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:[[Æ/Lexicon]]
:[[Æ/Lexicon]]


{{Infobox language
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''jạrˀ Æ'' [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ ''eh'') is an [[Verse:Angai|Angai]]an monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language).
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = jarb-jarb Æ
|pronunciation= /jaˁʱjaˁʱ ɛ/
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Talma
|familycolor=lakovic
|fam1=[[Lakovic]]
|script=Windermere script
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' /ɛ/ ''eh'' (native: ''jarb-jarb Æ'' /jaˁʱjaˁʱ ɛ/ 'Æ words'; [[Windermere]]: ''brits Ä'') is a minority [[Lakovic languages|Lakovic language]] spoken in Tumhan. It's inspired by Danish (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language).
== Diachronics sketch ==
Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vˀ -øm/vˀ -ym/vˀ


==Phonology==
== Broad phonology ==
===Consonants===
=== Initials ===
'''p t tj k f s h m n ng l zj r v j''' /p t t͡ɕ k f s x m n ŋ l ɹ ʀ v j/
'''b d bl gl g f s fl sl t h m n ng l r v j 0''' /p t pl tɬ k f s fl ɬ ts h m n ŋ l ʁ v j ʔ/


===Vowels===
=== Medials ===
-r- /ʁ/ Since this lowers the vowel, the exact phonetic values of rV combinations must be learned. Tentatively only allowed after b d g f s t h m n ng v.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
=== Vowels ===
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
Nuclei: i y u ů e ø o æ æ̊ ă a å /i y ɨ u e ø o ɛ œ æ æ: ɔ/
 
=== Finals ===
-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m /-0 -j -w -ð{{lowered}}ˠ -ɐ̯ -ⁿ -w{{tilde}}/
==== Origins of finals ====
* -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
* -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D)
* -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D)
* -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D)
* -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D)
* -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
* -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
 
(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace)
 
=== Tones ===
8 tones, 2 of which have stød
==== Tone box ====
Vietnamese tone diacritics are used to indicate the abstract etymological origin of the tone (The precise tone values are TBD)
{| class="wikitable"
!
!A (null/voiced coda)
!B (glottal stop coda)
!C (fricative coda)
!D (voiceless stop coda)
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |
!Modal initial
! colspan="4" |Front
|a
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Central
|á
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Back
|ả
|áˀ
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>unrounded</small>
!Breathy initial
! colspan="2" style="" |<small>rounded</small>
|à
|ạ
|ã
|ạˀ
|}
 
== Narrow phonology ==
Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible
=== Rimes with no -r- medial ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
! colspan="12"|Nucleus
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
!style=" "|<small>plain</small>
!style=" "|<small>phar.</small>
|-
|-
! style="" |Close
!/æː/
| '''i''' /i/
!/æ/
| '''ir''' /iˤ/
!/ɛ/
|
!/œ/
|
!/ɔ/
| '''u''' /ɨ/
!/e/
| '''ur''' /ɨˤ/
!/ø/
| '''ů''' /u/
!/o/
| '''ůr''' /uˤ/
!/i/
!/y/
!/u/
!/ɨ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
! colspan="2"|[[Monophthong]]
| '''e''' /e/
| '''er''' /eˤ/
| '''ø''' /ø/
|
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''or''' /oˤ/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! rowspan="4"|[[Diphthong]]
| '''æ''' /ɛ/
! /j(ʔ)/
| '''ær''' /ɛˤ/
|-
| '''æ̊''' /œ/
! /w(ʔ)/
| '''æ̊r, ør''' /œˤ/
| '''a''' /a/
| '''ar''' /aˤ/
| '''å''' /ɔ/
| '''år''' /ɔˤ/
|}
 
===Tones===
Æ has four register phonations or tones:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} tones'''
|-
|-
! Spelling
! /ð(ʔ)/
! Tone
! Example
! IPA
! Meaning
|-
|-
| unmarked
! /ɐ̯(ʔ)/
| modal
| ''hæ̊''
| /hœ/
| echo
|-
|-
| s
! rowspan="2"|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| stød (weak glottalization)
! /ŋ(ʔ)/
| ''hæ̊s''
| /hœˀ/
| steep
|-
|-
| b
! /m(ʔ)/
| breathy
| ''hæ̊b''
| /hœʱ/
| to stretch
|-
|-
| g
! |[[Checked tone|Checked]]
| checked (strong glottalization)
! /ʔ/
| ''hæ̊g''
| /hœʔ/
| to make a mistake
|}
|}


