'' || ''ww'' || ''hl'' || ''hr'' || ''hy'' || ''hw''
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II) = Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong<!-- = Overlong-->
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''hqq'' || ''s's'' || ''ș'ș'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /p:m/ || ''dnn'' /t:n/ || ''gll'' /q:ʟ/ || ''drr'' /t:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww''
|| ''hbb'' || ''hpp'' || ''hdd'' || ''htt'' || ''hḑḑ'' || ''hțț'' || ''hģģ'' || ''hc̦c̦'' || ''hλλ'' || ''hξξ'' || ''hgg'' || ''hcc'' || ''s's'' || ''ș'ș'' || ''σ'σ'' || ''h'h'' || ''bmm'' /b:m/ || ''dnn'' /d:n/ || ''gll'' /ɢ:/ || ''drr'' /d:ɾ/ || ''gyy'' /ɟː/ || ''gww'' /gːʷ/ || ''hll'' || ''hrr'' || ''hyy'' || ''hww''
|}
|}


Line 100: Line 148:
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Cluster type
!style="width: 100px;"|Cluster type
|| PR || RR || FR || RX  
|| PR || RR || FR || RX, R ≠ ''l'' || lX (l = /ʟ/)
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
|| P<sub>I</sub>R || RR<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>R || RX<sub>I</sub>  
|| P<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X<sub>I</sub> || lX<sub>I</sub>
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong
|| P<sub>II</sub>R || RR<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR|| RX<sub>II</sub>  
|| P<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>II</sub> || F<sub>I</sub>tR<sub>I</sub>|| R<sub>I</sub>X: || qX<sub>I</sub><!--
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong
|| P<sub>III</sub>R || RR<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R || RX<sub>III</sub>  
|| P<sub>III</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>R<sub>III</sub> || F<sub>II</sub>R<sub>I</sub> || R<sub>I</sub>X: || llX<sub>I</sub>-->
|}
|}
*R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
*R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
Line 116: Line 164:
*F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/
*F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/
*C<sub>I</sub>, C<sub>II</sub>, C<sub>III</sub> = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade
*C<sub>I</sub>, C<sub>II</sub>, C<sub>III</sub> = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade
*C: = geminate counterpart of an obstruent


====Clusters with only obstruents====
====Stop-obstruent clusters====
Obstruent-only clusters
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
 
|-
*XX: dv jv tf tk tkw tħ cht chk chf chs kt kch kf ks ksh kħ kwt kwch kws kwsh ft fch fk fs fsh fħ thk thf thħ sv st sk skw sf sħ łv łt łk łkw łf łħ sht shk shkw shf shħ khf kht khs khsh wht whch whth whs whsh ħt ħch ħf ħs
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak
|| ''fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg'' /vd~ft, .../ || ''ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc, fs, fș, fσ'' /ftʰ, .../ || ''thb, thg'' /ðb~θp, ðg~θk/ || ''thp, thc, thq'' /θpʰ, θkʰ, θqʰ/ || ''wb, wd, wḑ, wģ, wλ'' /wb~wp, .../ || ''wp, wt, wț, wc̦, wξ, ws, wș, wσ'' /xʷpʰ, .../
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong
|| ''bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg'' /pt, .../  || ''pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc, ps, pș, pσ'' /ptʰ, .../ || ''db, dg'' /tp, tk/ || ''tp, tc, tq'' /tpʰ, tkʰ, tqʰ/ || ''gb, gd, gḑ, gģ, gλ'' /kp, .../ || ''cp, ct, cț, cc̦, cξ, cs, cș, cσ'' /kpʰ, .../<!--
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Overlong
|| ''bdd, bḑḑ, bģģ, bλλ, bgg''  /hpt, .../ || ''ptt, pțț, pc̦c̦, pξξ, pcc, pqq, pss, pșș, pσσ'' /ʔptʰ, .../ || ''dbb, dgg'' /htp, htk/ || ''tpp, tcc, tqq'' /ʔtpʰ, ʔtkʰ, ʔtqʰ/ || ''gbb, gdd, gḑḑ, gģģ, gλλ'' /hkp, .../ || ''cpp, ctt, cțț, cc̦c̦, cξξ, css, cșș, cσσ'' /ʔkpʰ, .../-->
|}


