Verse:Irta/Cualand

Prime Minister of Fishome: Arcoll Rithcomaw

President of Andaegor: Teáil-Í Lí (of Korean-Talman background)

Various degrees of Earth/Tricin mixes in different aspects of the culture

/ki:lənd/ in English, ___ in Netagin

Geography

• Fishome (English and Eevo are official; Netagin is the second most common language)
• Andaegor (Anbirese is official but Netagin is the most common language, followed by Mingen Vibish, Ouřefr, Albionian, Irish, and Clofabosin; it's culturally more Bjeheondian than Talman. Among Jews, English, Ăn Yidiș and Galoyseg are spoken more than Judeo-Anbirese)

Cities

• Bathening (from Scellan bøøð enañ "high waters")
• Nginening (from Scellan ñain enañ "fast waters")
• Rethought (from Scellan Riþollt)

Anthem

The national anthem of Cualand was written by Bayroy Cafeece and is notable for mentioning Scella.

Names

Talmic and Windermere

• Myde (<- Maiđ)
• Moreigh (<- Hmorill)
• Sani (<- Sani)
• Hyad (<- Hyjad)
• Rought (<- Rewhd)
• Etsoy

Talmic names in Cualand generally get Anglicized (even in Eevo!) but some Cualanders with Eevo names prefer to spell their names the original way.

Demographics

Uninhabited before it was settled by Scellans and Irtan Bjeheondians

40% Remonitionist (a Christian denomination), 10% Ñeđraist, 50% Snielist including Judeo-Snielist and Remonitionist Snielist, 10% other

Most Remonitionists in Cualand follow the "Multiversalist Church of Cualand", perhaps the most liberal Christian denomination in Crackfic Irta and generally leans much more towards Trician religions except in matters of ritual (Sunday worship, baptism, Eucharist) and other minor details. Hymns can address other deities, even Trician ones, or even be overtly atheistic/maltheistic/as Remonitionists say, "transtheistic"

Languages

in order of popularity: English, Netagin, Eevo, Irish, Albionian, Hivantish, Knench, Wiebian, Mandarin, (written entirely in pinyin with tone markers; hanzi isn't used in Tricin), Cuam, Hebrew (7 million), Ăn Yidiș (5 million), Clofabosin, Anbirese, Galoyseg, Slavo-Windermere, An Bhlaoighne, Judeo-Anbirese

(Use a Zipf distribution for number of speakers)

Cualand English

Inspired by Celtic, Indian, NZ English

vane-vain split? (part of cultivated and some broad but not general)

"year" = iotacized NURSE = CURE

PALM != LOT = THOUGHT like Boston

Intervocalic t is a slit fricative

Cualand English has three main accents: broad, general and cultivated. Broad Cualand accents have phonemic /x/ as well as lots of Eevo words, like eell /eɪx/ "love", nwtxáh llys /nuˈtʃɑxəs/ "hello", cain /kaɪn/ "food". Even Cualand itself is often referred to simply as a Luav. Eevo words are mostly spelled exactly as in the original.

Words from other Trician languages may appear in Broad Cualand English, like Pda from Windermere ( ~ fundi in South African English), and quetty "cool, remarkable" from Clofabosin. Palkhan influence is especially strong in slang words where the prefix l- pronounced /lə-/ is added, this comes from the Palkhan construct state ḷ- and is even added to Eevo words: lvønd "news" (sometimes phrased as a question: lvønd? "what's new?"); lmøli "thanks". These words are sometimes just known as "Palkhan" in Cualand and is in a continuum with Pida English.

Cultivated Cualand English sounds like Standard English with an Icelandic accent to people in our timeline, and General Cualand English is somewhere in between.

