User:Ashucky/Sketches

Periodic table

Periodic table
Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
	Alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases

Ememir (Sumerian conlang)

Phonology

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m [m]	n [n]			ĝ [ŋ]
Plosive	p [pʰ/p] b [p/b]	t [tʰ/t] d [t/d]			k [kʰ/k] g [k/g]
Fricative		s [s]	š [ʃ]		h [x]
Affricate		z [t͡s] (r̂ [t͡sʰ])
Approximant				(y/i [j] ?)	(w/u [w] ?)
Trill		r [r/ɾ]
Flap or tap		(r̂ ?)
Lateral app.		l [l]

	Front	Back
Close	i [i] (ī [i:] ?)	u [u] (ū [u:] ?)
Mid	e [e] (ē [e:]?)	(o [o] (ō [o:] ?) ?)
Open	a [a] (ā [a:] ?)

Grammar

Nouns

Characteristics

NOMINAL CHAIN:
1) [NOUN] + [ADJECTIVE + POSSESSIVE/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN + PLURAL (e/i)n(e)] + [CASE]

2) [PRONOUN] + [CASE]

Plurals:

• -(e)n(e) for human and -(i)n(e) for non-human
• reduplication (stands for "all the X", mostly non-human) > full or partial

Cases

Substantives
Case	Suffixes		Notes
	Human	Non-h.
Genitive	-ak/-a/-k
Ergative	-e		subject of transitive verbs (agent)
Absolutive	-Ø		subject of intransitive verbs (argument); object of transitive verbs (patient)
Dative	-ra/-r	-/?	indirect object; complementary with locative (or directive?) for non-human
Directive	-/?	-e > -ye	motion arriving at, position next to; indirect obejct (non-human)
Locative	-/?	-a > -ya	motion into, position inside; rarely used for human
Locative 2	-/?	-ne
Terminative	-še		motion towards
Adverbiative	-eš		in the manner of < "how?"
Ablative	-ta		place/time from where (non-human); instrument; from the place of X (human)
Comitative	-da > -ga		with/and, in company
Equative	-gen		like/as

Declension

Case	king (h)	mother (h)	tree (n)	city (n)	kings (h)	mothers (h)	trees (n)	cities (n)
Genitive	lugala(k)	amā(k)	ĝeša(k)	eria(k)	lugalena(k)	amana(k)	ĝešina(k)	erina(k)
Ergative	lugale	amae	ĝeše	erie	lugalenē	amanē	ĝešinē	erinē
Absolutive	lugal	ama	ĝeš	eri	lugalen(ē)	aman(ē)	ĝešin(ē)	erin(ē)
Dative	lugalra/lugalar	amar(a)	ĝešra/ĝešar	erir(a)	lugalenēr(a)	aman̄ēr(a)	ĝešinēr(a)	erinēr(a)
Directive	lugalye	amaye	ĝešye	eriye	lugalen[ē]ye	aman[ē]ye	ĝešin[ē]ye	erin[ē]ye
Locative	lugalya	amaya	ĝešya	eriya	lugalen[ē]ya	aman[ē]ya	ĝešin[ē]ya	erin[ē]ya
Terminative	lugalše/lugalaš	amaše	ĝešše/ĝešaš	eriše	lugalen[ē]še	aman[ē]še	ĝešin[ē]še	erin[ē]še
Adverbiative	lugaleš	amaeš	ĝešeš	erieš	lugaleneš	amanēš	ĝešinēš	erinēš
Ablative	lugalta	amata	ĝešta	erita	lugalen[ē]ta	aman[ē]ta	ĝešin[ē]ta	erin[ē]ta
Comitative	lugalga	amaga	ĝešga	eriga	lugalen[e]ga	aman[ē]ga	ĝešin[ē]ga	erin[ē]ga
Equative	lugalgen	amagen	ĝešgen	erigen	lugalen[ē]gen	aman[ē]gen	ĝešen[ē]gen	erin[ē]gen

