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| English in the AETHER timeline is an Indo-European language and has pretty much the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but is a Riphic language, not a Germanic one. It is native to our Germany and Poland area, not the British Isles.
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| ==Etymologies==
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| *''leitmotif'': an opera which used a leitmotif for a character named Lait or Light? (it was an operatic version of Death Note)
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| *''karma'': a non-Earth Indo-Aryan language
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| *''mana'': from an IA word for 'mind'
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| *''Parmesan'': unknown. A folk etymology derives it from a [[Cubrite]] woman's name (Parm Ezan?).
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| *frequentative -le from h2el- (cf Hebrew "halakh ve-VERB" = continues to VERB)
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| *German linguistic terminology: invented by Edna? The standard terms are:
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| **''affection'' not ''umlaut''
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| **''apophony'' not ''ablaut''
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| **''linguistic area'' not ''sprachbund''
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| **''lexical aspect'' not ''aktionsart''
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| **''case stacking'' not ''suffixaufnahme''
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| **''place of origin'' not ''urheimat''
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| ==Orthography==
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| In-universe, English has a Latin-based deep orthography reflecting different diachronics than our English. By translation convention, this is rendered as our written English but with American and British spellings in free variation.
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| ==Accents==
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| ===Overview===
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=""
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| ! colspan="5" | Vowels
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Feature !!style="width: 250px;" | Standard Federation !! style="width: 250px;" | Welvington !! style="width: 250px;" | Standard European !! style="width: 250px;" | Polish
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| |-
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| ! KIT
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| | ɪ~ɪ̈ || ɪ || ɪ || ɪ
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| |-
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| ! DRESS
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| | ɛ || ɛ || ɛ || ɛ
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| |-
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| ! TRAP
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| | a || æ; eə (before /m n/ in a closed syllable) || a || a
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| |-
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| ! BATH (the BATH lexical set is same as RP)
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| | a || eə; a: only in ''aunt'' and ''can't'' || a || a
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| |-
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| ! LOT
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| | ɔ~ɒ || ɑ~ɒ || ɑ || ɔ
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| |-
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| ! STRUT
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| | ɜ̟~ɐ || ʌ~ɤ || ə || ə
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| |-
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| ! FOOT
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| | ʊ̈~ɘ || ʊ~ʏ || ʊ || ɪ
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| |-
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| ! FLEECE
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| | iː || ɪj; iʝ (reinforced) || iː || iː
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| |-
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| ! FACE
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| | eɪ || ɛɪ; ɪj (reinforced) || eɪ || eː~ej
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| |-
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| ! PRICE
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| | ɑɪ || ɑɪ, ʌɪ (reinforced) || əɪ || aː
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| |-
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| ! CHOICE
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| | oɪ || oɪ, ʊɪ (reinforced) || ɒɪ || ɔj
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| |-
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| ! MOUTH
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| | æʊ || ɶ̝ː~œː~œə || ɑʊ || oː~ou
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| |-
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| ! GOAT
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| | oʊ, ɔʊ~ɒʊ before [ɫ] || ɛʊ~əʊ, oʊ before [ɫ] || ø: || ɔj
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| |-
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| ! GOOSE
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| | üw, uː before [ɫ] || üw, uː before [ɫ] || y: || iː
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| |-
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| ! PALM
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| | ɑː || ä(ɹ)~a(ɹ) || aː || aː
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| |-
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| ! THOUGHT
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| | ɔː~ɒː || oə(ɹ) || ɒː || uː
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| |-
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| ! NEAR
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| | ɪɚ || iə(ɹ) || iɚ || iʀ
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| |-
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| ! SQUARE
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| | ɛɚ || eə(ɹ) || eɚ || ejʀ
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| |-
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| ! NURSE
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| | ɚː || əː(ɹ)~ɜː(ɹ) || ɚ || ɛʀ, ɪʀ, əʀ based on etymology
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| |-
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| ! START
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| | ɑɚ || äː(ɹ)~aː(ɹ) || aɚ~äɚ || aʀ
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| |-
