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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
| | '''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh. |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
| | The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity |
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| [[{{PAGENAME}}/he|דף זה בעברית]]
| | l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters |
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| {{construction}}
| | Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh |
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| {{Infobox language
| | /ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
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| |nativename = Kibrið
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| |image =
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| |setting =
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| |name = Cubrite
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| |pronunciation =
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| |region =
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| |states =
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| |speakers =
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| |script = Latin
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| |date =
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| |familycolor=afroasiatic
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| |fam1=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam2=Semitic
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| |fam3=Central Semitic
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| |fam4=Canaanite
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| |fam5=[[Ancient Cubrite]]
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| }}
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| '''Cubrite''' (''Kibrið'' /kɪbɹɪð/ or ''núm Kibr'' /niːm kɪbɐ/) is a Canaanite language spoken in an alt-hist timeline, spoken by the Cubrites, a minority in the Balkans . Standard Cubrite is based on the Criadoch (''Krírdox'' /kɹɪəˈdɔx/ from ''karyō ħadasō'') dialect. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites are descendants of Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical Hebrew words and phrases, but its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older prefix and suffix conjugations. Most modern Cubrites are Eastern Orthodox; a few are Muslim.
| | samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/ |
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| Cubrite has many Greek, Turkish, Arabic and Romance loanwords.
| | definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural |
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| It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.
| | Heth and he merge |
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| Numbers:
| | pronouns: |
| 0-10: zero, xóð (inanimate)/xáð (animate), šném, šluš, arvą, xomi, šeš, šebą, šmún, þeš, łax
| | * 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/ |
| | * 2sg /tʰə/ |
| | * 3sg m /hʏ/ |
| | * 3sg f /hɪ/ |
| | * 1pl /nʏ/ |
| | * 2pl /tʰəm/ |
| | * 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/ |
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| 11-20: štąx, šnająx, šlušąx, arvąx, xomišąx, šešąx, šebąx, šmúnąx, þešąx, łixi
| | Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style |
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| 40: šnaj łixi
| | /-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess' |
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| 41, 42, ...: šnaj łixi óð/áð, šnaj łixi šnaj, ...
| | h-g-y 'to savor' |
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| 60: šluš łixi
| | ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved' |
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| ...
| | k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big' |
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| 100: mír
| | g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical' |
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| 1000: awv
| | ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul') |
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| <!--
| | One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake') |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | == Phonology == |
| | Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals) |
| | === Vowels === |
| | === Consonants === |
| | ==== Phones ==== |
| | ==== Underlying consonants ==== |
| | * |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/ |
| | * |b| from Old Knench /b/ |
| | * |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/ |
| | * |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/ |
| | * |h| from Old Knench /h/ |
| | * |w| from Old Knench /w/ |
| | * |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð) |
| | * |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ) |
| | * |j| from Old Knench /j/ |
| | * |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/ |
| | * |l| from Old Knench /l/ |
| | * |m| from Old Knench /m/ |
| | * |n| from Old Knench /n/ |
| | * |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s) |
| | * |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ) |
| | * |f| from Old Knench /p/ |
| | * |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}}) |
| | * |r| from Old Knench /r/ |
| | * |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ) |
| | * |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/ |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | ==== Vocalizables ==== |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
| | ''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|. |
| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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| -->
| | === Mutation === |
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| ==History== | | == Morphology == |
| | === Verbs === |
| | Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct) |
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| ==TODO==
| | Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions) |
| *Swadesh list
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| *''bel-, ble-'' is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
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| *''biuth'' or ''šą še...'' = when...
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| *Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
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| *''likkori'' = to die (lit. be called [by God])
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| *''šovuą'' = week
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| *''mødbár'' = conference
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| *נא becomes a focus marker ''=nø''
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| **question marker ''a ... [FOCUS]=nø''
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| *Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > ''peþ'' 'daughter'; TibH ''baṫ'')
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| *''Makhin fows ta xett likkori?'' = Why did you have to die?
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| ===Some sound changes===
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| *non-rhoticity, H-dropping
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| *ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht
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| *ś > usually x, sometimes f or fl
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| *dt, tt > st
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| *-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
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| *ACub ā ō ū > OCub ó ú í
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| *OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi
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| *xr > x
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| */m n (Philly L) h l w j ɹ~ʋ ɾ/ {{angbr|m n ł h l w j r rr}}
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| */p b f v t d ʔtʰ~ʔ θ ð k g ʔkʰ~ʔ/ {{angbr|p b f v t d tt þ ð k g kk}}
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| */s z ts ʃ ž ɧ h/ {{angbr|s z ts š ž x h}}
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| Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.