Pronouns

Personal

Personal pronouns

	Aboslutive	Ergative	Dative	Dimensional
1sg	ĝe	ĝe/ĝē	ĝār(a)	ĝāda; ĝāta; ĝāše
2sg	ze	ze/zē	zār(a)	zāda; zāta; zāše
3sg	ane; ibe	ane; ibe	aner(a); iber(a)	aneda/anega; aneta; aneša
1pl	den	den	denra/denar(a)	denda/denga; denta; denše
2pl	zen	zen	zenra/zenar(a)	zenda/zenga; zenta; zenše
3pl	an(e)nē	an(e)nē	an(e)nēr(a)	an(e)nēda/an(e)nēga; an(e)nēta; an(e)nēše

Possessive

Possessive pronouns

	Absolutive	Genitive	Locative	Ergative	Directive	Dative	Dimensional	Plural
1sg	-ĝu	-ĝa	-ĝya	-ĝu	-ĝye	-ĝur(a)	-ĝuda	-ĝunē
2sg	-zu	-za	-zya	-zu	-zye	-zur(a)	-zuda	-zunē
3sg	-(a)ni; -bi	-(a)na; -ba	-(a)nya; -bya	-(a)ne; -be	-(a)nye; -bye	-(a)nir(a); -bir(a)	-(a)nida/-(a)niga; -bida/-biga	-(a)ninē; -binē
1pl	-me	-ma	-mya	-me	-mye	-mer(a)	-meda/-mega	-menē
2pl	-zene	-zena	-zenya	-zene	-zenye	-zener(a)	-zeneda/-zenega	-zenenē/-zennē
3pl	-(a)nne; -bīne	-(a)nna; -bīna	-(a)nnya; -bīnya	-(a)nne; -bīne	-(a)nnye; -bīnye	-(a)nner(a); -bīner(a)	-(a)nneda/-(a)nnega; -bīneda/-bīnega	-(a)nnenē; -bīnenē/-bīnnē

Examples:

• lugalĝu - my king : lugalme - our king
• lugalzu - your king : lugalzene - your king
• lugalani - his/her king : lugalanne - their king
• lugalbi - its king : lugalbīne - their king
• lugalĝunē - my kings : lugalmenē - our kings
• lugalzunē - your kings : lugalzenenē your kings (zenene > zennē?)
• lugalaninē - his/her kings : lugalannenē - their kings
• lugalbinē - its kings : lugalbīnenē - their kings (binene > bīnnē?)

Other

Interrogative:

• ana - what > anašam - why ~ anam - why
• aba - who
• agin - how ~ anagin - how
• mea - where > meše - whither, meta - whence
• (ud - when) ?

Indefinite:

• name any > luname - some(one), any(one), no (one), none, niĝname - something, anything, nothing, kiname - somewhere, nowhere, uname - sometime, never

Reflexive:

• ne(te) - self > neĝu - myself, nezu - yourself, nebi - itself, neteni - himself

Relative: -- ? --

• lu - the person (who)
• niĝ - the thing (which)
• ki - the place (where)
• aba - (the one) who
• ana - (that) which

Demonstrative:

• nen - this > -ne, -ney (word-final)
• -bē - that > -bey (word-final)
• -ri - yonder
• ūr/yūr/yur - that

Numerals

Cardinal

	Numbers		Notes
1	diš
2	min
3	eš
4	limmu
5	ya
6	āš		= 5+1 ?
7	umin		= 5+2
8	ussu
9	(ilimmu)	īmmu	= 5+4
10	yu
11		dišu	= 1+10
12		minu	= 2+10
13		eššu	= 3+10
14		miyu
15		iyu
16		āššu
17		iminu
18		ussuyu
19		īmmuyu
20	niš
30	ušu		= 3x10
40	nimin		= 20x2
50	ninnu		= 40+10
60	ĝešd
70		ušumu	= 3x10x2+10
80		ĝešniš	= 60+20
90		šumiš	= 70+20
100		numuš
120	ĝešmin		= 60x2
240	ĝešlimmu		= 60x4
420	ĝešumin		= 60x7
600	ĝešdu		= 60x10
1200	ĝešumin		= 600x2
3600	šar		(60x60)
36000	šaru		= 60x10
216000	šargal		= big-3600 (60x60x60)

Ordinal

Suffix: -kam(ma)

• 1st: merga(ma)
• 2nd: niškam(ma)
• 3rd: eškam(ma)
• 4th: limmukam(ma)
• etc.

