Eta-Talmic: Difference between revisions

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:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]]
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
The '''Talmic languages''' (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ ''TAHL-mik'') are a subfamily of the [[Quame languages]], spoken chiefly in the [[Talma]] and [[Bjeheond]] regions in the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. Their last common ancestor is '''Proto-Talmic''' (Eevo: ''Ymá-Talmib'').
The '''Talmic languages''' (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ ''TAHL-mik'') are a subfamily of the [[Quame languages]], originally spoken chiefly in the [[Bitaleta]] region in the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]].


* PTal
* PET
** Q-Talmic (?)
** Talmic
*** Thensarian
*** [[Tigol]]
**** Tigol
**** [[Eevo]]
***** Eevo
**** [[Anbirese]]
***** Anbirese
**** Ciètian
***** Ciètian
*** [[Nurian]] (daughter or sister of Thens.?)
**** [[Modern Nurian]], aka Shalaian
** P-Talmic (?)
*** [[Qazhrian]]
*** [[Roshterian]] (becomes head-initial via a different path than Tigol does)


Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.
== Syntax ==
Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.


Thensarian kept the most inflections out of the Talmic branches! So it was the worst language to Old Irishify
== Morphology ==
Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify
 
Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.


==History of Talmic studies==
==History of Talmic studies==
===History of the term===
===History of the term===
The Talmic family was referred to as the "''Cēm'' languages" (Skellan: ''brits Ceem'') in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word ''cēm'' for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. After the discovery of other Quihum languages such as [[Naquian]], the definition expanded to other Quihum languages, until Proto-Quihum was reconstructed with more accuracy and the family was renamed Quihum (Skellan: ''brits Cłillym'' or ''hølltu Cłillym''). The designation ''Talmic'' (Skellan: ''Talmiv'') is now applied to the branch, after the name of the Talma region where most of the Talmic languages are native to.
The Talmic family was referred to as the "''Kwēm'' languages" (Scellan: ''brits Cłeem'') in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word ''cēm'' for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as [[Naquian]], the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.


==Todo==
==Todo==
Line 36: Line 34:
** 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
** 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
**lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
**lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū
*a Talmolang with j > š > sj > ɬ
 
*σ ζ instead of qw Gw?
Change 1pl.ex from m to b


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|+ Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
|-
|-
Line 96: Line 94:
| *s
| *s
|  
|  
| [x]
|  
|  
|  
| [χ]
|
|  
|  
| *h
| *h
Line 109: Line 107:
|  
|  
|  
|  
|rowspan="2"| *ʁ
|rowspan="2"| *γ
|rowspan="2"| *ʁʷ
|rowspan="2"| *γʷ
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 122: Line 120:
|   
|   
|}
|}
The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 128: Line 127:
Diphthongs:  
Diphthongs:  


ai ei oi ui aw ew iw ow
ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou
 
====Thensarian reflexes====
*''a e i o u ə'' > ''a e i o u y''
*''ō'' > ''ū'' in word-final syllables; ''ā'' elsewhere (gives too much ''aw'' in Skellan?)
*''ou'' > ''ō''
*''oi'' > ''oe''
*''ui'' > ''ui''
*''ew'' > ''eo''
*''iw'' > ''iu''
*''ai, au'' > ''ae, ao''
 
==Morphology==
Proto-Talmic was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers. It had an ablaut system much like that of Indo-European.
===Nouns===
 
====Masculine nouns====
(Just one paradigm)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''δoirom'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''δoirom'' || ''δeδoirom'' || ''δoirīs''
|-
! Construct
| ''δoirai'' || ''δeδoirai'' || ''δoirinnə''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''δoirom'' - 'bird'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''δoirot''||''δoirinnət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''δoiron''||''δoirinnən''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''δoirossi''||''δoirinnəssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''δoirossiu''||''δoirinnəssiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''δoirotiu''||''δoirinniu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''δoirotī''||''δoirinnī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''δoirota''||''δoirinna''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''δoirosmə''||''δoirinnəsmə''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''δoiroswi''||''δoirinnəswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''δoiroka''||''δoirinnəka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''δoirotōr''||''δoirinnətōr''
|}
 
====Feminine nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''gʷondā'' 'body'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''gʷondā'' || ''gegʷondā'' || ''gʷondār''
|-
! Construct
| ''gʷondāt'' || ''gegʷondām'' || ''gʷondās''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''gʷondā'' - 'body'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''gʷondat''||''gʷondāsat''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''gʷondan''||''gʷondasan''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''gʷondassi''||''gʷondasassi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''gʷondassiu''||''gʷondasassiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''gʷondatiu''||''gʷondasiu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''gʷondatī''||''gʷondasī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''gʷondata''||''gʷondasa''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''gʷondasmə''||''gʷondasasmə''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''gʷondaswi''||''gʷondasaswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''gʷondaka''||''gʷondaseka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''gʷondatōr''||''gʷondasōr''
|}
 