====Sibilant-stop clusters====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak (I)
!style="width: 100px;"|Weak  
|| ''f'' + single unasp. stop || ''f'' + single asp. stop || ''th'' + single unasp. stop || ''th'' + single asp. stop
|| ''sp, st, sț, sξ, sc'' /sp, st, sts, stʃ, stɬ, sk/ || ''șp, șt, șc̦, șξ, șc'' /ʃp, ʃt, ʃtʃ, ʃtɬ, ʃk/ || ''łp, łt, łc'' /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk/
|-
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong (II) = Overlong (III)
!style="width: 100px;"|Strong <!--= Overlong-->
|| ''b'' + single unasp. stop || ''p'' + single asp. stop || ''d'' + single unasp. stop || ''t'' + single asp. stop
|| ''spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc'' /sːp, sːt, sːts, sːtɬ, sːk/ || ''șpp, ștt, șc̦c̦, șξξ, șcc'' /ʃːp, ʃːt, ʃːtʃ, ʃːtɬ, ʃːk/ || ''łpp, łtt, łcc'' /ɬːp, ɬːt, ɬːk/
|}
|}
===Phonotactics===
Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''.
Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in ''-ă'', which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix ''-er''. They have three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive.
 
Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''.
Netagin nouns take the definite article ''pă'' and the specific article ''nă''.


Todo: Even and odd nouns
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Soft-stem noun: ''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ 'nightingale'
|-
! case
! singular !! plural
|-
!nominative
|''reaıct'' /riekʰtʰ/ || ''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/
|-
!accusative
|''reawt'' /reəxʷtʰ/ || ''reawtă'' /reəxʷtʰə/
|-
!genitive
|''reaıwt'' /riexʷtʰ/ || ''reaıwtĭg'' /riexʷtʰɨk/
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Hard-stem noun: ''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ 'stone'
|-
! case
! singular !! plural
|-
!nominative
|''șuarbm'' /ʃuəɾəpm/ || ''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/
|-
!accusative
|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmă'' /ʃuəɾəmə/
|-
!genitive
|''șuarm'' /ʃuəɾəm/ || ''șuarmăg'' /ʃuəɾəmək/
|}
{{col-end}}