Verbs

Conjugation

Transitive	Perfective						Imperfective
	Subject				Stem	Object	Object				Stem	Subject
	Base	Past	Present	Future			Base	Past	Present	Future
1sg	ʔ	ī	ē	ā	STEM	(e)n	n	in	en	an	STEM	(e)n
2sg	e	e	eh	ah		(e)s	s	is	es	as		(e)s
3sg	n, b	in, ib	en, eb	an, ab		Ø	n, b	in, ib	en, eb	an, ab
1pl	d	id	ed	ad		(e)nden	d	id	ed	ad		(e)nden
2pl	z	iz	ez	az		(e)nzen	z	iz	ez	az		(e)nzen
3pl	š	iš	eš	aš		(e)š	š	iš	eš	aš		(e)nē
Intransitive	Perfective						Imperfective
	-				Stem	Subject	-				Stem	Subject
	Base	Past	Present	Future			Base	Past	Present	Future
1sg	-	i	e	a	STEM	(e)n	-	i	e	a	(+ed)	(e)n
2sg						(e)s						(e)s
3sg						Ø						Ø
1pl						(e)nden						(e)nden
2pl						(e)nzen						(e)nzen
3pl						(e)š						(e)š

Forms of the prefixes:

• -C > -Cen
• -V > -v̄n (vowel lenthening)
• -v̄ > -ūwen; -īyen; -ēyen; -āen

Full paradigm

Conjugation

	Perfective			Imperfective
Transitive	Subject	Stem	Object	Object	Stem	Subject
1sg	ʔ (ī)		en	ʔ (ī)		en
2sg	e (e)		en	e (e)		en
3sg p	n (in)		Ø	n (in)		e
3sg i	b (ib)		Ø	(b) (ib)		e
1pl			enden			enden
2pl			enzen			enzen
3pl	n-V-eš (in)		eš			enē
Intransitive		Stem	Subject		Stem	Subject
1sg			en		(+ed)	en
2sg			en		(+ed)	en
3sg p			Ø		(+ed)	Ø
3sg i			Ø		(+ed)	Ø
1pl			enden		(+ed)	enden
2pl			enzen		(+ed)	enzen
3pl			eš		(+ed)	eš

• subject/patient = absolutive (patient = accusative object of transitive verbs; subject = nominative subject of intransitive verbs)
• agent = ergative (agent = nominative subject of transitive verbs)

Prefixes

Other prefixes

	Ventive	Initial person suffixes	Dative	Cominative	Terminative ablative	Local prefixes
1sg	mu/mū	mu/m	ma	da with (ventive: (V)mda)	ta from ši to(wards) (ventive: (V)mta/mši)	ni in(to) e on(to)
2sg	mu (mye)	e/r	ra (ira)
3sg p	(V)m	n (in)	na (ina)
3sg i	(V)mm	b (ib)	ba
1pl	mē	me	me
2pl		enē	enē (inē)
3pl	mu	ne/nnē	ne

Examples:

• nin lugalda indatušØ - the queen sat with the king
• naĝar iriše ibšeĝenØ - the carpenter went to the city
• lugale ninra iriya ē inaninduØ - a house was built for the queen by the king in the city

• When a vocalic suffix is added before the ventive prefix, the vowel is added: īm-, ūm-, and ām-
  • īmĝen - he came here (m+ĝen+Ø)
  • īmmaĝen - he came away (m+ba+ĝen+Ø)

Performatives

Prefix: u-/ū- (> ul- when followed by verb root)

• relative past (when/after) - only with perfective verbs
  

Prefix: i-/ī-

• present forms, perfective
  

Prefix: a- (> al- when followed by verb root)

• imperfective; al- in imperatives?
  

