Verse:Mwail/Erno-Kawenic languages: Difference between revisions

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-'''Verthanic''' (''hə taŋʷas vərθanak'' /hə ˈtaŋʷas vəɾˈθanak/; from *berxtolandākā, lit. Brightlandic) is a Celtic language spoken in Verthan (''vərθan''), located in North Africa. It was an important vehicle for transmitting A-Arabic loans to English. It is inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.
+{{list subpages}}
+== Diachronics ==
+=== Consonants ===
+* p' -> PEK mˁ
+* t' -> PEK tˁ
+* k' -> PEK q
+* PIr l -> PEK ć
+* PIr y/g/hiatus breaker -> PEK y
+* PIr k -> PEK ç
+* PIr ng, r -> lengthens preceding vowel if before C, PEK 0 otherwise
+* PIr s -> PEK χ
+* PIr b/w -> PEK β
+* PIr d -> ð (r in retroflexing environments)
+* final nasal -> {{ng}}
+* Non-final nasals stay put (n in PIr /rVn/ retroflexes)
+* p, t stay put (t in PIr /rVt/ retroflexes)
-''xʷilid'' = cat (from Latin)
+=== Vowels ===
+PIr ă -> ə
-''vārəy ðax'' = good morning
+urV, orV, arV -> orV, arV, erV -> oV aV eV
-tl > θ, CeCe- -> CəCi- (kenetlom → čədiθ 'fashion, zeitgeist')
+ira iro iru -> iwa iwo iwu
-əyn, ðəw, trī, kʷətur, kʷiʔč, wəks, šəxt, uxt, daw, ðəč
+Same-vowel weakening rule: e.g. PI sumur is treated as if it were sămur
-bakʷ = son; hə makʷ = the son
+== Family tree ==
+* Erno-Kawenic
+** [[Verse:Mwail/Kawenic languages|Kawenic]]
+** [[Verse:Mwail/Ernic languages|Ernic]]
-bərk = daughter; hə mərk (no mut) = the daughter
+== Phonology ==
+Proto-Erno-Kawenic is characterized by unusual sound changes from Proto-Irenesian.
+=== Consonants ===
+{| class="wikitable
+|-
+!rowspan=2|
+!colspan=2| Labial
+!rowspan=2| Denti-alveolar
+!rowspan=2| Retroflex
+!rowspan=2| Palatal
+!rowspan=2| Uvular
+|-
+!|plain
+!|pharyngealized
+|-
+!|Nasal
+|| '''m''' /m/ || '''mˁ''' /mˁ/ || '''n''' /n&#810;/ || '''n&#803;''' /ɳ/ || ||
+|-
+!|Stop
+|| '''p''' /p/ || '''pˁ''' /pˁ/ || '''t''' /t&#810;/ || '''t&#803;''' /ʈ/ || '''ć''' /tɕ/ || '''q''' /q/
+|-
+!|Fricative
+|| || || || '''s&#803;''' /ʂ/ || '''ç''' /ç/ || '''x''' /χ/
+|-
+!|Continuant
+|| '''β''' /β/ || || '''δ''' /ð/ || '''r''' /ɻ/ || '''y''' /j/ ||
+|}
-Sdābt hə həysk viw id uðənč = The living fish swims in water
+=== Vowels ===
+Short i e a o u ə
-gemination → preglottalization
+Long ī ē ā ō ū
-Chain shifts:
+Nasal iñ eñ añ oñ uñ əñ
-mm, mb > m > b > v
+Coloring effects
-nn, nd > n > d > ð
+== Grammar ==
+I have to have a solid idea of how nouns work in PEK; I'm probably gonna cliticize classifiers after nouns
-ng > ŋ, g > x, gʷ > xʷ, w- > gʷ-, y- > dz-
+So the classifier is almost a suffix, maybe fully a suffix by PEK
-e o > ə, ke ge → tʃə dʒə
+That may affect the Ernish I have now, which I'm willing to accept. In that case Ernish should probably choose one form, probably the PEK genitive plural for most nouns.
