Naibas: Difference between revisions

(5 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

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! case !! masculine !! feminine !! neuter

|-

| {{Smallcaps|abs}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'' 'cloud' || ''delas(i/o)'' 'sea' || ''nutu(a/ia)'' 'law'

| {{Smallcaps|abs}} || zutta(e/ie) 'cloud' || delas(i/o) 'sea' || nutu(a/ia) 'law'

|-

| {{Smallcaps|erg}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''s''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''s''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''s'''''

| {{Smallcaps|erg}} || zutta(e/ie)'''s''' || delas(i/o)'''s''' || nutu(a/ia)'''s'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|dat}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''ne''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''ne''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''ne'''''

| {{Smallcaps|dat}} || zutta(e/ie)'''ne''' || delas(i/o)'''ne''' || nutu(a/ia)'''ne'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|gen}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''k''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''k''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''k'''''

| {{Smallcaps|gen}} || zutta(e/ie)'''k''' || delas(i/o)'''k''' || nutu(a/ia)'''k'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|com}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''ko''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''ko''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''ko'''''

| {{Smallcaps|com}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''ko''' || delas(i/o)'''ko''' || nutu(a/ia)'''ko'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|abess}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''ta''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''ta''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''ta'''''

| {{Smallcaps|abess}} || zutta(e/ie)'''ta''' || delas(i/o)'''ta''' || nutu(a/ia)'''ta'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|caus}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''kai''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''kai''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''kai'''''

| {{Smallcaps|caus}} || zutta(e/ie)'''kai''' || delas(i/o)'''kai''' || nutu(a/ia)'''kai'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|ben}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''tu''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''tu''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''tu'''''

| {{Smallcaps|ben}} || zutta(e/ie)'''tu''' || delas(i/o)'''tu''' || nutu(a/ia)'''tu'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|instr}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''kes''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''kes''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''kes'''''

| {{Smallcaps|instr}} || zutta(e/ie)'''kes''' || delas(i/o)'''kes''' || nutu(a/ia)'''kes'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|ine}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''na''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''na''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''na'''''

| {{Smallcaps|ine}} || zutta(e/ie)'''na''' || delas(i/o)'''na''' || nutu(a/ia)'''na'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|loc}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''tez''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''tez''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''kez'''''

| {{Smallcaps|loc}} || zutta(e/ie)'''tez''' || delas(i/o)'''tez''' || nutu(a/ia)'''kez'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|all}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''ro''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''to''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''to'''''

| {{Smallcaps|all}} || zutta(e/ie)'''ro''' || delas(i/o)'''to''' || nutu(a/ia)'''to'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|term}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''dan''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''dan''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''dan'''''

| {{Smallcaps|term}} || zutta(e/ie)'''dan''' || delas(i/o)'''dan''' || nutu(a/ia)'''dan'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|abl}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''to''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''to''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''to'''''

| {{Smallcaps|abl}} || zutta(e/ie)'''to''' || delas(i/o)'''to''' || nutu(a/ia)'''to'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|ptv}} || ''zutta(-/ie)'''ku''''' || ''delas(-/o)'''ku''''' || ''nutu(-/ia)'''ku'''''

| {{Smallcaps|ptv}} || zutta(-/ie)'''ku''' || delas(-/o)'''ku''' || nutu(-/ia)'''ku'''

|-

| {{Smallcaps|prol}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''tuk''''' || ''delas(i/o)'''tuk''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''tuk'''''

| {{Smallcaps|prol}} || zutta(e/ie)'''tuk''' || delas(i/o)'''tuk''' || nutu(a/ia)'''tuk'''

|}

We walked '''through''' the market and '''from''' there we went '''to''' the town hall square.

''Zuroki'''tuk''' untuzipaxas tui naru'''to''' kurekiroxik uddua'''ro''' tuna.''

Zuroki'''tuk''' untuzipaxas tui naru'''to''' kurekiroxik uddua'''ro''' tuna.

{| class="wikitable"

Line 460:

|}

====Mood====

===Transitive verbs===

There are three moods in Naibas: indicative, imperative and [[w:Jussive mood|jussive]]. The '''imperative''' is formed by not modifying the verb at all (nurk - to pay; nurk! - pay!).

These verbs require the subject to be in [[w:Ergative case|ergative case]] (-s), and place the subject mark at the end of the verb and the object mark at the beginning. There are two types:

*Verbs ending in ''-lk, -nk'' or ''-rk'', which mark the perfective aspect with -k (gulk, polk, xank, tark).