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| ====Mutations====
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| Words can undergo initial voicing mutation.
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| ===Vowels===
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| {{PAGENAME}} has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in Lõis:
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| /a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə iː äɤ ɨː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oʊ~oː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = {{angbr|a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r}}
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| Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic ''r'', or ''ør'' after ''r''.
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| The following is the traditional classification of vowels:
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| *Shva: ø
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| *Short vowels: a e i o u
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| *Long vowels: á é í ó ú
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| *Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
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| *L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
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| *R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur r
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| Stress tends penultimate or final.
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Orthography==
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| Modern Cubrite is written in a Latin orthography which is an almost exact relex of an earlier Koine Greek-inspired deep orthography. A notable feature is that b d are always fricatives.
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| Its orthography is as irregular as English. The orthography used on this page is an academic one devised by Icelandic linguist Hrafn Lónason.
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| ==Morphology==
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| {{PAGENAME}} has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
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| Nouns
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| Adjectives
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| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| -->
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| ===Nouns and adjectives===
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| Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.
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| {{PAGENAME}} has regularized all plurals to ''-r'' (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite ''-īm'' and ''-ōδ''). It also lost grammatical gender, although animates still have natural gender.
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| Words ending in a nasal vowel or an R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix: ''pdą'' 'tree', ''pdąrør'' 'trees'.
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| Some irregular plurals: ''penš, plenš'' = human
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| Canaanite has lost the construct state.
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| Degree markers:
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| *Equative: ''de-'' = as X as; equally X (~ BH ''day'' 'enough')
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| *Emphatic: ''ro-'' = so X, very X indeed (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
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| *Comparative/Superlative: ''-ðr'' = more X or most X; comparandum takes ''prið'' 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite ''pirʔūðī'' 'when I see')
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| Example: ''kkrú'' 'big', ''degrú'' 'as big as'; ''rogrú'' 'so big; very big indeed', ''kkrúðr'' 'bigger/biggest'
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| ===Verbs===
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| Almost all verbs use only one form, usually the inherited Biblical infinitive construct, which is also used as an imperative. The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed ''l-'', depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- display a voicing mutation in the infinitive construct. Even for imperatives: ''ðett lomi hi!'' = 'Give it to her!' Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.
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| ====Inflected lexical verbs====
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| There are only six inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):
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| *''juð'' 'to be'
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| *''fluð'' 'to do' (from √ʕśy, with contamination from √pȝl)
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| *''luð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ); ''bu'' is still used as a directional
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| *''laht'' 'to go'
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| *''kaht'' 'to take'
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| *''ðett'' 'to give'
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| The finite forms have become more similar to each other due to analogy.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Inflected verbs in {{PAGENAME}}
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| ! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | you (polite/plural)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
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| ! | Non-pronominal
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''juð''
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| ! future
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| | ''é ni''
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| | ''þé ta''
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| | ''þí te''
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| | ''jé u''
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| | ''þé hi''
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| | ''né nu''
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| | ''þú tem''
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| | ''jú'm''
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| | ''jé/þé''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''ið i''
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| | ''is ta''
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| | ''is te''
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| | ''jo u''
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| | ''ðo hi''
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| | ''in nu''
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| | ''is tem''
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| | ''ju'm''
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| | ''jo/ðo''
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''fluð''
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| ! future
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| | ''ąf i''
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| | ''þąf ta''
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| | ''þąf te''
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| | ''jąf u''
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| | ''þąf hi''
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| | ''nąf nu''
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| | ''þąflu tem''
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| | ''jąflu'm''
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| | ''jąf/þąf''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''fowð i''
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| | ''fows ta''
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| | ''fows te''
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| | ''fow u''
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| | ''fól hi''
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| | ''fown nu''
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| | ''fows tem''
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| | ''flu'm''
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| | ''fow/fól''
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''luð''
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| ! future
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| | ''eð i''
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| | ''þes ta''
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| | ''þes te''
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| | ''jeð u''
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| | ''þeð hi''
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| | ''neð nu''
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| | ''þeðu tem''