====Neuter nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tektəs'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Absolute
| ''tektəs'' || ''tetektəs'' || ''tektəen''
|-
! Construct
| ''tektəes'' || ''tetektəes'' || ''tektəer''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''tektəs'' - 'child'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''tektət''|| ''tektəerət''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''tektən''|| ''tektəerən''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''tektəssi''|| ''tektəerəssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''tektəssiu''|| ''tektəerəssiu''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''tektiu''|| ''tektəeriu''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''tektī''|| ''tektəerī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''tektəta''|| ''tektəera''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''tektəsmo''|| ''tektəersmo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''tektəswi''|| ''tektəerswi''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''tektəka''|| ''tektəerka''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''tektōr''|| ''tektəerōr''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jenaqʷs'' 'water' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Absolute
| ''jenaqʷs'' || ''jenenaqʷs''
|-
! Construct
| ''jenaqʷes'' || ''jenenaqʷes''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''stuφs'' 'fire' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Absolute
| ''stuφs'' || ''stestuφs''
|-
! Construct
| ''stuφes'' || ''stestuφes''
|}
 
===Adjectives===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
Masculine:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mukʷtam'' 'dark'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''mukʷtam'' || ''memukʷtam'' || ''mukʷtaīs''
|-
! Definite
| ''mukʷtoi'' || ''memukʷtoi'' || ''mukʷtannə''
|}
{{col-break}}
Feminine:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mukʷtam'' 'dark'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''mukʷtā'' || ''memukʷtā'' || ''mukʷtar''
|-
! Definite
| ''mukʷtāt'' || ''memukʷtām'' || ''mukʷtās''
|}
{{col-break}}
Neuter:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''mukʷtam'' 'dark'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''mukʷtas'' || ''memukʷtas'' || ''mukʷtān''
|-
! Definite
| ''mukʷtās'' || ''memukʷtās'' || ''mukʷtār''
|}
{{col-end}}
 
===Verbs===
====Object markers====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|+ Object affixes
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''in-''
|''me-''
|-
!|1 + 2
|''-''
|''twe-''
|-
!|2
|''ri-''
|''ke-''
|-
!|3
|''bi-''
|''be-''
|}
 
====TAM + subject markers====
Collective subjects agree with singular (subject or object) verb affixes.
 
Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "''a''-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "''i''-grade".
 
*present stem ''a'' - preterite stem ''e'' - VN ''a''
*present stem ''ā'' - preterite stem ''ē'' - VN ''a''
*present stem ''o'' - preterite stem ''i'' - VN ''ə''
*present stem ''ō'' - preterite stem ''ī''
*present stem ''ō'' - preterite stem ''ē''
*present stem ''oi'' - preterite stem ''ei''
*present stem ''ou'' - preterite stem ''iu''
*present stem ''au'' - preterite stem ''eu''
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Progressive
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismān || *kaφsən
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismār  || *kaφsər
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismām || *kaφsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismāsim || *kaφsəsim
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismā || *kaφs
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismāmē || *kaφsmē
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismānt || *kaφsənt
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷe || *kaφsəskʷe
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismāt || *kaφsət
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Habitual
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁeʁaismān || *kekaφsən
|-
| 2SG || *ʁeʁaismār  || *kekaφsər
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁeʁaismām || *kekaφsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁeʁaismāsim || *kekaφsəsim
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁeʁaismā || *kekaφs
|-
| 1EX || *ʁeʁaismāmē || *kekaφsmē
|-
| 1IN || *ʁeʁaismānt || *kekaφsənt
|-
| 2PL || *ʁeʁaismāskʷe || *kekaφsəskʷe
|-
| 3PL || *ʁeʁaismāt || *kekaφsət
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Preterite
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismānnem || *keφsənnem
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismārəg  || *keφsrəg
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismāsəm || *keφsəsəm
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismāstis || *keφsəstis
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismāso || *keφso
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismāmer || *keφsəmer
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismānter || *keφsənter
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷer || *keφsəskʷer
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismāter || *keφsəter
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+ Subjunctive
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel stem) || ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || *ʁaismānai || *kaφsnai
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismārai || *kaφsrai
|-
| 3SG.M || *ʁaismāmjor || *kaφsmjor
|-
| 3SG.F || *ʁaismāsjor || *kaφsəsjor
|-
| 3SG.N || *ʁaismāwr || *kaφsjor
|-
| 1EX || *ʁaismāmai || *kaφsmai
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismāntai || *kaφsəntai
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷai || *kaφsəskʷai
|-
| 3PL || *ʁaismātjor || *kaφsətjor
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="bluetable"
|+Imperative
|-
! Person  !! ''ʁaismān'' "I swim"<br/>(vowel-stem) !! ''kaφsən'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || *ʁaismā! || *kaφsə!
|-
| 1IN || *ʁaismāntē! || *kaφsəntē!
|-
| 2PL || *ʁaismāskʷē! || *kaφsəskʷē!
|}
{{col-end}}