Broad Cualand accents have some combination of these features:

• r is an alveolar tap, and in extremely broad accents this can even be the case in syllable codas.
• some Welsh/Jamaican/Finnish features?
• Intervocalic ð sounds like Danish ð
• some Indianisms, like prepone and do the needful (also younger General Cualand English)

Slang terms

/mɪʒ/: great job (from myzjeera)

"to cut" (intransitive verb): slang for decide (calqued from Eevo)

"to mince": to make a momentous decision; also used as a noun

• "I moved to th' Luav a month back and a mince it was"

"ave": short for average; ordinary

• "Lvønd?" "Ave, yours?" "Ave"

"town without": a mess (a calque of vee ðrav)

Broad Cualand syntax

Predicative syntax with pronouns is the reverse of Standard English; e.g. "Me, an engineer I am" instead of "I am an engineer"

Sometimes topic-first syntax is used e.g. "These colorless green ideas, they sleep furiously" (Eevo "a" is translated with a demonstrative)

There should be a movie character in Cualand who is famous for overusing Eevo syntax (so much so that it becomes a meme)

Cualand Eevo

Cualand Eevo has a very noticeable ___ English-esque accent unlike in regular Tricin's Fyxoom. b d g etc. are often fully voiced. Cualand Eevo doesn't pronounce word final l's and ñ's, e.g. deljađ /deɪjəð/, serñ /sɛɹʊ/. The combinations <hb hd hg> are pronounced as though they were <llb lld llg>, e.g. ahdyn /æxtən/. Some other pronunciations:

• trovihwñ /tɹɔvɪhuː/
• beđ ry /bɛðˈɹɜː/
• Hnawhaswel /hnaʊhəseɪ/

Sometimes h is dropped in Cualand Eevo, as in Modern Hebrew, so Hnawhasewl is pronounced /naʊəseɪ/ and the Windermere prefix hyl- is simply pronounced /ʊ/.

Judeo-Eevo

Hebrew-speaking parts of Cualand have a unique accent of Eevo displaying both Hebrew (+ other Crackfic Trician Jewish languages) phonetic and lexical influence and developments internal to Eevo.

• "segolates" get epenthesized with ɛ instead of ə
• Eevo l is pronounced as in Talman Eevo; this manifests in the Hebrew of native Eevo speakers who use the Eevo l for ayin

Pida English

A register of Cualand English with Tigol and Windermere words with Scellan pronunciation literally all over the place, as well as calques of Tigol and Classical Windermere phrases and occasionally Classical Windermere syntax (such as topic final-word order). Common in the Mărotłist community

Cualand Far East Semitic

Far East Semitic is commonly spoken in Crackfic Andaegor. The dominant FES language is the one that's closest to proto-FES.

Netagin

Netagin is much more widely spoken in Cualand than in Bjeheond in Crackfic Irta. In some provinces of Fishome like ___ it's even the majority language. The pronunciation of Netagin varies from place to place; in predominantly English- and Eevo-speaking as well as majority Netagin speaking parts of Cualand it underwent a sound change similar to Indian English in reverse: Bjeheondian Netagin t ʈ -> Cualand Netagin θ t. Netagin spelling uses an English inspired orthography with vowels often spelled in strange ways, like silent e's and short vowels marked with double consonants. But this orthography is internally consistent and decipherable since Netagin is a consonantal root language. (Canon Trician Fyxoomian Netagin's very similar to Cualand Netagin, except for the script.)

In most Cualand dialects of Netagin, the phoneme <r> is in the process of merging with <ř> and the process is complete for many younger speakers. (The orthography still distinguishes them, the trilled r is written rr.) For them, ř does not trigger an irregular gizra in newer words. A notable exception is in the parts of Cualand settled by Hivantish speakers; for them ř merges with l.

Cualand Netagin is a relex of Shinach Netagin with Classical words as well as occasional some syntactic and phonological influence. It's mutually intelligible but sounds a bit archaic to speakers of Shinach Netagin. The grammar is mostly Shinach (analytic verbs etc.)

Unusually for a Cualand language, the syntax has very little influence from English; the reverse sometimes happens -- the English of Netagin speakers uses fronting and constructions like "verb an adjective verb-ing" and "to where are you?/where are you to?" ("where are you going?") more than Standard English. This makes Netagin English generally sound "poetic" or "fancy" to other Cualanders and is even considered prestigious in some parts of Cualand. (Something similar happened with Hebrew influencing Cualand Irish; see below.)

