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| The history of Hebrew and Judaism in [[Verse:Apple PIE]] is much like in our own world. The consonantal text of the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible is identical to our timeline. However, it preserves phonological distinctions that our Hebrew lost. The language was also revived three times independently, and is not associated with a nation-state.
| | == Comparison text (D'ror yiqrå) == |
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| This page documents the various pronunciations of Hebrew used by the different Jewish communities in Apple PIE.
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| The relative conservatism of Hebrew in this timeline allowed medieval (hyper-)Arab Jewish scholar ___ to use Hebrew as a vantage point from which to compare other Semitic languages in his ___, the first known work of comparative linguistics in Apple PIE.
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| == Todo ==
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| * random change 2inþat > 2iššå 'woman'
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| ==Comparison== | |
| === Dror Yikra ===
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| Dror Yikra is a medieval Shabbat piyyut, in our timeline one of the earliest piyyutim.
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| Disclaimer: Piyyutim are thick with biblical allusions so they're a bitch to translate. I'm sure I made mistakes.
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| [X] denotes "something that has the same reflex as X in our Tiberian Hebrew."
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| (Dunash ben Labrat in this timeline was Corded Ware which merged þ and š)
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| <poem> | | <poem> |
| Hebrew (Tiberian)
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|
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| דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת | | דְּרוֹר יִקְרָא לְבֵן עִם בַּת |
| וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת | | וְיִנְצָרְכֶם כְּמוֹ בָבַת |
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| וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ | | וְהִיא כֶתֶר לְרֹאשֶׁךָ |
| נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ | | נְצוֹר מִצְוַת קְדֹשֶׁךָ |
| שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ | | שְׁמוֹר שַׁבָּת קָדְשֶׁךָ |
| </poem>
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| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| Hyper-Tiberian
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| [dăˈru̠ːʀ jiqˈʀɔː lɐˈveːn ʕiːm baːθ]
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| [wĭjints̺ˁɔʀˈxɛːm kăˈmuː vɔːˈvaːθ]
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| [nĭˈʕiːm ʃimˈxɛːm wăˈluː jʉs̺ˈbaːθ]
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| [s̺ăˈvʉː nʉːˈ[ħ]ʉː bĭˈjuːm s̺aˈbːɔːθ]
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| [dăˈroːʃ nɔːˈwiː wʉ̆ʔʉːlɔːˈmiː]
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| [wŭˈʔuːθ ˈjeːʃaʕ ʕăˈs̻eː ʕiˈmːiː]
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| [năˈtˁaːʕ s̻uːˈʀeːq băˈθuːx kaʀˈmiː]
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| [[ʃ]ĕˈʕeː [ʃ]awˈʕaθ băˈneː ʕaˈmːiː]
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| [dăˈroːx pʉːˈʀɔː băˈθuːx bɔts̻ˁˈrɔː]
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| [wăˈɣaːm bɔːˈveːl ʔăˈs̺ɛːʀ gɔvɐˈʀɔː]
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| [năˈθoː[ts̻ˁ] [ts̻ˁ]ɔːˈʀaːj băˈʔaːf ʕɛvˈʀɔː]
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| [ʃăˈmaːʕ quːˈliː bĭˈjuːm ʔɛqˈʀɔː]
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| [ʔɛ̆luːˈhiːm teːn bamːiðˈbɔːʀ haːʀ]
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| [hăˈðaːs̻ ʃiˈtːˁɔ băˈʀuːs̺ tiðˈhɔːʀ]
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| [wălamːazˈhiːʀ wălanːizˈhɔːʀ]
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| [ʃăluːˈmiːm teːn kăˈmeː nɔːˈhɔːʀ]
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| [hăˈðoːx qɔːˈmaːj ħaːj ʔeːl qaˈnːɔː]
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| [băˈmoːɣ leːˈvɔːv ʔʉvimɣiˈnːɔː]
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| [wănaʀˈħiːv pɛː ʔʉnmaˈlːɛnːɔː]
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| [lăʃuːˈneːnʉː lăˈxɔː ʀiˈnːɔː]
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| [dĕˈʕeː ħɔxˈmɔː lănafˈʃɛːxɔː]
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| [wĭˈhiː ˈxɛːθɛʀ lăruːˈʃɛːxɔː]
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| [năˈts̺ˁoːr mits̻ˁˈwaːθ qăðoːˈʃɛːxɔː]
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| [ʃăˈmoːr s̺aˈbːaːθ qɔðˈʃɛːxɔː]
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| </poem>
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| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| Gaelic (i.u. "Ashkenazim")
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| [dăˈrur jigˈro ləˈveən ʔim bas]
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| [vəjintsorˈxem kəˈmu voˈvas]
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| [nəˈʔim ʃimˈxem wəˈlu jʉʃˈbas]
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| [ʃəˈvʉ nʉˈxʉ bəˈjum ʃaˈbos]
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| [dəˈroəʃ noˈvi vəʔʉloˈmi]
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| [vəˈʔus ˈjeəʃa ʔaˈseə ʔiˈmi]
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| [nəˈda suˈreəg bəˈsux karˈmi]
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| [ʃəˈʔeə ʃawˈʔas bəˈneə ʔaˈmi]
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| [dəˈroəx pʉˈro bəˈsux botsˈro]
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| [vəˈɣam boˈveəl ʔaˈʃɛr govˈro]
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| [nəˈsoəts tsoˈraj bəˈʔaf ʔevˈro]
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| [ʃəˈma guˈli bəˈjum ʔegˈro]