-vowels: i u ə a iː uː aː aj aw əj əw
+Ensuring that Quququqquq genitives always end in a vowel is easy
-==Morphology==
+Genitive should be -some vowel + (ng) in PI
-===Nouns===
-nasal mutation of v > b > m, ð > d > n, x > ŋ
-Genders: common (no mut) and neuter (nasal mut)
+Some nouns, like proper nouns, family terms and body parts, shouldn't have classifiers
-Plural: ''-s'' or ''-əs'', no gender distinction
+=== Classifiers ===
+{| class="wikitable"
+!| PEK classifier || Domain || Etymology
+|-
+|| sg. ''=nuć'', pl. ''=çe''
+|| generic inanimate
+|-
+|| sg. ''=pće'', pl. ''=mut''
+|| inanimate (pejorative)
+|-
+|| sg. ''=hoi'', pl. ''=au''
+|| human
+|-
+|| sg. ''=qβe'', pl. ''=poyap''
+|| human (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=upi''
+|| generic animal
+|-
+|| ''=tiβo''
+|| livestock
+|-
+|| ''=toyu''
+|| animate (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=mˁō''
+|| animate (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=pˁat''
+|| flat sheets
+|-
+|| ''=əmço''
+|| flat sheets (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=çeoñ''
+|| trees and bushes; streams, rivers
+|-
+|| ''=uox''
+|| herbaceous plants
+|-
+|| ''=epçi''
+|| any plant (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=βuδ''
+|| flowers, bunches of fruit
+|-
+|| ''=tia''
+|| paths, ways
+|-
+|| ''=uhiç''
+|| long thin objects
+|-
+|| ''=uyop''
+|| fruits, spheres
+|-
+|| ''=tuć''
+|| circles, rings
+|-
+|| ''=ex''
+|| buildings
+|-
+|| ''=mˁəδañ''
+|| vehicles
+|-
+|| ''=xəβuq''
+|| man-made things (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=ćep''
+|| marks, like written characters, wounds, ...
+|-
+|| ''=uñqe''
+|| important places and events
+|}
-''hə'' (from *sindos) is ''hən'' before vowels
+=== Sandbox ===
+PI urim 'rose apple' (bare) -> PEK oiŋ 'apple (is-a form); Apple (name form)' -> Ernish oi 'ibid.'
-===Verbs===
+PI urim uop -> PEK oiŋ=uyop 'the apple' -> Ernish oinguzop 'apple (singular)'
-present tense: ''sdāb-u, sdāb-s, sdāb-t, sdāb-əbs, sdāb-sxʷi, sdāb-tər'' (1sg, 2sg, 3, 1pl, 2pl, imps)
-past tense: get split-ergativity with past participle: ''sdāb-təw, sdāb-tis, sdāb-tit, sdāb-tibs, sdāb-taysxʷi, sdāb-taytər'' 'I swam, ...' (these forms agree with the subject but nouns take ergative marking with the ergative particle ''am'' from *ambi)
+PI **urim bawăd -> PEK oiŋ bawəd -> oimbaud 'apples (plural)'
-future tense (formed by reduplicating present): ''də-sdāb-u, də-sdāb-s, də-sdāb-t, də-sdāb-əbs, də-sdāb-sxʷi, də-sdāb-tər''
+PI tiroŋ 'head' -> PEK tiwo: -> Ernish tiwo
+(body parts don't take classifiers)
-the old 3rd person singular is used with both singular and plural (plurality is marked on the subject)
-Conjugation classes:
-*verbs from o/e verbs: more irregularities here
-**sdāb-u, sdāb-s, sdāb-t, sdāb-əbs, sdāb-sxʷi, sdāb-tər
-**sdāb-təw, sdāb-tis, sdāb-tit, sdāb-tibs, sdāb-taysxʷi, sdāb-taytər
-*a-verbs (from PCel *-āti)
-**''bāraw, bāras, bārat, bārabs, bārāsxʷi, bārātər'' 'to enlarge'
-**''bāra-təw, bāra-tis, bāra-tit, bāra-tibs, bāra-taysxʷi, bāra-taytər
-*i-verbs (from PCel *-yeti, *-īti)
-**''liʔkʷəw, liʔkʷis, liʔkʷit, liʔkʷibs, liʔkʷīsxʷi, liʔkʷītər'' 'to leave'
-**''liʔkʷi-təw, liʔkʷi-tis, liʔkʷi-tit, liʔkʷi-tibs, liʔkʷi-taysxʷi, liʔkʷi-taytər''