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| ! NORTH
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| | oɚ || oə(ɹ) || ɔɚ || ɔʀ
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| |-
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| ! FORCE
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| | oɚ || oə(ɹ) || œɚ || ɔjʀ
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| |-
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| ! POOR
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| | uɚ || oə(ɹ) || uɚ || uʀ
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| |-
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| ! CURE
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| | juɚ~jɚː || jəː(ɹ)~jɜː(ɹ)~joə(ɹ) || juɚ || juʀ
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| |-
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| ! commA
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| | ə || ə(ɹ) || ə || ə
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| |-
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| ! lettER
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| | ɚ || ə(ɹ) || ɚ || əʀ
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| |-
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| ! happY
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| | iː~ɪj || i || i || i
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5" | Other phenomena
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 100px;" | Feature !! style="width: 250px;" | Standard Federation !! style="width: 250px;" | Welvington !! style="width: 250px;" | Standard European !! style="width: 250px;" | Polish
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| |-
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| ! Rhoticity
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| | Fully rhotic || Nonrhotic with intrusive R || Fully rhotic with postalveolar and retroflex R || Uvular R, no fern-fir-fur merger
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| |-
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| ! Dark L
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| | Only when non-prevocalic; vocalized L is [w] || Always; vocalized L is a uvular approximant || Never || Never
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| |-
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| ! /θ ð/
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| | [θ ð] || Often [t̪ d̪] || As in Irish English || Retracted slit fricatives [ʂ ʐ]
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| |-
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| ! Aspiration of voiceless stops and t/d-tapping
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| | As in AmE || As in AmE || As in BrE || Never
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| |-
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| ! Reinforcement
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| | None || Philly-reinforcement before voiceless consonants || None || None
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| |-
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| ! Wine-whine merger
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| | Optional || Absent || Absent || Present
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| |}
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|
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| ===Welvington===
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| The city name is pronounced "Wungton" [wʌŋʔn̩] by locals; it's nicknamed the "Womb of the Nation [Federation]"
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| ====Vocabulary====
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| Stereotypical Boston words like "wicked" and "pissa"
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| ====Phonology====
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| Philly + Boston; should inspire Shalaian and Netagin. Should be RP in ways that the Standard accent is not
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| *MOUTH is monophthongized to [ɶ̝ː], sometiems with a MOUTH-START merger to /aː~æː/.
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| *-ing becomes -in'; th-stopping to [t̪] and [d̪]
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| *(Ph) Philly L (pharyngealized nasalized uvular approximant)
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| *(~Ph, ~RP) Philly-style reinforcement before voiceless consonants; i.e. generalized Canadain-raising-esque effects
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| **When the consonant is voiceless, the nucleus is shortened consonant is lengthened: ''face'' [fɪjsˑ]
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| **Otherwise this does not happen: ''fame'' [fɛˑɪm]
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| *(B, RP) non-rhotic
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| *(Ph, B, RP) Few or no mergers before prevocalic /r/
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| *(Ph, ~B, ~RP) Philly short-A system; lax A = [æ], tense A = [eə~ɛə]
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| *(Ph, RP) GOAT = [əʊ]; GOOSE = [üw]ː
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| *(~Ph, ~RP) LOT = [ɑ], THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = POOR = [oə~ɔə]
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| *(B, ~RP) START = [ä]
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| *SQUARE (= tense A) = [eə~ɛə]
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| *NEAR = [iə~ɪə]
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| *NURSE = [ə:]
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| *wine-whine merger (optional in Standard)
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| *A 3-way distinction of Mary [meəɹi], merry [mɛɹi~mɤɹi], marry [mæɹi], unlike Standard English
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| *hurry [hɤɹi], furry [fəːɹi]
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| *orange [ɑɹɪndʒ]
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| *mirror [mɪɹə(ɹ)] != nearer [niəɹə(ɹ)]
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| */iːg/ > /ɪg/, /eɪg/ > /ɛg/ in many words
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| */θ ð/ are commonly [t̪ d̪].
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| *"aunt" and "can't" use /a:/
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| *wine-whine merger absent
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|
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| ====Sample (Broad Welvington)====
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| oəʟ hjüwmən bɪjɪnz ə boən fɹɪj ən iʝkˑwəʟ ɪn dɪgnɪɾɪj ən ɹʌɪʔˑs. d̪eɪ əɹ ɪndœːd wɪd ɹɪjzn ən kɒnʃns, ən ʃəd ækt toədz wɤn ənɤd̪əɹ ɪn ə spɪɹɪɾ əv bɾɤd̪əhəd.