*Verbs ending in ''-i'', which mark the perfective aspect with -i (tidosi, libi, koni, tturti). These verbs are always stressed in the penultimate syllable.

===Intransitive verbs===

These verbs require the absolutive case in the subject (-e, -i, -a, -Ø and plurals). They always end in vowel, mostly -a or -e, and are stressed in the penultimate syllable. They place the subject at the beginning of the word. Intransitive verbs mark the perfective aspect by adding -s at the end of the verb.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

!

! colspan="2" | Transitive

! Intransitive

|-

|

| -k

| -i

| -V

|-

|

| gulk

| koni

| kurku

|-

! Subject mark 1SG

| gul'''e'''

| kon'''e'''

| '''e'''kurku

|-

| Translation

| I drink

| I love

| I live

|-

! Subject (1SG) and<br />object (3SG) marks

| '''a'''gul'''e'''

| '''a'''kon'''e'''

|

|-

| Translation

| I drink it

| I love it

|

|-

! Perfective aspect

| agule'''k'''

| akone'''i'''

| ekurku'''s'''

|-

| Translation

| I have drunk it

| I have loved it

| I have lived

|}

===Mood===

There are three moods in Naibas: indicative, imperative and [[w:Jussive mood|jussive]]. The '''imperative''' is formed by not modifying the verb at all (nurk - to pay; nurk! - pay!). The second person plural imperative is formed by adding the personal pronoun after the verb (nurk bi! - y'all pay!).

The '''jussive''' case is slowly disappearing from Naibas speakers' everyday use, but it is still required in formal contexts and an alive element in the most standard varieties of Naibas. It has three functions: negative imperative, formal imperative and third person imperative. It forms adding ''-xe'' after the subject mark in transitive verbs, and after the verb in intransitive verbs (ki gulazexe! - don't drink!; gulaxe! - let him drink!). The jussive case can be used in 1PL verbs to form structures similar to "let's do something!" (gulunuxe! - let's drink!), but most speakers use the indicative mood (gulun! - let's drink! (lit.: we drink!)). It is also important to note that some people form the negative imperative by adding ''ki'' (not) before the verb (ki gulk! - don't drink!).