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| [ʔeluˈhim teən bamidˈbor har]
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| [haˈdas ʃiˈdo bəˈrus tidˈhor]
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| [vəlamazˈhir vəlanizˈhor]
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| [ʃəluˈmim teən kəˈmeə noˈhor]
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| [haˈdoəx goˈmaj xaj ʔeəl gaˈno]
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| [bəˈmoəɣ leəˈvov ʔʉvimɣiˈno]
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| [vənarˈħiːv pe ʔʉnmaˈleno]
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| [ləʃuˈneənʉ ləˈxo riˈno]
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| [dəˈʔeə xoxˈmo lənafˈʃexo]
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| [vəˈhi ˈxeser ləruˈʃexo]
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| [nəˈtsoər mitsˈvas gadoəˈʃexo]
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| [ʃəˈmoər ʃaˈbas godˈʃexo]
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| </poem> | | </poem> |
| {{col-break}}
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| <poem>
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| English (What Inthar got from an Israeli site explaining piyyutim)
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|
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| [God] will proclaim freedom for his sons and daughters
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| And guard you [all] as the apple of his eye
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| Pleasant is your name and will never cease [to be so];
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| Sit and rest on the Sabbath day.
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|
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| [God], remember my abode and my hall [Temple]
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| And show me a sign of salvation.
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| Plant a choice vine in my vineyard [give us a messiah/king in Jerusalem],
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| Attend to the cries of my people.
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|
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| Tread [upon my foes] as on a winepress in Botsra [Edom],
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| And Babylon which overpowered [us].
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| Crush my oppressors in your wrath,
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| Hear my voice when I call.
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|
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| O God, give us a mountain amidst the desert,
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| Myrtles, acacias, cypresses and [unknown tree species];
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| To those who admonish [others to keep the Sabbath] and to those who heed
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| Grant peace like a flowing river.
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|
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| Pulverize my aggressors [as in a mortar], O Jealous God [who is jealous for his people],
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| [lit. Melt their hearts] and distress them,
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| And with open mouths we shall fill
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| Our tongues with songs of gladness to you.
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|
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| Know what is wise for your soul,
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| And [wisdom] shall be a crown for your head.
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| Guard your Holy One's commandment,
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| Keep your holy Sabbath.
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| </poem>
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| {{col-end}}
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|
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| ==Gaelic==
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| Gaelic Hebrew (עברית גלית ''ivris gelis'') has been influenced by [[Ăn Yidiș]] and [[Galoyseg]], mostly the former. Similar to our Ashkenazi Hebrew, except
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| *Hyper-Tiberian /e ɔ o u ü/ are pronounced like [[Judeo-Gaelic]] ''ea o oa u ü''
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| * Shva na3 is ''ă'' /ə/
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| *undageshed gimel is pronounced like Judeo-Gaelic ''gh''
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| */r/ is an alveolar flap
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| *affricates are distinguished from stop-fricative sequences, as in Judeo-Gaelic but unlike our Israeli Hebrew: תשומת לב [tsɨmas leəv] 'attention' is pronounced differently than *צומת לב.
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| *kuf and tet are /g/ and /d/
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| */p t k/ are aspirated
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|
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| Revived Gaelic Hebrew (revived by some secular Gaelic Jews) prefers Celtic syntax, such as VSO word order and expressions for feelings and modals. It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ ''ach'' 'but' and שָׂשׂ ''sos'' 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ''ach'' 'but' and ''sostă'' 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל ''avol'' and שָׂמֵחַ ''someach''. Orthodox Gaelic Jews prefer to speak Judeo-Gaelic and refuse to speak any form of Revived Hebrew, because they view Hebrew as a sacred language.