===Declension===
====Possessive markers====
====Possessive markers====
Possessive markers haƀe different forms depending on number and case.
Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
*''c̦uoll'' = a house (nominative singular)
*''c̦uall'' = a house (nominative singular)
*1s ''c̦uolăl''
*1s ''c̦ualăl''
*2s ''c̦uolăth''
*2s ''c̦ualăth''
*3s ''c̦uolla'' (a); ''c̦uolli'' (i)
*3s ''c̦ualla'' (a); ''c̦ualli'' (i)
*1d ''c̦uolăjăf''
*1d ''c̦ualăjăf''
*2d ''c̦uolnif''
*2d ''c̦uallănif''
*3d ''c̦uolăf''
*3d ''c̦uallăf''
*1p ''c̦uolăģ''  
*1p ''c̦ualăģ''  
*2p ''c̦uolni''  
*2p ''c̦ualni''  
*3p ''c̦uolăs''  
*3p ''c̦uallăs''  
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
*''c̦uol'' = a house (genitive singular)
*''c̦ual'' = a house (genitive singular)
*1s ''c̦uolăggăl''  
*1s ''c̦ualăhcăl''  
*2s ''c̦uolăggăth''  
*2s ''c̦ualăhcăth''  
*3s ''c̦uolăgg'' (a); ''c̦uoluy'' (i)
*3s ''c̦ualăg'' (a); ''c̦ualuy'' (i)
*1d ''c̦uolăggăjăf''
*1d ''c̦ualăhcăjăf''
*2d ''c̦uolăggănif''
*2d ''c̦ualăgănif''
*3d ''c̦uolăggăf''
*3d ''c̦ualăgăf''
*1p ''c̦uolăggăģ''  
*1p ''c̦ualăhcăģ''  
*2p ''c̦uolăggni''  
*2p ''c̦ualăgăni''  
*3p ''c̦uolăggăs''  
*3p ''c̦ualăgăs''  
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
*''c̦uolădd'' = two houses (nominative dual) [dual possessed forms don't depend on case]
*''c̦ualăhd'' = two houses (nominative dual); to form the dual genitive, attach the suffix -id to all these forms
*1s ''c̦uolăddăl''  
*1s ''c̦ualăhdăl''  
*2s ''c̦uolăddăth''  
*2s ''c̦ualăhdăth''  
*3s ''c̦uolăddud'' (a); ''c̦uolădduģ'' (i)
*3s ''c̦ualăhdud'' (a); ''c̦ualăhduģ'' (i)
*1d ''c̦uolăddăjăf''
*1d ''c̦ualăhdăjăf''
*2d ''c̦uolăddănif''
*2d ''c̦ualăthănif''
*3d ''c̦uolăddăf''
*3d ''c̦ualăthăf''
*1p ''c̦uolăddăģ''  
*1p ''c̦ualăhdăģ''  
*2p ''c̦uolăddni''  
*2p ''c̦ualăthăni''  
*3p ''c̦uolăddăs''  
*3p ''c̦ualăthăs''  
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
*''c̦uollu'' = houses (nom pl)
*''c̦uallu'' = houses (nom pl)
*1s ''c̦uolul''  
*1s ''c̦ualul''  
*2s ''c̦uoluth''  
*2s ''c̦ualuth''  
*3s ''c̦uollud'' (a); ''c̦uolluģ'' (i)
*3s ''c̦uallud'' (a); ''c̦ualluģ'' (i)
*1d ''c̦uolujăf''
*1d ''c̦ualujăf''
*2d ''c̦uolunif''
*2d ''c̦uallunif''
*3d ''c̦uoluf''
*3d ''c̦ualluf''
*1p ''c̦uoluģ''  
*1p ''c̦ualuģ''  
*2p ''c̦uoluni''  
*2p ''c̦ualluni''  
*3p ''c̦uolus''  
*3p ''c̦uallus''  
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
*''c̦uoluk'' = houses (gen pl)
*''c̦ualu'' = houses (gen pl)
*1s ''c̦uolugăl''  
*1s ''c̦ualugăl''  
*2s ''c̦uolugăth''  
*2s ''c̦ualugăth''  
*3s ''c̦uolugg'' (a); ''c̦uolluy'' (i)
*3s ''c̦ualuhc'' (a); ''c̦ualluy'' (i)
*1d ''c̦uolugăjăf''
*1d ''c̦ualugăjăf''
*2d ''c̦uolugănif''
*2d ''c̦ualuhcănif''
*3d ''c̦uolugăf''
*3d ''c̦ualuhcăf''
*1p ''c̦uolugăģ''  
*1p ''c̦ualugăģ''  
*2p ''c̦uolugni''  
*2p ''c̦ualuhcăni''  
*3p ''c̦uolugăs''
*3p ''c̦ualuhcăs''
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
animate:
animate:
*nominative: qoahđbi /qʰoəθːpi/, qoađbidd /qʰoəðbidːt/,  qoađbun /qʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan
*nominative: qoeıdb /ˈqʰoetp/, qoeıthbehd /ˈqʰoəðbɪht/,  qoathbun /ˈqʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan
*genitive: qoađbă /qʰoəðbə/, qoahđbin /qʰoəθ:pin/,  qoahđbă /qʰoəθ:pə/ <- *qũdbat, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii
*genitive: qoathbă /ˈqʰoəðbə/, qoeıthbehdid /ˈqʰoəðbɪhtɪt/,  qoadbă /ˈqʰoətpə/ <- *qũdbak, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii
inanimate  
inanimate  
*nominative: qoahđb, qoađbădd, qoahđbu <- *qũdbu, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa
*nominative: qoadb, qoathbăhd, qoadbu <- *qũdbi, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa
*genitive: qoađb, qoahđbin, qoađbuk <- *qũdbuk, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak
*genitive: qoathb, qoathbăhdid, qoathbu <- *qũdbik, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Independent pronouns====
====Independent pronouns====
*1s ''hweal''
====Pronominal suffixes====
*2s ''hwead''
===Prepositions===
*1d ''hweażab''
As in German, prepositions govern specific cases and change their meanings depend on what case the noun is in
*2d ''hweanib''
 
*1p ''hweaż''
Inflected prepositions sometimes have different froms depending on whether the object is accusative or dative.
*2p ''hweani''
 
===Verbs===
====Suffixes and stem changes====
====Class 1====
====Class 2====
====Class 3====