German math terms are replaced by Irish or Netagin terms

Cualand Irish

In Cualand, Irish is mainly spoken in the Éire Nua (placeholder name) province of Fishome and Andaegor. (Like in Irta, Irish has many speakers in Crackfic Tricin)

Standard Cualand Irish is an archaizing form of Cork Irish:

• It retains the Classical Irish distinction between molaidh sé /mˠɔlˠətʲ ʃeː/ 'he praises', ní mholann sé 'he does not praise', a mholas sé (neg. nach-N molas sé) 'whom he praises (direct relative)', a-N molann sé (neg. nach-N molann sé) 'he praises (indirect relative)'.
• It has some Hebrew syntactic influence in the literary register.

It has very little influence from English or from Trician languages (except Eevo); however it's innovative in its own particular ways. The Irish of pre-Mac Léivigh literature like Ádhamh na Binne Fiona is quite archaic by our standards, almost identical to Classical Irish with some syntactic Hebraisms.

Today, Cualand Irish is written in a much shallower orthography, introduced by Alastair Mac Léivigh, based on similar principles to Cyrillic. The older orthography, identical to our post-reform Irish orthography but written in Gaelic type, was used in Ádhamh na Binne Fíona's times.

Present tense verbs: deinim; deinir; deinidh* sé; deinimid; deinidh* sibh; deinid; deintear (*independent main clause form)

In colloquial Cualand Irish the following changes to verb agreement happen:

• 3rd person plurals are analytic: 'they do' is deinidh siad instead of deinid (siad)
• Old 3pl synthetic forms used both for the impersonal and 1pl: deinid is used instead of formal deintear 'one does', deinimid 'we do'

Like literary Ăn Yidiș(*), Literary Cualand Irish is often influenced by literary Hebrew syntax, for example using iolaigh ('to VERB a lot', from OIr ilaigidir 'to increase') and other verbs as auxiliaries where English would use adverbs (coincidentally similar to Anbirese), and using morphological verbing with -aigh and -áil (for verbing nouns and forming causatives) more productively than Irta Irish. Hebrew lexical borrowing is restricted to slang.

• Is beannaighthe Thú, a Thigheaꞃna, a neach tꞃócaiꞃigh a iolaigheas do mhaitheamh. 'Blessed are You, O Lord, compassionate one who is oft-forgiving.' (ברוך אתה ה' חנון המרבה לסלוח) [from the first Cualandian Irish siddur translation; do+L is an archaic form of the particle a which is similar to German zu and Hebrew le- before infinitive construct forms.]
• Stadfainn é sula n-iomarcálfadh sé a dhul. 'I would have stopped him before he went too far.' (lit. I would have stopped him before he would have excessed to go)
• Nuair a ghlinníodh sí ar na bláthanna gach maidin, churadh sí tuilleadh an ghrian a mholadh. 'Whenever she gazed at the flowers every morning she would additionally praise the sun.' (lit. add to praise the sun)
• admhaigh 'to acknowledge' is also used for 'to thank' (with the dative preposition do for the person who is thanked), like Hebrew הודה hoda 'to acknowledge; to thank'. (Some say this is a natural development of the sense 'to acknowledge the receipt of'.). Admháil duit is a common synonym of go raibh maith agat.

Another commonly used Hebrew construction in Cualand Irish, also found in Netagin, is "VERB an ADJ VERBing": tháinig sé teacht tapa 'he came quickly' (lit. he came a quick coming). Other Hebrew calques are found in use in Hebrew-speaking regions of Cualand, such as cé a thabharfas (+ present subjunctive) for expressing a strongly held wish, a calque of מי ייתן ו + future: Cé a thabharfas go mbuailimid le chéile arís. 'May we meet again.'

Both Talman and Cualandian Irish jokes may start with a cleft construction, which marks the sentence as new information: Siúl a rinne fear isteach i mbeár lit. 'it's walking that a man did into a bar', as in French (c'est un mec qui rentre dans un bar 'it's a guy who walks into a bar'). Anecdotes and stories in general also tend to begin with a cleft construction, like how Modern Hebrew uses היה היה hayo haya for 'once upon a time'. This is a result of French influence.

(*) At times even more so, reflecting a time when CF-Trician Tsarfati Jews considered literary Irish (rather than Ăn Yidiș) to be their secular alternative to literary Hebrew. (A typical pre-modern Cualand Tsarfati household often had a Hebrew-English-Irish trilingual siddur.) When they wrote in Irish they sometimes wrote in a way that sounded fancy to them.

