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User:IlL/Togarmite: Difference between revisions

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m IlL moved page Togarmite to User:IlL/Togarmite without leaving a redirect: Moving to userspace because I don't know a good place in Irta for this
 
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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|creator = Praimhín
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = Irta
|setting = Irta
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*loss of grammatical gender
*loss of grammatical gender
*loss of the passive binyanim
*loss of the passive binyanim
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs (where they form the w-form); erosion of the prefix paradigm (used for the past tense, like the Hebrew waw-consecutive preterite) to the point where subject pronouns are required
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs
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* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
*Should be Iberian?
* Should be spoken in our Turkey?
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*Gzarot
*Gzarot
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*Declensions
*Declensions
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*A bit more arabic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Arabic direction
*A bit more Aramaic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Aramaic direction
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
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Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.
Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.


''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/
''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ æ e i o ø u (ə)/


''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/
''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/
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|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''frir'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
| ''frit'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
|}
|}


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==Verbs==
==Verbs==
*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
*Past = from the Semitic preterite
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
*Present = from the bare w-form
*Present = from the bare w-form
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|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yktøban''
| ''nėk yktøvan''
| ''at/et yktøban''
| ''at/et yktøvan''
| ''hu/hi ktøban''
| ''hu/hi ktøvan''
| ''nan ktøban''
| ''nan ktøvan''
| ''atøm ktøban''
| ''atøm ktøvan''
| ''høm ktøban''
| ''høm ktøvan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk še wažker''
| ''nėk wažker''
| ''at/et še wažker''
| ''at/et wažker''
| ''hu/hi še wažker''
| ''hu/hi wažker''
| ''nan še wažker''
| ''nan wažker''
| ''atøm šu wažker''
| ''atøm wažker''
| ''høm šu wažker''
| ''høm wažker''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė hažkur''
| ''nėk bė ažkur''
| ''at bė hažkur''
| ''at bė ažkur''
| ''hu bė hažkur''
| ''hu bė ažkur''
| ''nan bė hažkur''
| ''nan bė ažkur''
| ''atøm bė hažkur''
| ''atøm bė ažkur''
| ''høm bė hažkur''
| ''høm bė ažkur''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk ytlėmeð''
| ''nėk wytlymeð''
| ''at/et ytlėmeð''
| ''at/et wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi tlėmeð''
| ''hu/hi wytlymeð''
| ''nan tlėmeð''
| ''nan wytlymeð''
| ''atøm tlėmeð''
| ''atøm wytlymeð''
| ''høm tlėmeð''
| ''høm wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk še wytlymeð''
| ''nėk lu wytlymeð''
| ''at/et še wytlymeð''
| ''at/et lu wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi še wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi lu wytlymeð''
| ''nan še wytlymeð''
| ''nan lu wytlymeð''
| ''atøm šu wytlymeð''
| ''atøm lu wytlymeð''
| ''høm šu wytlymeð''
| ''høm lu wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6|''ytlymeð''
|colspan=6|''tlymeð''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
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|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wytlymėð''
|colspan=6| ''wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk ystytėȝem''
| ''nėk wystydȝem''
| ''at/et ystytėȝem''
| ''at/et wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi stytėȝem''
| ''hu/hi wystydȝem''
| ''nan stytėȝem''
| ''nan wystydȝem''
| ''atøm stytėȝem''
| ''atøm wystydȝem''
| ''høm stytėȝem''
| ''høm wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk še wystydȝem''
| ''nėk lu wystydȝem''
| ''at/et še wystydȝem''
| ''at/et lu wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi še wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi lu wystydȝem''
| ''nan še wystydȝem''
| ''nan lu wystydȝem''
| ''atøm šu wystydȝem''
| ''atøm lu wystydȝem''
| ''høm šu wystydȝem''
| ''høm lu wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ymydrasi''
| ''nėk ymyðrasi''
| ''at/et ymydrasi''
| ''at/et ymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi mydrasi''
| ''hu/hi myðrasi''
| ''nan mydrasi''
| ''nan myðrasi''
| ''atøm mydrasi''
| ''atøm myðrasi''
| ''høm mydrasi''
| ''høm myðrasi''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wymydrasi''
| ''fiti wymyðrasi''
| ''fit wymydrasi''
| ''fit wymyðrasi''
| ''fė wymydrasi''
| ''fė wymyðrasi''
| ''finė wymydrasi''
| ''finė wymyðrasi''
| ''fitøm wymydrasi''
| ''fitøm wymyðrasi''
| ''fu wymydrasi''
| ''fu wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk wymydrasi''
| ''nėk wymyðrasi''
| ''at/et wymydrasi''
| ''at/et wymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi wymydrasi''
| ''hu/hi wymyðrasi''
| ''nan wymydrasi''
| ''nan wymyðrasi''
| ''atøm wymydrasi''
| ''atøm wymyðrasi''
| ''høm wymydrasi''
| ''høm wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu wymydrasi''
| ''nėk lu wymyðrasi''
| ''at/et lu wymydrasi''
| ''at/et lu wymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi lu wymydrasi''
| ''hu/hi lu wymyðrasi''
| ''nan lu wymydrasi''
| ''nan lu wymyðrasi''
| ''atøm lu wymydrasi''
| ''atøm lu wymyðrasi''
| ''høm lu wymydrasi''
| ''høm lu wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ymydrasan''
| ''nėk ymyðrasan''
| ''at/et ymydrasan''
| ''at/et ymyðrasan''
| ''hu/hi mydrasan''
| ''hu/hi myðrasan''
| ''nan mydrasan''
| ''nan myðrasan''
| ''atøm mydrasun''
| ''atøm myðrasun''
| ''høm mydrasun''
| ''høm myðrasun''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė mydrasėt''
| ''nėk bė myðrasėt''
| ''at bė mydrasėt''
| ''at bė myðrasėt''
| ''hu bė mydrasėt''
| ''hu bė myðrasėt''
| ''nėbu mydrasėt''
| ''nėbu myðrasėt''
| ''atøm bė mydrasėt''
| ''atøm bė myðrasėt''
| ''høm bė mydrasėt''
| ''høm bė myðrasėt''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li mømydrasa''
| ''li mømyðrasa''
| ''lax/lex mømydrasa''
| ''lax/lex mømyðrasa''
| ''lau/la mømydrasa''
| ''lau/la mømyðrasa''
| ''lanė mømydrasa''
| ''lanė mømyðrasa''
| ''laxøm mømydrasa''
| ''laxøm mømyðrasa''
| ''laum mømydrasa''
| ''laum mømyðrasa''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''mydrasi!''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasi!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''mømydrasė''
|colspan=6| ''mømyðrasė''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''mydrasa''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasa''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wymydrasi''
|colspan=6| ''wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''mydrasėt''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasėt''
|}
|}