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| | ''jeðu'm''
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| | ''jeð/þeð''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''powð i''
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| | ''pows ta''
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| | ''pows te''
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| | ''pow u''
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| | ''pól hi''
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| | ''pown nu''
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| | ''pows tem''
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| | ''pu'm''
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| | ''pow/pól''
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''laht''
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| ! future
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| | ''ley ni''
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| | ''tley ta''
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| | ''tley te''
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| | ''len u''
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| | ''tlen hi''
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| | ''ley nu''
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| | ''tlew tem''
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| | ''lew'm''
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| | ''ley/tley''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''laht i''
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| | ''laht ta''
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| | ''laht te''
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| | ''law u''
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| | ''lál hi''
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| | ''layn nu''
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| | ''laht tem''
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| | ''lølu'm''
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| | ''law/lál''
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''kaht''
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| ! future
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| | ''key ni''
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| | ''tkey ta''
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| | ''tkey te''
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| | ''ken u''
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| | ''tken hi''
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| | ''key nu''
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| | ''tkew tem''
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| | ''kew'm''
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| | ''key/tkey''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''kaht i''
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| | ''kaht ta''
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| | ''kaht te''
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| | ''kaw u''
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| | ''kál hi''
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| | ''kayn nu''
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| | ''kaht tem''
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| | ''klu'm''
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| | ''kaw/kál''
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| |-
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| !rowspan=2| ''ðett''
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| ! future
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| | ''ney ni''
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| | ''tney ta''
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| | ''tney te''
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| | ''nen u''
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| | ''tnen hi''
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| | ''ney nu''
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| | ''tnew tem''
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| | ''new'm''
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| | ''nen/tnen''
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| |-
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| ! past
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| | ''naht i''
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| | ''naht ta''
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| | ''naht te''
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| | ''naw u''
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| | ''nál hi''
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| | ''nayn nu''
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| | ''naht tem''
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| | ''nølu'm''
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| | ''naw/nál''
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| |}
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| Non-pronominal forms agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural ''nominal'' subjects, the masculine singular form is used.
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| ====Regular pa3al verbs====
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| The regular pattern is *liCCuC.
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| ====-t verbs====
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| Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.
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| *laht /ˈlaxt/ = to go
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| *kaht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
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| *šaht /saxt/ = to go back
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| *šoft /ʃɔft/ = to sit
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| *ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
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| *lost /lɔst/ = to be born
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| *rost /ɹɔst/ = to go down
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| *xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should
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| *tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
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| *šątt /ʃãːʔt/ = to travel
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| *gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
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| *dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
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| *tątt /tãːʔt/ = to plant
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| ====Regular nif3al====
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| The regular pattern is *liCoCiC where the first C is not lenited.
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| ====Regular pi3el====
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| The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.
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| ====Regular hif3il====
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| The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.
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| ====Regular hithpa3el====
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| The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.
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| ====Other verbs====
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| Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.
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| Any noun can also be verbed by prefixing ''lø-''.
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| ===Auxiliaries===
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| {{PAGENAME}} has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural ''tem'' is also used as a polite pronoun.
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| *''Re Dovíð ław šun.'' = David is about to sleep.
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| *''Piuth Dovíð ław šun'' = When David is about to sleep
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Various auxiliaries in {{PAGENAME}}
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | I
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (m)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | thou (f)
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | he/it
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | she
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | we
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | blotp
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | they
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| ! | Non-pronominal
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| |-
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| ! Present (''re, r' '', from ''*rVʔē'' 'look!')