Vocabulary

A slight majority of Cualand's Irish speakers are not Catholics; they tend to be Remonitionist, irreligious or Jewish. Thus many overtly Catholic expressions are not used (e.g. urnaí is preferred over paidir), or have lost their Catholic connotations (for example, minced oaths).

• baile gan 'a mess' (from Eevo, via Cualand Ăn Yidiș bală gan)

Phonology

In General Cualand Irish, broad t is often a fricative [θˠ] and slender t is usually an affricate [tsʰ] or [t͡ɕʰ]. Broad s is dental like Ăn Yidiș s or Mandarin s.

Cultivated Cualand Irish phonology is essentially that of our conservative Cork Irish (with less English influence) and even has the Cork intonation, with pitch starting and remaining high and falling on a stressed syllable.

Broad Cualand Irish incorporates more features that are in Ulster/Gàidhlig/Manx in our timeline. Broad Cualand Irish is influenced by Eevo, Qazhrian, Korean, and Japanese phonology; for example broad L is pronounced like Eevo L.

Syntax

Our Cork Irish, with slang terms from Talmic/Lakovic and topic-prominence (from Eevo, Korean and Japanese) and pronoun omission in broad speech*

Mise tá claíomh (agam) 'I have a sword' (Standard Tá claíomh agam)

Tusa 's claíomh atá (agat), mise 's iachár atá (agam) 'You have a sword, I have a Talman machine gun' or even Tusa 's claíomh, mise 's iachár

Cualandian Irish jokes may start with a cleft construction, which marks the sentence as new information: Siúl isteach i mbeár a rinne fear lit. 'it's walking into a bar that a man did', as in French (c'est un mec qui rentre dans un bar 'it's a guy who walks into a bar') and Irta Hebrew (בוא בא איש אל בית-משתה).

Broad Cualand Irish also has fully German-like infinitive clauses from Korean and Clofabosin influence: a+L VN goes all the way to the end, instead of coming after the direct object and before adjuncts.

Cualand Korean

largely spoken in Andaegor with an Irish/Tiberian Hebrew-esque accent; all words have weak final stress

Cualand Korean has no dueum beopchik; a phonemic split of rieul into ɾ/ɫ̪/ɺʲ/l̠ʲ from the influx of loans (native broad rieul is ɾˠ, slender rieul is ɺʲ, geminate rieul is ɫ or l̠

"and" for nouns is always -wa, never -kwa

Initial m n are not denasalized.

Lots of calques and loans from Irish (in addition to English and Hanja) in formal language; borrows Latin and Greek words via Irish. Code switching with Irish and English is common

should sound stilted in a way somewhat different from English literally translated into Korean does; sometimes it's focus-prominent, rather than being topic-prominent, from Irish influence; the topic sometimes comes after the verb, just as it does in our colloquial Korean

까마귀를 먹이기를 한 거야, 오늘은 = It's feeding the crow(s) which I did today

사과를 먹은 거야 션은 / 사과야 션이 먹은 건 = Is úll a d'ith Seán

ㄷ ㄸ ㅌ are dental with ㅌ sometimes [θ] and the voiced allophone of ㄷ sometimes [ð], vowel system is /i e E a O o u ɨ/; /ə/ is a loan phoneme used to borrow Irish and English schwa

Borrows English and Irish /ɪ ʊ/ as /e o/

Initial, and non-initial post-vocalic, ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ > [x θ f]; voiced ㄱ ㄷ ㅂ > [ɣ ð v], [v] merging with historical lenited ㅂ in ㅂ-irregular verbs; ㅊ becomes [ʃʰ]?