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 223: Line 324:
==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Shalaian as major loan source?
Shalaian as major loan source?
[[Category:Idavic languages]]

Latest revision as of 06:21, 9 May 2023

Older draft
Năhtuıyin
Created byUser:IlL
SettingVerse:Unbegotten
Idavic

Netagin (Năhtuıyin /ˈnəʔtʰʉjin/) is a Sami, Hebrew and Windermere-inspired Idavic language. It is related to Shalaian but phonologically is less conservative. Like Shalaian, Netagin is an inflected head-initial language, but has a more fusional morphology: both nouns and verbs are inflected using stem changes (Sami-style consonant gradation, umlaut and creaky voice ablaut) in addition to prefixes and suffixes. It also retains older Idavic morphology such as cases and the dual. The relationship between Shalaian and Netagin is analogous to that between Centum and Satem IE languages: labiovelars become plain velars and plain velars become the c̦-series in Netagin.

Shalaian and Netagin belong to a common sprachbund. They are two different branches of the Idavic family that convergently evolved to share the following features:

  • Preglottalization
  • Large vowel system
  • Historical non-rhoticity
  • Verb-initial syntax
  • Split-ergativity

Todo

Deutschify the grammar (V2, cases, STOV)?

yubmă = aroma

Very large vowel system? Khmer gibberish? Construct state with vowel changes (Revive Trây?)

About

External history

This is the sixth reincarnation of Netagin (my past Hebrew-inspired conlangs).

I was getting bored of standard-fare Semitic and Celtic aesthetics, so I decided to try out a much more (mainly Northern and Skolt) Sami aesthetic and make the Hebrew influence much more subtle (at least phonologically).

Internal history

Netagin is a conlang created by Edna Ashe. Like its relative Shalaian, it is loosely inspired by Hebrew, Welvington English, and Celtic languages (Old Irish, Judeo-Gaelic and Verthanic).

Both Netagin and Shalaian are used as liturgical languages in Ashe's personal system of spirituality.

Internal² history

Phonology

"Northern + Skolt Sami but more Windermere and Tíogall"

Vowels

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close iı, ĭı /i/ ĭ, ăı /ɨ/ uı /ʉ/ u /u/
Close-mid i, eı /e/ ă /ə/ oı /ɵ/ o /o/
Open-mid e /ɛ/
Open aı, äı /æ/ ä /a/ a /ɒ/

The diphthongs are ia ua ea oa ĭa ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı /iə uə eə oə ɨə ie ue ie oe ɨi/.

Umlaut

normal i u e o ă ĭ ä á ia ua ea oa ĭa
umlauted iı uı eı oı ăı ĭı äı áı ieı ueı eaı oeı ĭeı

Proto-Netagin a ā i ī u ū ə + modal/stød -> ä a/oa e/ea i/ie u/ua ă ĭ/ĭa

TODO: closing diphthongs and Philly-style reinforcement

Consonants

  • Nasals:
    • m bm bmm hm hmm /m pm bːm m̥ː m̥ːː/
    • n dn dnn hn hnn /n tn dːn n̥ː n̥ːː/
  • Stops:
    • p pp hp hpp b bb hb hbb f /pʰ pːʰ ʔpʰ ʔːpʰ p~b pː hp hːp v~f/
    • t tt ht htt d dd hd hdd th /tʰ tːʰ ʔtʰ ʔːtʰ t~d tː ht hːt ð~θ/
    • ț țț hț hțț ḑ ḑḑ hḑ hḑḑ z /tsʰ tsːʰ ʔtsʰ ʔːtsʰ ts~dz tsː hts hːts z/
    • c̦ c̦c̦ hc̦ hc̦c̦ ģ ģģ hģ hģģ j /tʃʰ tʃːʰ ʔtʃʰ ʔːtʃʰ tʃ~dʒ tʃː htʃ hːtʃ ʒ/
    • ξ ξξ hξ hξξ λ λλ hλ hλλ ƛ /tɬʰ tɬːʰ ʔtɬʰ ʔːtɬʰ tɬ~dɮ tɬː htɬ hːtɬ l/
    • c cc hc hcc g gg hg hgg /kʰ kːʰ ʔkʰ ʔːkʰ k~g kː hk hːk/
  • Fricatives: s ss s's ș șș ș'ș σ σσ σ'σ h hh h'h /s sː sːː ʃ ʃː ʃːː ɬ ɬː ɬːː h xː xːː/
  • Other resonants:
    • l ll gll hl hll /ʟ qː ɢː χː χːː/
    • r rr drr hr hrr /ɾ tɾ dːɾ r̥ː r̥ːː/
    • y yy gyy hy hyy /j cː ɟː çː çːː/
    • w ww gww hw hww /w kʷː gʷː xʷː xʷːː/