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| | ''i, ni''
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| | ''ta''
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| | ''te''
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| | ''u''
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| | ''hi''
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| | ''nu''
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| | ''tem''
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| | ''em''
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| | ''re'', ''r' '' before V
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| |-
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| ! Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)
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| | ''ngud i''
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| | ''ngud ta''
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| | ''ngud te''
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| | ''nguden u''
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| | ''nguden hi''
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| | ''ngud nu''
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| | ''ngud tem''
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| | ''ngud em''
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| | ''ngud''
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| |-
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| ! Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word)
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| | ''am ni, am i''
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| | ''am ta''
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| | ''am te''
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| | ''am u''
| |
| | ''am hi''
| |
| | ''am nu''
| |
| | ''am tem''
| |
| | ''am em''
| |
| | ''am''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''ur ni, ur i''
| |
| | ''tur ta''
| |
| | ''tri te''
| |
| | ''yur u''
| |
| | ''tur hi''
| |
| | ''nur nu''
| |
| | ''tru tem''
| |
| | ''ru'm''
| |
| | ''yur/tur''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')
| |
| | ''bar ni, bar i, bart i''
| |
| | ''bart ta''
| |
| | ''bart te''
| |
| | ''bar u''
| |
| | ''bro hi''
| |
| | ''barn nu''
| |
| | ''bart tem''
| |
| | ''bru'm''
| |
| | ''bar/bro''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''siv i''
| |
| | ''tsiv ta''
| |
| | ''tsiv te''
| |
| | ''isiv u''
| |
| | ''tsiv hi''
| |
| | ''nusiv nu''
| |
| | ''tsiv tem''
| |
| | ''isivu'm''
| |
| | ''isiv/tsiv/isivu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')
| |
| | ''seft i''
| |
| | ''seft ta''
| |
| | ''seft te''
| |
| | ''sev u''
| |
| | ''sivø hi''
| |
| | ''sev nu''
| |
| | ''seft tem''
| |
| | ''sivu'm''
| |
| | ''siv/sivu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')
| |
| | ''zum i''
| |
| | ''tøzum ta''
| |
| | ''tøzum te''
| |
| | ''zum u''
| |
| | ''tøzum hi''
| |
| | ''nøzum nu''
| |
| | ''tøzmu tem''
| |
| | ''zmu'm''
| |
| | ''zum/tøzum/zmu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| |
| | ''atteb i''
| |
| | ''tatteb ta''
| |
| | ''tattbi te''
| |
| | ''yatteb u''
| |
| | ''tatteb hi''
| |
| | ''natteb nu''
| |
| | ''tatteb tem''
| |
| | ''yattebu'm''
| |
| | ''yatteb/tatteb/yattebu''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')
| |
| | ''ettebt i''
| |
| | ''ettebt ta''
| |
| | ''ettebt te''
| |
| | ''etteb u''
| |
| | ''ettibø hi''
| |
| | ''etteb nu''
| |
| | ''ettebt tem''
| |
| | ''ettebu'm''
| |
| | ''etteb''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ''kakht'' 'to take' is used as an auxiliary meaning 'to go ahead and VERB'.
| |
| | |
| The auxiliary ''zum'' for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to:
| |
| * warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' sąras ða luð fu hol ngeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
| |
| ** '''''Zum''' tafkestas mul lið kobuą hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
| |
| * often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'
| |
| | |
| ====Object pronouns====
| |
| Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ''ho/he/hem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects.
| |
| | |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.
| |
| | |
| example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly
| |
| *1sg: li, li ni
| |
| *2sg.m: lah to
| |
| *2sg.f: lah te
| |
| *3sg.m: lomu hu
| |
| *3sg.f: lomi hi
| |
| *1pl. lon nu
| |
| *2pl. lahøm tem
| |
| *3pl. low'm
| |
| | |
| Other prepositions:
| |
| *''túb lø'' = for
| |
| *''ján'' = because of (also "reason")
| |
| *''łøj'' = on, above
| |
| *''jax, jaxøm'' = with (both inst. and com.)
| |
| *''pøłé'' = inside, within
| |
| **sim. ''løłé, møłé'' 'into, out of'
| |
| *''pølip'' = amidst
| |
| *''wén'' = without
| |
| *''møné'' = before, in front of
| |
| *''kkorrm'' = before (temporally)
| |
| *''xár'' = after
| |
| *''møłál'' = above
| |
| *''møþál'' = below
| |
| *''þaht'' = instead of
| |
| *''til'' = like, as
| |
| *''hakr'' = until
| |
| *''gu'' = up to
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| The order is tense-subject-verb-object.
| |
| | |
| :'''''R'isas bø hél ablas.'''''
| |
| :''The man is eating the apple.''
| |
| | |
| :'''''Re béð u bø de-rul til stadi.'''''
| |
| :''His house is as big as a stadium.''
| |
| | |
| :'''''Fól hi ða ląsuð halkkbeth hi pø ro-múhr.'''''
| |
| :''She did her homework too late.''
| |
| | |
| The negative particle ''mul'' (from ''mə'umâ lo'' 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.
| |
| | |
| ===Faulty accusative===
| |
| {{PAGENAME}} has the faulty accusative particle ''ða'' or ''ð' '' (from Ancient Cubrite ''ʔet ha-''). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. ''Đa'' must also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: היֶטבר הי דﬞאַ ליתפﬞוס נינר ''Hettvø hi ða litfus ninø.'' = She was good at catching fish.
| |
| | |
| It's also used in a ''ba'' construction of sorts:
| |
| | |
| :Fow Móše prah ða hél.
| |
| :PST.3SG.M Moshe meat ÐA eat.INF
| |
| :It's meat that Moshe ate.