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|
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| ==Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew==
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| Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew was similar to Tiberian Hebrew, unless stated otherwise. It was the ancestor to Gaelic Hebrew.
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|
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| Hyper-Tiberian has the following sound changes from PSem:
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| *emphatics and alveolar /r/ are kept
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| *x > Skellan ll
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| *ś/s þ š > Basque z, Basque s, š (written as shin left dot, shin middle dot, shin right dot)
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| *z ð > voiced Basque z, voiced Basque s (the latter becomes Tamil zh in some readings)
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| *ś' þ' s' > /ts, c, c/ (but ejectives)
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| * Ayn and ghayn are still merged.
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| * Qamatz is always /O/ as in Tiberian.
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|
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| Hyper-Tiberian Hebrew also distinguishes
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| * cholam from Proto-Semitic *u = ''o'' /o/
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| * cholam from Proto-Semitic *ā and *aw = ''ů'' /u/ (/uə/ in some other reading traditions)
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| * Proto-Semitic *ū = ''u'' /ü/ (/u/ in some other reading traditions)
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|
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| Some accents merge the first two vowels like our TibH and Israeli did, some merge the second two, and others, such as [[Ăn Yidiș]] Hebrew, keep all three distinct.
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|
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| == Hyper-Israeli ==
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| This reading tradition is used by North African Jews in Apple PIE.
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|
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| Like our Israeli Hebrew, but:
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| * Hyper-Israeli reflects Hyper-TibH ''o'' (and qamatz qatan) as /ʌ̹/, Hyper-TibH ''ů'' as /u̠/, and Hyper-TibH ''u'' as /u̟/. (These vowels resemble Seoul Korean ''eo'', ''o'', and ''u'' respectively.)
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| * PSem *H is reflected as a uvular fricative (merging with lenited kaf) and PSem *x is voiceless sje.
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| * Non-prevocalic V + ayin sequences are reflected as nasal vowels or nasal vowel offglides: ארבע /aʁbɑ̃/ '4'.
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| * Proto-Semitic ð became ''ž'', as in זימר ''žimer'' 'he overpowered', as opposed to זימר ''zimer'' 'he sang'.
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|
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| ==Riphean Hebrew==
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| Inspired by a hypothetical Vietnamese Hebrew
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|
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| /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f ts kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v ɣ ɣ d z h v z h t j kʰ x l m n s ʔ p f tɕ⁼ k⁼ ɹ~ʐ ʃ tʰ s] (some Ashkenazim have ð > z)
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|
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| /i u e o ɛ ɔ a ă ɔ̆ ɛ̆/ = [i u iə uə ɛ ɔ a ə ɔ ɛ]
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|
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| /ɓɔˈɹux ʔaˈtʰɔ ʔəzuəˈnɔi, ʔɛluəˈhiənu mɛlɛx hɔʔuəˈlɔm, sɛhɛhɛˈjɔnu vək⁼ijəˈmɔnu vəhiɣiˈʔɔnu lazəˈman haˈzɛ/
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|
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| ==Corded Ware Hebrew==
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| North American Hebrew was revived independently by Corded Ware-speaking Jews. Revived Hebrew in North America uses more Corded Ware-like grammar, like preferring object affixes to using pronominal forms of the object marker את ''eþ''.
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|
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| Holy Land speakers, especially the younger generation, receive Corded Ware Hebrew positively and judge its speakers as trustworthy. It is one of the two most popular accents for stylized music, the other being Hyper-Tiberian.
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|
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| Vowels as in Sephardi Hebrew (except shva na = all chatafs = [ə]), consonants are more varied depending on the individual Jewish community. Readings similar to this are used all over Western Europe.
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|
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| The enunciative vowel -ə is used when a word (1) in pausa (2) has ultimate stress and (3) has final C. The past 2fs suffix /-t/ is pronounced /-tə/ when following a consonant: כתבת [kaˈθavtə] 'you (2fs) wrote'.
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|
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| ברוך אתה ה', א-לוהינו מלך העולם, אשר בחר בנו מכל העמים ונתן לנו את תורתו. ברוך אתה ה', נותן התורה.