The back liquid /ʟ/ is realized as a pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant [ʁ̃ˁ]. /ʟ/ and its gradated counterparts come from a merger of Proto-Idavic *l, *ʕ, and often *q.

Stress

Stress is always initial, ignoring derivational prefixes.

Gradation

There are 2 gradation grades in Netagin morphology, respectively termed weak and strong. Gradation is purely morphological and is no longer phonologically conditioned: different forms of a word may require different grades, and a form may be marked through gradation alone.

Simple consonants

Weak f b th d z ḑ y ģ ƛ λ j g s ș σ h m n l r y w
Strong hb hp hd ht hḑ hț hģ hc̦ hλ hξ hg hc ss șș σσ hh bm dn ll rr yy ww

Historical geminates

Geminates historically arose from historical nC, /ʔ h/ + C, C + /ʔ h/ → C: sound changes, before gradation became morphologically significant. In Modern Netagin geminates almost always turned to preaspirated or preglottalized stops, except after resonants.

Weak hb hp hd ht hḑ hț hģ hc̦ hλ hξ hg hc ss șș σσ hh bm dn ll rr yy ww hl hr hy hw
Strong hbb hpp hdd htt hḑḑ hțț hģģ hc̦c̦ hλλ hξξ hgg hcc s's ș'ș σ'σ h'h bmm /b:m/ dnn /d:n/ gll /ɢ:/ drr /d:ɾ/ gyy /ɟː/ gww /gːʷ/ hll hrr hyy hww

Clusters with resonants

Cluster type PR RR FR RX, R ≠ l lX (l = /ʟ/)
Weak PIRI RIRI FIRI RIXI lXI
Strong PIIRI RIRII FItRI RIX: qXI
  • R = resonant /m n ʟ r j w/
  • X = obstruent
  • P = stop
  • F = fricative /s ʃ ɬ/
  • CI, CII, CIII = simple consonant in the corresponding gradation grade
  • C: = geminate counterpart of an obstruent

Stop-obstruent clusters

Weak fd, fḑ, fģ, fλ, fg /vd~ft, .../ ft, fț, fc̦, fξ, fc, fs, fș, fσ /ftʰ, .../ thb, thg /ðb~θp, ðg~θk/ thp, thc, thq /θpʰ, θkʰ, θqʰ/ wb, wd, wḑ, wģ, wλ /wb~wp, .../ wp, wt, wț, wc̦, wξ, ws, wș, wσ /xʷpʰ, .../
Strong bd, bḑ, bģ, bλ, bg /pt, .../ pt, pț, pc̦, pξ, pc, ps, pș, pσ /ptʰ, .../ db, dg /tp, tk/ tp, tc, tq /tpʰ, tkʰ, tqʰ/ gb, gd, gḑ, gģ, gλ /kp, .../ cp, ct, cț, cc̦, cξ, cs, cș, cσ /kpʰ, .../

Sibilant-stop clusters

Weak sp, st, sț, sξ, sc /sp, st, sts, stʃ, stɬ, sk/ șp, șt, șc̦, șξ, șc /ʃp, ʃt, ʃtʃ, ʃtɬ, ʃk/ łp, łt, łc /ɬp, ɬt, ɬk/
Strong spp, stt, sțț, sξξ, scc /sːp, sːt, sːts, sːtɬ, sːk/ șpp, ștt, șc̦c̦, șξξ, șcc /ʃːp, ʃːt, ʃːtʃ, ʃːtɬ, ʃːk/ łpp, łtt, łcc /ɬːp, ɬːt, ɬːk/

Phonotactics

Initial sC clusters are valid in names and loans from Shalaian.

Morphology

Nouns

Netagin has singular, dual, and plural numbers, and animate and inanimate genders. Some inanimates end in -ă, which is cognate to the Shalaian honorific suffix -er. They have three cases: nominative, accusative and genitive. Netagin nouns take the definite article pă and the specific article nă.