| |
| | |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| Both nouns and adjectives inflect for definiteness, as follows:
| |
| *Singular: -as (after C) or -sr (after V)
| |
| *Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any)
| |
| Examples:
| |
| *''xadr'' = a room
| |
| *''xadras'' = the room
| |
| *''xadrør'' = rooms
| |
| *''xadril'' = the rooms
| |
| *''xadr grú'' = a big room
| |
| *''xadras grú'' = the big room
| |
| *''botr grulr'' = big houses
| |
| *''botil grulr'' = the big houses
| |
| | |
| There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: ''šem mawkas'' = the king's name.
| |
| | |
| To say "this X" or "that X", ''X-as fu'' and ''X-as feni'' (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ''se fu'' and ''se feni'' (where the ''se'' becomes ''ilø'' in the plural).
| |
| | |
| The abstract demonstrative is ''suð''.
| |
| | |
| ===Words for yes and no===
| |
| *''ens'' (from *amitt ze "this is truth") = present 'yes'
| |
| *''aj'' (from ajjē "where?") = present 'no'
| |
| *''ríð'' (from rahīδī "I saw") = past 'yes'
| |
| *''lu fow'' (from lū 3aśā inflected) = past 'no'
| |
| *''jąf'' (from ja3śē, inflected) = future 'yes'
| |
| *''lu jąf'' (inflected) = future 'no'
| |
| *''aw'' (from hal "don't!") = imperative 'no'
| |
| | |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ====VN constructions====
| |
| *''re Parm '''pø''' laht'' = Parm is going, goes
| |
| *''re Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go
| |
| *''re Parm '''hár''' laht'' = Parm has gone
| |
| *''re Parm '''hár juð pø''' laht'' = Parm has been going
| |
| *''re Parm '''døs''' laht'' = Parm just went
| |
| *''re Parm '''wén''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went
| |
| *'''''fól''' Parm laht'' = Parm went
| |
| *'''''þąf''' Parm laht'' = Parm will go
| |
| *''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral)
| |
| *'''''Púþnu''' laht!'' = Let's go!
| |
| | |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Complementizer===
| |
| There is a complementizer ''mur'' /mɐ/ (from ''(lēmōr'') or ''jið'' /əð/ (from conflation of ''hajūδ'' 'to be' and ''jūδ'' accusative marker) depending on dialect.
| |
| | |
| ===Relativizer===
| |
| Relative clauses use the relativizer ''har'' (from ''*χa-ʔašir''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in present tense.
| |
| | |
| *{{gentium|''I bø hél ablas har pø xadr i.''}} = I am eating the apple which is in my room.
| |
| | |
| === Serial verb construction ===
| |
| Serial verbs are very common in Cubrite, it's an extension of how the infinitive construct used to work in Ancient Cubrite (and Biblical Hebrew).
| |
| | |
| : Pow Móše kaht él prah. / Fow Móše luð kaht él prah.
| |
| : come.PST.3SG.M Moshe take.INF eat.INF meat / PST.3SG.M Moshe come.INF take.INF eat.INF meat
| |
| :Moshe came, took, and ate the meat.
| |
| | |
| Directionals derived from verbs, such as ''laht'' 'hence', ''bu'' 'hither' and ''kub'' 'with a person' are also common and may replace pronouns.
| |
| | |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| Canaanite has the following vocabulary layers:
| |
| | |
| # Most of the common words are inherited from Ancient Cubrite, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: ''šłúd'' 'a lot' comes from ''saȝudō'' 'feast'.
| |
| # Celtic substrates
| |
| # Ancient Greek, Old Togarmite and Aramaic loans
| |
| # L-Arabic loans
| |
| # Modern loans from other Levantine sprachbund languages, such as [[Togarmite]], and Modern Greek
| |
| | |
| Although it is attested in Biblical Hebrew, the *CăCiCâ verbal noun pattern is not as productive as in Mishnaic Hebrew.
| |
| | |
| Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:
| |
| *''ambin'' 'brick' from ''*ʔabanē binyan'' 'building stones'
| |
| *''søvgom'' 'massacre; (slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from ''*šapk dam'' 'spilling of blood'
| |
| *''łénøm'' 'source' from ''ʕēn mayim'' 'spring of water'
| |
| *''xeppin'' 'to like' from ''*śe'θ pin'' lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
| |
| *''xettném (el)'' 'to look at' from ''*śe'θ 3ēnajim'' 'lift eyes'
| |
| *''klalib'' 'conscience' from ''*qūl hal-lēbb'' lit. 'voice of the heart'
| |
| | |
| Some productive affixes are:
| |
| *pen-/ple- = agentive
| |
| ** ''pnar'' 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *pen har 'son-of mountain'; a euphemism replacing Ancient Cubrite ''zēb''
| |
| *peδ- = place noun
| |
| *pəd-/pd- = singulative of a collective noun
| |
| **''pdą'' = tree, from *pett ya3r 'daughter of forest'
| |
| *-əl = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)
| |
| | |
| ==Example texts==
| |
| ===UDHR, Article 1===
| |
| :'''''Hol plenšil bru'm lost til xor; em b'is łøj akšoprepil e ðičomatil. Bru'm fkuð jax režún e kulalib, e em bø xett liðaléh jaxøm šúv pø nøšóm axwr.'''''