==Syntax==

@@ Line 281: / Line 281: @@
 ! case !! masculine !! feminine !! neuter
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|abs}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'' 'cloud' || ''delas(i/o)'' 'sea'  || ''nutu(a/ia)'' 'law'
+| {{Smallcaps|abs}} || zutta(e/ie) 'cloud' || delas(i/o) 'sea'  || nutu(a/ia) 'law'
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|erg}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''s'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''s''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''s'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|erg}} || zutta(e/ie)'''s'''  || delas(i/o)'''s''' || nutu(a/ia)'''s'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|dat}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''ne'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''ne''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''ne'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|dat}} || zutta(e/ie)'''ne'''  || delas(i/o)'''ne''' || nutu(a/ia)'''ne'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|gen}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''k'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''k''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''k'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|gen}} || zutta(e/ie)'''k'''  || delas(i/o)'''k''' || nutu(a/ia)'''k'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|com}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''ko'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''ko''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''ko'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|com}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''ko'''  || delas(i/o)'''ko''' || nutu(a/ia)'''ko'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|abess}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''ta'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''ta''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''ta'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|abess}} || zutta(e/ie)'''ta'''  || delas(i/o)'''ta''' || nutu(a/ia)'''ta'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|caus}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''kai'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''kai''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''kai'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|caus}} || zutta(e/ie)'''kai'''  || delas(i/o)'''kai''' || nutu(a/ia)'''kai'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|ben}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''tu'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''tu''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''tu'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|ben}} || zutta(e/ie)'''tu'''  || delas(i/o)'''tu''' || nutu(a/ia)'''tu'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|instr}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''kes'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''kes''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''kes'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|instr}} || zutta(e/ie)'''kes'''  || delas(i/o)'''kes''' || nutu(a/ia)'''kes'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|ine}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''na'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''na''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''na'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|ine}} || zutta(e/ie)'''na'''  || delas(i/o)'''na''' || nutu(a/ia)'''na'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|loc}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''tez'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''tez''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''kez'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|loc}} || zutta(e/ie)'''tez'''  || delas(i/o)'''tez''' || nutu(a/ia)'''kez'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|all}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''ro'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''to''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''to'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|all}} || zutta(e/ie)'''ro'''  || delas(i/o)'''to''' || nutu(a/ia)'''to'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|term}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''dan'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''dan''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''dan'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|term}} || zutta(e/ie)'''dan'''  || delas(i/o)'''dan''' || nutu(a/ia)'''dan'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|abl}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''to'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''to''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''to'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|abl}} || zutta(e/ie)'''to'''  || delas(i/o)'''to''' || nutu(a/ia)'''to'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|ptv}} || ''zutta(-/ie)'''ku'''''  || ''delas(-/o)'''ku''''' || ''nutu(-/ia)'''ku'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|ptv}} || zutta(-/ie)'''ku'''  || delas(-/o)'''ku''' || nutu(-/ia)'''ku'''
 |-
-| {{Smallcaps|prol}} || ''zutta(e/ie)'''tuk'''''  || ''delas(i/o)'''tuk''''' || ''nutu(a/ia)'''tuk'''''
+| {{Smallcaps|prol}} || zutta(e/ie)'''tuk'''  || delas(i/o)'''tuk''' || nutu(a/ia)'''tuk'''
 |}
 We walked '''through''' the market and '''from''' there we went '''to''' the town hall square.
-''Zuroki'''tuk''' untuzipaxas tui naru'''to''' kurekiroxik uddua'''ro''' tuna.''
+Zuroki'''tuk''' untuzipaxas tui naru'''to''' kurekiroxik uddua'''ro''' tuna.
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 460: / Line 460: @@
 |}
-====Mood====
+===Transitive verbs===
-There are three moods in Naibas: indicative, imperative and [[w:Jussive mood|jussive]]. The '''imperative''' is formed by not modifying the verb at all (nurk - to pay; nurk! - pay!).
+These verbs require the subject to be in [[w:Ergative case|ergative case]] (-s), and place the subject mark at the end of the verb and the object mark at the beginning. There are two types:
+*Verbs ending in ''-lk, -nk'' or ''-rk'', which mark the perfective aspect with -k (gulk, polk, xank, tark).
+*Verbs ending in ''-i'', which mark the perfective aspect with -i (tidosi, libi, koni, tturti). These verbs are always stressed in the penultimate syllable.
+===Intransitive verbs===
+These verbs require the absolutive case in the subject (-e, -i, -a, -Ø and plurals). They always end in vowel, mostly -a or -e, and are stressed in the penultimate syllable. They place the subject at the beginning of the word. Intransitive verbs mark the perfective aspect by adding -s at the end of the verb.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+!
+! colspan="2" | Transitive
+! Intransitive
+|-
+|
+| -k
+| -i
+| -V
+|-
+|
+| gulk
+| koni
+| kurku
+|-
+! Subject mark 1SG
+| gul'''e'''
+| kon'''e'''
+| '''e'''kurku
+|-
+| Translation
+| I drink
+| I love
+| I live
+|-
+! Subject (1SG) and<br />object (3SG) marks
+| '''a'''gul'''e'''
+| '''a'''kon'''e'''
+|
+|-
+| Translation
+| I drink it
+| I love it
+|
+|-
+! Perfective aspect
+| agule'''k'''
+| akone'''i'''
+| ekurku'''s'''
+|-
+| Translation
+| I have drunk it
+| I have loved it
+| I have lived
+|}
+===Mood===
+There are three moods in Naibas: indicative, imperative and [[w:Jussive mood|jussive]]. The '''imperative''' is formed by not modifying the verb at all (nurk - to pay; nurk! - pay!). The second person plural imperative is formed by adding the personal pronoun after the verb (nurk bi! - y'all pay!).
+The '''jussive''' case is slowly disappearing from Naibas speakers' everyday use, but it is still required in formal contexts and an alive element in the most standard varieties of Naibas. It has three functions: negative imperative, formal imperative and third person imperative. It forms adding ''-xe'' after the subject mark in transitive verbs, and after the verb in intransitive verbs (ki gulazexe! - don't drink!; gulaxe! - let him drink!). The jussive case can be used in 1PL verbs to form structures similar to "let's do something!" (gulunuxe! - let's drink!), but most speakers use the indicative mood (gulun! - let's drink! (lit.: we drink!)). It is also important to note that some people form the negative imperative by adding ''ki'' (not) before the verb (ki gulk! - don't drink!).
 ==Syntax==