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| pliʝˑs koəʟ stɛʟə. eəsk ə ɾə bɹɪŋ d̪is t̪ɪŋz wɪd̪ ə fɹəm d̪ə stoə. sɪks spüwnz əf fɹɛʃˑ snəʊ pɪjz, fɑɪf t̪ɪkˑ sʟæbz əv blüw tʃɪjz, ən mɛɪbɪj ə snæk fəɹ ə bɹʌðə bɑˑb. wɪj oəʟsə nɪjɾ ə smoəʟ pʟæstɪk snɪjkˑ ən ə bɪg toɪ fɹoəg fə d̪ə kɪdz. ʃi kən sküwpˑ d̪is t̪ɪŋz ɪɾ̃ə t̪ɾɪj ɹɛd bægz, ən wiʟ gə miʝɾ ə wɛnsdɛɪ æʔ t̪ə tɹɛɪn stɪjʃˑən.
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| ====Sample (Cultivated Welvington)====
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| oːɫ hjüwmən bɪjɪŋz ə boːn fɹɪj ən iʝkˑwəl ɪn dɪgnɪɾɪj ən ɹɑɪʔˑs. ðeɪ əɹ ɪndæʊd wɪð ɹɪjzn ən kɒnʃns, ən ʃəd æk toːdz wɜn ənɜðəɹ ɪn ə spɪɹɪɾ əv bɾɜðəhəd.
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| plɪjs koːʟ stɛlə. ask ə ɾə bɹɪŋ ðɪjs θɪŋz wɪð ə fɹəm ðə stoː. sɪks spüwnz əf fɹɛʃˑ snəʊ pɪjz, fɑɪf θɪkˑ slæbz əv blüw tʃɪjz, ən mɛɪbɪj ə snæk fəɹ ə bɹʌðə bɒb. wɪj oːɫsə nɪjɾ ə smoːɫ plæstɪk snɪjkˑ ən ə bɪg toɪ fɹɒg fə ðə kɪdz. ʃi kən sküwp ðɪjs θɪŋz ɪɾ̃ə θɾɪj ɹɛd bɛɪgz, ən wiʟ gə miʝɾ ə wɛnsdɛɪ æʔ θə tɹɛɪn stɪjʃˑən.
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| ===Standard Federation (North American)===
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| A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Philadelphia + Modern RP/Estuary.
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| Intonation is mostly American + my own weird intonation
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| =====Vocab=====
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| Mostly like our American English, with a limited number of Britishisms: ''knackered, mental, bollocks, bugger, fancy, ...'' the ones I sorta-know how to use
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|
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| =====Vowels=====
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| *orange = [oːɹəndʒ]
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| *Mary-merry-marry merger
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| *Mirror-nearer merger
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| *Hurry-furry merger
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| *No mergers before /l/
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| *No trap-bath split
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| *No yod-coalescence
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|
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| =====Consonants=====
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| *L is light [l] before vowels and dark [ɫ] otherwise, as in RP.
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| **wholly-holy split.
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| *No glottal reinforcement before stops.
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| */p t k/ are unaspirated after stressed syllables as in AmE.
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| */d t/ has a tapped [ɾ] allophone in similar environments as in American English.
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| *wine-whine merger present.
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| */r/ may be [ʋ] between vowels.
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| ===Standard European===
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| The classical singing accent for English is based on Standard European English, with r always trilled [r] and l always clear [l]. The wine-whine merger is absent.
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| Much more dialectal diversity in Switzerland and Bavaria (like in our German; they are sometimes considered separate languages)
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| ===Polish===
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| "Poylish"
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| ====Sample====
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| uːl hiːmən biːnz əʀ bɔʀn fʀiː ən iːkwəl in digniti ən ʀaːts. ʐej aʀ indoud wid ʀiːzn ən kɔnʃns ən ʃəd akt toʀdz wən ənəʐəʀ in ə spiʀit əv bʀəʐəhəd
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| pliːs kuːl stɛlə. ask əʀ tə bʀiŋg ʐis ʂɪŋgz wɪʐ ə fʀəm ʐə stɔʀ. siks spiːnz əf fʀɛʃ snoj piːz, faːf ʂik slabz əv bliː tʃiːz, ən mejbi ə snak fəʀ əʀ bʀəʐə bɔb. wiː uːlsɔj niːd ə smuːl plastik sneːk ən ə big tɔj fʀɔg fəʀ ʐə kidz. ʃi kn skiːp ʐis ʂɪŋgz intə ʂʀiː ʀɛd bagz, ən wiːl gɔj miːt əʀ wɛnzdej at ʂə tʀeːn steːʃn.
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