Modal prefixes:

• NEGATIVE nu- (la-, li-) not
• PRECATIVE hé- (ha-, hu-) may he, he should, whether
• COHORTATIVE ga- (gi4-, gú-) may I, I shall
• PROHIBITIVE na- may he not
• AFFIRMATIVE na- he shall (shall he not?)
• VETITIVE ba-ra- can not, must not
• PROSPECTIVE ù- (a-, ì-) when, after
• CONTRAPUNCTIVE ši- (ša-, šu-) so, therefore
• FRUSTRATIVE nu-uš- if only
• CONJUNCTIVE (i)n-ga- and, also, furthermore

Imperfective stems

Formation:

• affixiation: -e (-ū > -ūwe, -ā > -āe, -ē > -ēye, -ī > -īye, -a/e/i/u > -ā/ē/ī/ū)
• reduplication:
  • type 1: ĝar > ĝaĝa
  • type 2: ḫal(a) > ḫalḫa
• suppletive root

Copula

Copula

	Independent	Enclitic
1sg	-men	=men
2sg	-mes	=mes
3sg	-me	=(a)m
1pl	-menden	=menden
2pl	-menzen	=menzen
3pl	-meš	=meš

Other

Nominalising suffix -wa

• lugale hay indū > lugal lu hay indūwa
  • the king built the house > the king, the man who built the house

• hay badū > hay dūwa
  • the house was built > the house that was built

• lugale hay maḫ indū
  • the king built the lofty temple
• hay maḫbita
  • from that lofty temple
• hay maḫ lugale [hay maḫ] dūwabita
  • from that lofy temple built by the king

• hay šubwa
  • the house that collapsed > the collapsed house
• hay dūwa
  • the house that was built > the built house
• inim dūgwa
  • the word that was spoken > the spoken word

• lue hay indū > hay lue dūwa
  • the man built the house > the house built by the man

Vocabulary

Vocabualry
Conlang	Sumerian	English
lugal	lugal	king
eri	iri/eri	city, town

Examples

General

• dumu - son (absolutive)
• dumuni - her/his son (possessive + absolutive)
• dumune - by her/his son (possessive + ergative)
• dumube - by that son (demonstrative + ergative)
• dumun - sons (absolutive)
• dumu-dumu - all the sons (reduplication + absolutive)
• dumu turra - for the small son (adjective + dative case (-ra))
• dumu turani - his/her small son (adjective + possessive + absolutive)
• dumu turbira - for that small son (adjective + demonstrative + dative)
• dumu turenēr(a) - for the small sons (adjective + plural + dative)
• dumuninēr(a) - for his/her sons (possessive + plural + dative)
• dumu turbēnēda - with those small sons (adjective + demonstrative + plural + comitative case (-da))

• amanigin - like her mother
• dumusaĝ lugalagin - like the first-born son of the king

Genitive

• ē lugala(k) - the house of the king {é} + {lugal+ak} + Ø
• ē lugala(k)ya - in the house of the king {é} + {lugal+ak} + ya
• dumu lugalanake - by the son of his house {dumu} + {lugal+ani+ak} + e
• šeš tur lugal mahakenē - the young brothers of the lofty king {šeš+tur} + {lugal+mah+ak} + ene + Ø
• šeš tur lugal mahzabēnē - those young brothers of your lofty king {šeš+tur} + {lugal+mah+zu+ak} + bi + ene + Ø

• ē dumua - the house of the son (é dumu+ak+Ø)
• ē dumu lugalaka - the house of the son of the king (é dumu lugal+ak+ak+Ø)
• ē dumu lugal Urimak(a)ka - the house of the son of the king of Ur (é dumu lugal úri(m)^ki+ak+ak+ak+Ø)

• ANTICIPATORY:
  • lugala diĝirani - of the king his god = the god of the king (lugal+ak diĝir+(a)ni+Ø)
  • udua lugalbi - of the sheep its owner = the owner of the sheep (udu+ak lugal+bi+Ø)

• PREDICATIVE:
  • ĝākam - it is of me = it is mine (ĝá+ak+am)
  • zākam - it is yours (za+ak+am)
  • anekam - it is his/hers (ene+ak+am)
  • denakam - it is ours
  • zenakam - it is yours
  • annēkam - it is theirs (enene+ak+am)
  • kubey [ku] ĝākam - that silver is [silver] of me = that silver is mine
  • luney [lu] iribākam - this man is [a man] of that city = this man is of that city