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|
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| /vaˈrux ʔatˈta ʔəðoˈnaj, ʔəlo'henu ˈmelex haʁoˈlamə, ʔəˈʃer vaˈχar ˈvanu mikˈkol haʁaˈmimə, wənaˈθan ˈlanu ʔeθ toraˈθo. vaˈrux ʔaˈta ʔaðoˈnaj, noˈθen hatoˈra./
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|
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| שהחינו וקיימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה
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|
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| /ʃeheχəˈjanu wəkijəˈmanu wəhigiˈʁanu lazəˈman haˈze/
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|
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| ===Sample (Genesis 1:1-5)===
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| Typical Western or Central CW reading
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|
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| בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃
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|
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| [vəreˈʃiθ vaˈra ʔəloˈhimə | ʔeθ haʃaˈmajim wəˈʔeθ haˈʔarets]
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|
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| וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָֽיְתָ֥ה תֹ֨הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃
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|
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| [wəhaˈʔarets hajəˈθa ˈθohu waˈvohu wəˈχoʃex ʁal pəne θəˈhomə | wəˈɾuax ʔəloˈhim məraˈχefeθ ʁal pəne haˈmajim]
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|
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| וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃
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|
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| [waˈjomeɾ ʔəloˈhim jəhi ˈʔorə | wajəˈhi ˈʔorə]
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|
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| וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
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|
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| [waˈjar ʔəloˈhim ʔeθ haˈʔoɾ kiˈtovə | wajavˈðel ʔəloˈhim ven haˈʔoɾ ʔuˈven haˈχoʃex]
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|
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| וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃
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|
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| [wajiˈkra ʔəloˈhim laˈʔor ˈjom wəlaˈχoʃex ˈkara ˈlajla | wajəˈhi ˈʁerev wajəˈhi ˈvoker jom ʔeˈχaðə]
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|
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| Qivattu Hebrew is similar to Corded Ware Hebrew except no enunciative vowels
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|
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| ==Hodi Hebrew==
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|
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| */k x g ɣ/ = [k kʰ g gʰ]
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| */ts z/ [tʃ dʒʰ]
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| */t θ d ð n/ = [t tʰ d dʰ n]
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| */p f b v m/ = [p pʰ b bʰ m]
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| */j r l w/ = [j r l w]
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| */s ʃ h ħ ʔ ʕ/ [s ʃ h h~ħ ʔ ʔ~ʕ]
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|
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| Plosives without dagesh are aspirated.
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|
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| */i e ɛ a QG QQ o u ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə ə a o o u ə ə o]
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|
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| Final /h/ is pronounced with an echo vowel: e.g. למינה /ləmi'naha/ 'according to its kind', אלוה /ə'luhu/ 'God'.
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|
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|
| ==Siészal Hebrew== | | == East Asian readings == |
| Basically like Sephardi with vowel length (patach = a, QG = á, segol = ia, tsere = é, QQ = u, cholam = ó, hiriq: i or í, shuruq: ú)
| | Qamatz gadol usually stays distinct from pataḥ; liberal use of epenthesis (shva naḥ -> shva na3) to avoid finals merging into final unreleased stops |
| | === Mandarin Hebrew === |
| | === Korean Hebrew === |
| | Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [i e{{lowered}} e{{lowered}} a ʌ ʌ o u ɯ a e{{lowered}} o/ |
|
| |
|
| allophonic palatalization before /i(:)/
| | Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ ㅂ ㅂ ㄱ ㄱ ㄷ ㄷ h w~(u after V) ㅈ h ㄸ j~(i after V) ㅋ ㅋ ㄹ m n ㅆ ʔ ㅍ ㅍ ㅉ ㄲ ㄹ ㅅ ㅌ ㅌ/ |
|
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|
| /r/ is [ʐ~ɻ] | | Only /m n l r/ are geminated by dagesh forte |
|
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|
| ==Tibetan Hebrew== | | === Japanese Hebrew === |
| /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tʼ j k x l m n s ʕ p f tsʼ kʼ r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ p⁼ v k⁼ g t⁼ d h w z h tʰ j kʰ x l m n s ʔ pʰ f ts⁼ kʰ ɹ ɕ tʰ h] | | Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva) ă ĕ ŏ/ = [iː e̞ː e̞ː aː aː o{{lowered}}ː o{{lowered}}ː ɯː ɯ a e̞ o{{lowered}}] |
|
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|
| /i e ɛ a ɔ o u ə ă ɛ̯ ɔ̯/ = [i e ə a o y u ə a ə ø] | | Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˤ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˤ q r ʃ t θ/ = /ʔ~0 b b g g d d h w~(ɯ after V) z h t j~(i after V) k k r m n s ʔ~0 p~ɸ p~ɸ s k r {{ś}} t t/ |