Thus the consonantal phonology looks like:

• k⁼(ʲ) kʰ(ʲ) ɣ(ʲ) x(ʲ) ŋ(ʲ)
• ts⁼(ʲ) tsʰ(ʲ)
• t̪(ʲ) t̪ʰ(ʲ) ð θ n(ʲ)
• p⁼(ʲ) pʰ(ʲ) v(ʲ) f(ʲ) m(ʲ)
• ɾ ɺʲ ɫ̪ lʲ
• sʰ ʃʰ s ʃ h ç

[moˈðɨˑn iŋgaˈnɨˑn θʰɛɔˈnaˑl̠ʲ t̪⁼ɛvuˈθʰɔ tsʰajuɾˠovɨˈmʲɔ kʰɨ tsʰonɔmˈwa kʰwəl̠ʲieiˈsɔ t̪ʰoŋd̪ɨŋaˈða]

Cualand Japanese

Similar shift to focus-prominence as in Cualand Korean

Cualand Mandarin

/l/ is velarized unless before /i y j/, initial /w/ > /v/

Cualand Ăn Yidiș

"What if An Yidish was more Scottish/Mandarin/Icelandic"

Cualand Ăn Yidiș descends from Eastern European Ăn Yidiș and thus from Proto-Ăn Yidiș as conventionally understood, and is similar to Standard Ăn Yidiș, but has Icelandic-ish stops with phenomena like preaspiration, -rt = [rhʈ⁼], etc. so Hanukkah = */'χanɪhkə/ > ['xanɪçk⁼ə], though these features aren't used in liturgical Hebrew.

• /r/ is more consistently a trill or flap
• /tʰ/ is usually [θ]
• /s ts⁼ tsʰ/ is lamino-dental
• /t⁼ t͡s⁼/ consistently become [ð z] after a vowel when not immediately followed by an underlyingly voiceless consonant (aspirated stop or voiceless fricative).
• Postalveolars /t͡ʃ⁼ t͡ʃʰ ʃ ʒ/ are usually alveolopalatals [t͡ɕ⁼ t͡ɕʰ ɕ ʑ].
• /y/ is fully front [y̟] unless adjacent to /r/, and stressed /i u/ are consistently tense [i u]. /e o ej ow/ are open /ɛ ɔ ɛj ɔw/. Stressed /ə/ is [ø].
• /χ ʁ/ are velar [x ɣ].

Cualand Ăn Yidiș has a version of the Scots vowel length system: except for stressed /ə iə uə/, every stressed vowel is allophonically long when:

• Before voiced fricatives, namely /v, ð, z, ʑ, ʁ/, and also before /r/.
• Before another vowel: פיאך fi·ăch 'raven' ['fi:əx] vs. פיעך fiech 'debt; worthy' [fiəx] (homophonous in Irtan Ăn Cayzăn, and both written פיעך in Irta).
• Before a morpheme boundary.

Unstressed vowels are pronounced more like they are in Scottish Gaelic: זעראק zerăg 'red' is ['t͡s⁼ɛ:ɾag] and סקשיסאל sgșisăl 'awful' is ['skʃisal].

Gü-Ghoydeliș is popular even in real life; e.g. in signages or Renaissance faires.

tends to use ăr instead of ņey for perfect

Hasidic Jews usually speak Bamăriș instead

bală gan (lit. 'town without') 'a mess' (a mistranslation of Eevo vee ðrav lit. 'state/station without'; vee also means 'town')

Enclaves

Mostly Trician

Balðimoor Serñ/New Baltimore/Bamăr Ür (Ḷbāḷdimōra in Palkhan): A Hasidic enclave

Arts and culture

Authors

• Pda Blin, satirist author
• Lisa Samueldaught, science fiction writer
• Debra Petrowscà, nonfiction writer

Poets

• Ghenab (Eynav) Glariss, Hebrew and JAnb poet
• Etsoy Blotching (Etsoj Plottijeong) --- Old Irish scholar and Snielist, an Éire Nua native of Irish-Anbirese background. CF Trician Snielism talks more about OIr than Tigol?

Musicians

• Tsahong Tamdee, one of the first Cualandian JI theorists
• Myde Bodrib, founder of CF Trician Snielism
• Tsahong Starwise, Wilson/Jopah analogue
• Lemi Sachvay, RTT theorist
• Inthar Volltisch, Wiebian-Cualandian JI composer
• Stuthel Haybrand, composer
• Arcoll Lemba, composer and keyboardist
• Hyad "Semaphore" Nosangvay, opera composer and music educator
  • The Theory and Practice of Hanierůl
• Inthar Turandaught, opera singer
• Bayroy Cafeese, composer who used Snielist themes
  • part of an ensemble Cyfís as Yjíad