==Morphology==
* ăd [æð̠˕ˠ]
"Erhua" (pharyngealization) is sometimes used to nominalize verbs (from PLak {{recon|s}}) or form passives/intransitive verbs (from PLak {{recon|{{angbr|r}}}}) from transitive ones.
* ăj [ɑj]
* ăv [æw]
* ăr
* ăn
* ăm
* a
* ad
* aj
* av
* ar
* an
* am
 
== Grammar ==
=== Polar questions ===
Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end.
:''Mæ{{cdb}}rˀ húd med blảj Æ?'' / ''Mæ{{cdb}}rˀ húd blảj Æ med?''
: 2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP
: Are you Æ?


* ''hæ̊g'' /hœʔ/ = to lose one's way > ''hæ̊rg'' /hœˤʔ/ = mistake, error
== Poetry ==
* ''to'' /to/ = to see; ''tor'' /toˤ/ = to be visible, to appear
Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form


[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lakovic languages]]

Latest revision as of 18:57, 26 November 2024

Æ/Lexicon

Æ (natively jạrˀ Æ [jɑ̈˨˩˨ˀ ʔe˧˧], lit. 'Æ sound'; in English /ɛ/ eh) is an Angaian monosyllabic tonal analytic language inspired by Danish and Vietnamese (and the name is inspired by the real-world E language).

Diachronics sketch

Old Æ -ång/k -ong/k -ůng/k -> Modern Æ -æ̊m/vˀ -øm/vˀ -ym/vˀ

Broad phonology

Initials

b d bl gl g f s fl sl t h m n ng l r v j 0 /p t pl tɬ k f s fl ɬ ts h m n ŋ l ʁ v j ʔ/

Medials

-r- /ʁ/ Since this lowers the vowel, the exact phonetic values of rV combinations must be learned. Tentatively only allowed after b d g f s t h m n ng v.

Vowels

Nuclei: i y u ů e ø o æ æ̊ ă a å /i y ɨ u e ø o ɛ œ æ æ: ɔ/

Finals

-0 -j -v -d -r -n -m /-0 -j -w -ð̞ˠ -ɐ̯ -ⁿ -w̃/

Origins of finals

  • -0 comes from older -0 (tone A), -ʔ (tone B), -h (tone C), -k (tone D)
  • -v comes from older -w (tone A), -wʔ (tone B), -f (tone C), -p -wə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -j comes from older -j (tone A), -jʔ (tone B), -ç (tone C), -c -jə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -d comes from older -ð -l (tone A), -ðʔ -lʔ (tone B), -þ (tone C), -t -ðə(final stop) -lə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -r comes from older -r (tone A), -rʔ (tone B), -s (tone C), -q -rə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -n from -n -ɲ sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -nə(final stop) -ɲə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)
  • -m from -m sometimes -ŋ (add ʔ or final fric as necessary for tones B or C), -mə(final stop) -ŋə(final stop) (tone D)

(Posttonic syllables after nonresonants are lost without a trace)

Tones

8 tones, 2 of which have stød

Tone box

Vietnamese tone diacritics are used to indicate the abstract etymological origin of the tone (The precise tone values are TBD)

A (null/voiced coda) B (glottal stop coda) C (fricative coda) D (voiceless stop coda)
Modal initial a á ả áˀ
Breathy initial à ạ ã ạˀ

Narrow phonology

Steal from Danish narrow phonology as much as possible

Rimes with no -r- medial

Nucleus
/æː/ /æ/ /ɛ/ /œ/ /ɔ/ /e/ /ø/ /o/ /i/ /y/ /u/ /ɨ/
Monophthong
Diphthong /j(ʔ)/
/w(ʔ)/
/ð(ʔ)/
/ɐ̯(ʔ)/
Nasal /ŋ(ʔ)/
/m(ʔ)/
Checked /ʔ/
  • ăd [æð̠˕ˠ]
  • ăj [ɑj]
  • ăv [æw]
  • ăr
  • ăn
  • ăm
  • a
  • ad
  • aj
  • av
  • ar
  • an
  • am

Grammar

Polar questions

Yes-no questions either use the A-not-A form or put the appropriate negative word at the end.

Mæ̣rˀ húd med blảj Æ? / Mæ̣rˀ húd blảj Æ med?
2 COP NEG.COP human Æ / 2 COP human Æ NEG.COP
Are you Æ?

Poetry

Lục bát (with the same rules as in Vietnamese lục bát) is the most common poetic form

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