| |
| :all human/PL-DEF.PL PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES.3PL PRES should behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood.
| |
| :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
| |
| | |
| ===Tower of Babel===
| |
| | |
| {| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
| |
| ! Cubrite !! Masoretic Hebrew (translit.)
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| # ''Bar pø þó law þebwas súðu xóv ða dapr e fow súðu núm ða lúl.''
| |
| # ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkarrm, flu'm þakkiw pø mišuras Šinłar e ližešib feni.''
| |
| # ''Flu'm el šúv mur: "Púlé, púþnu fluð ambínr e latteb lévuð em." E fow ambínil low'm til abonr ða lúl, e ørgílas til mawtt.''
| |
| # ''Flu'm mur: "Púlé, púþnu bnuð krír lon nu e piri pø ze, jąf ruš u ląluð laht šmémas, e nąf nu ða nawš nu dųšim! Oz nąf nu mul liðvasir łøj þó law þebwas."''
| |
| # ''Wini fow Kižas rost bu, há jąf u xettném el kríras e pirisr har ju plenšil bø bnuð.''
| |
| # ''Fow Kižas mur: "Šą har flu'm laxel fluð suð til xóð ern har bø dapr xóð núm, hé mú mihšul mul el mádovr har jąflu'm zúm fluð!''
| |
| # ''"Púlé, púþnu rost laht e bawbil núm em, oz jąflu'm mul lábin šúv."''
| |
| # ''E me feni fow Kižas vasir em łøj þó law þebwas, e flu'm látul bnuð kríras.''
| |
| # ''Me jánas fu har kríras xár kaht šemas Babel -- šom fow Kižas bawbil núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fow Kižas vasir em łøj þó law þebwas.''
| |
| ||
| |
| #Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim.
| |
| #Vayehi bnos'am mikedem vayyimtse'u vik'a b'erets Shin'ar vayyeshvu sham.
| |
| #Vayyomru ish el-re'ehu hava nilbena lvenim venisrefa lisrefa vatehi lahem hallvena l'aven vehakhemar haya lahem lakhomer.
| |
| #Vayyomru hava nivne-lanu ir umigdal verosho vashamayim vena'ase-lanu shem pen-nafuts al-pnei khol-ha'arets.
| |
| #Vayyered Adonai lir'ot et-ha'ir ve'et-hammigdal asher banu bnei ha'adam.
| |
| #Vayyomer Adonai hen am ekhad vesafa akhat lekhullam veze hakhillam la'asot ve'ata lo-yibatser mehem kol asher yazmu la'asot.
| |
| #Hava nerda vnovla sham sfatam asher lo yishme'u ish sfat re'ehu.
| |
| #Vayyafets Adonai otam misham al-pnei khol-ha'arets vayyakhdelu livnot ha'ir.
| |
| #Al-ken kara shmah bavel ki-sham balal Adonai sfat kol-ha'arets umisham hefitsam Adonai al-pnei kol-ha'arets.
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Schleicher's Fable===
| |
| | |
| ==Phrasebook==
| |
| When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.
| |
| *''Šoløm!'' [ˈsɔləm] = Hello! / Goodbye!
| |
| *''Hakr gorv!'' = See you!
| |
| *''Ebí Tem!'' = Welcome!
| |
| *''Parg el Tem!'' = Thank you!
| |
| *''imtsøhém Tem'' = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
| |
| **also ''plíz'' [pləɪz] (from English)
| |
| *''łeð tub'' [ŋɛθ tub] = have fun
| |
| * ''Ay šemas tkey to?'' = What's your name?
| |
| *''Key ni šemas [NAME]'' = My name is [NAME].
| |
| | |
| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
| |
| | |
| <!-- Template area -->
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| | |
| | |
| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]]
| |
| [[Category:Lõis]]
| |
| [[Category:Semitic languages]]
| |
| [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
| |