===Derivational morphology===
==Derivational morphology==
====Affixes====
===Affixes===
Some derivational affixes are:
Some derivational affixes are:
*''-nəm'' (n.) = patient suffix
*''-nam'' (n.) = patient suffix
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer (from ''*-əx̌-''; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
*''-ā-'' = verbalizer (from ''*-əx̌-''; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
**What if ''*-əx̌-'' meant something else in PQuih?
**What if ''*-əx̌-'' meant something else in PQuih?
Line 570: Line 144:


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb, as seen directly in Thensarian and the fact that Rostherian kept most verb affixes intact.
The emphatic particle {{recon|''-is''}} was commonly suffixed to the verb.
== Gibberish ==
φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.




[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Talmic languages|*]]

Latest revision as of 00:46, 9 August 2022

Eta-Talmic/Lexicon
Eta-Talmic/Swadesh list

The Talmic languages (/ˈtɑːlmɪk/ TAHL-mik) are a subfamily of the Quame languages, originally spoken chiefly in the Bitaleta region in the planet of Tricin.

Syntax

Although all present-day Talmic languages are rigidly head-initial, like Irish, Welsh and Southeast Asian languages, Proto-Talmic was much less so; we know this because different constructions and function words (such as prepositions and verbal morphology) fossilized in each Talmic subbranch.

Morphology

Pre-Tigol should keep the most inflections out of the Quame branches, so it was the worst language to Old Irishify

Proto-Talmic also had no inclusive vs exclusive we distinction; Tigolic and Qazhric gained the distinction under the influence of Lakovic.

History of Talmic studies

History of the term

The Talmic family was referred to as the "Kwēm languages" (Scellan: brits Cłeem) in earlier Talman works, after the Thensarian word cēm for "one" inherited in all known Talmic languages at the time. Since contact with other Quihum languages such as Naquian, the term Quame is used for the family that includes Talmic and Naquian.

Todo

  • -nəm = patientive
  • sθan- = gather
    • sθannəm = gathering
      • Skellan sdann = (mathematics) set
    • ~ sta- in stāmom?
  • add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
    • -ssōs = another noun suffix
    • 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
    • lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū

Change 1pl.ex from m to b

Phonology

Proto-Celtic gibberish with some added consonants and vowels

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *θ *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *δ *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *ɸ *s [x] [χ] *h
voiced *γ *γʷ
Resonant *l *r *y *w

The Talman dialects, which eventually became Tigol and Qazhrian, merged alveolar stops into dental stops and completely lost *φ, but Nurian and Roshterian keep the sounds distinct to this day under Idavic influence.

Vowels

a e i o u ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou

Derivational morphology

Affixes

Some derivational affixes are:

  • -nam (n.) = patient suffix
  • -ā- = verbalizer (from *-əx̌-; just for the Proto-Celtic gibbiness)
    • What if *-əx̌- meant something else in PQuih?
    • Roshterian -ia-/-i- - fossilized suffix in many verbs
  • -ākos (n.) = verbal noun (from *-əx̌- verbalizer + *-kas = older VN suffix)
    • Roshterian -iac
  • -akt(V)- = adjectivizer
    • Roshterian -ait

Ablaut patterns

Syntax

The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb.

Gibberish

φīxs kʷēmos φaro δlanγeweti δe srībou γʷnāmesor δe φīna qrādomāxtim. γonyanθis wli nayesi, smā-deuφrimor briqennās bakū kardasweis wli φasminō. Sθām lugyeθais wli bosqōr kʷisδalābis, kas φaxθīm φar woltāyessis-do, bar Bouγʷātlom wli qaswīqis. Nai brāyos δe nenmōrus skʷedoxtānis! φirwōd φēs-naxθitor qetibāti meudyūs! Φosnīdyōr daγʷāi δe nosθenqʷētās qʷlāwītor.

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