Soft-stem noun: reaıct /riekʰtʰ/ 'nightingale'
case singular plural
nominative reaıct /riekʰtʰ/ reaıwt /riexʷtʰ/
accusative reawt /reəxʷtʰ/ reawtă /reəxʷtʰə/
genitive reaıwt /riexʷtʰ/ reaıwtĭg /riexʷtʰɨk/

Hard-stem noun: șuarbm /ʃuəɾəpm/ 'stone'
case singular plural
nominative șuarbm /ʃuəɾəpm/ șuarm /ʃuəɾəm/
accusative șuarm /ʃuəɾəm/ șuarmă /ʃuəɾəmə/
genitive șuarm /ʃuəɾəm/ șuarmăg /ʃuəɾəmək/


Declension

Possessive markers

Possessive markers have different forms depending on number and case.

  • c̦uall = a house (nominative singular)
  • 1s c̦ualăl
  • 2s c̦ualăth
  • 3s c̦ualla (a); c̦ualli (i)
  • 1d c̦ualăjăf
  • 2d c̦uallănif
  • 3d c̦uallăf
  • 1p c̦ualăģ
  • 2p c̦ualni
  • 3p c̦uallăs
  • c̦ual = a house (genitive singular)
  • 1s c̦ualăhcăl
  • 2s c̦ualăhcăth
  • 3s c̦ualăg (a); c̦ualuy (i)
  • 1d c̦ualăhcăjăf
  • 2d c̦ualăgănif
  • 3d c̦ualăgăf
  • 1p c̦ualăhcăģ
  • 2p c̦ualăgăni
  • 3p c̦ualăgăs
  • c̦ualăhd = two houses (nominative dual); to form the dual genitive, attach the suffix -id to all these forms
  • 1s c̦ualăhdăl
  • 2s c̦ualăhdăth
  • 3s c̦ualăhdud (a); c̦ualăhduģ (i)
  • 1d c̦ualăhdăjăf
  • 2d c̦ualăthănif
  • 3d c̦ualăthăf
  • 1p c̦ualăhdăģ
  • 2p c̦ualăthăni
  • 3p c̦ualăthăs
  • c̦uallu = houses (nom pl)
  • 1s c̦ualul
  • 2s c̦ualuth
  • 3s c̦uallud (a); c̦ualluģ (i)
  • 1d c̦ualujăf
  • 2d c̦uallunif
  • 3d c̦ualluf
  • 1p c̦ualuģ
  • 2p c̦ualluni
  • 3p c̦uallus
  • c̦ualu = houses (gen pl)
  • 1s c̦ualugăl
  • 2s c̦ualugăth
  • 3s c̦ualuhc (a); c̦ualluy (i)
  • 1d c̦ualugăjăf
  • 2d c̦ualuhcănif
  • 3d c̦ualuhcăf
  • 1p c̦ualugăģ
  • 2p c̦ualuhcăni
  • 3p c̦ualuhcăs


Adjectives

animate:

  • nominative: qoeıdb /ˈqʰoetp/, qoeıthbehd /ˈqʰoəðbɪht/, qoathbun /ˈqʰoəðbun/ <- PShal *qũdba, *qũdband, *qũdbaan
  • genitive: qoathbă /ˈqʰoəðbə/, qoeıthbehdid /ˈqʰoəðbɪhtɪt/, qoadbă /ˈqʰoətpə/ <- *qũdbak, *qũdband=igid, *qũdbii

inanimate

  • nominative: qoadb, qoathbăhd, qoadbu <- *qũdbi, *qũdbund, *qũdbaa
  • genitive: qoathb, qoathbăhdid, qoathbu <- *qũdbik, *qũdbund=igid, *qũdbaak

Pronouns

Independent pronouns

Pronominal suffixes

Prepositions

As in German, prepositions govern specific cases and change their meanings depend on what case the noun is in

Inflected prepositions sometimes have different froms depending on whether the object is accusative or dative.

Verbs

Suffixes and stem changes

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Syntax

Lushootseed (predicate first)?

Myl las oszað, byddzal = Give me your hand, my love

Vocabulary

Shalaian as major loan source?

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Eadlan/Older_draft&oldid=304385"