===''re'' 'to see'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''re'' 'to see, to look at'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ar''
| ''at ar''
| ''hu jar''
| ''nan ar''
| ''atøm ar''
| ''høm ar''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit rė''
| ''at fit rė''
| ''hu fė rė''
| ''nan fu rė''
| ''atøm fu rė''
| ''høm fu rė''
|-
! present
| ''nėk rė''
| ''at/et rė''
| ''hu/hi rė''
| ''nan rė''
| ''atøm rė''
| ''høm rė''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu rė''
| ''at/et lu rė''
| ''hu/hi lu rė''
| ''nan lu rė''
| ''atøm lu rė''
| ''høm lu rė''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yrijan''
| ''at yrijan''
| ''hu rijan''
| ''nan rijan''
| ''atøm rijan''
| ''høm rijan''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė rėt''
| ''at bė rėt''
| ''hu bė rėt''
| ''nan bė rėt''
| ''atøm bė rėt''
| ''høm bė rėt''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''re!''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''rėji''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''ruj''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''rė''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''rėt''
|}
===''fe'' 'to be'===
===''fe'' 'to be'===
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
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===''kėl'' 'can'===
===''kėl'' 'can'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''xėl'' 'can'
|+ ''kėl'' 'can'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk yxel''
| ''nėk ikel''
| ''at/et yxel''
| ''at/et ikel''
| ''hu/hi xel''
| ''hu/hi kel''
| ''nan xel''
| ''nan kel''
| ''atøm xel''
| ''atøm kel''
| ''høm xel''
| ''høm kel''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wėxel''
| ''nėk fit wėkel''
| ''at fit wėxel''
| ''at fit wėkel''
| ''hu fė wėxel''
| ''hu fė wėkel''
| ''nan fu wėxel''
| ''nan fu wėkel''
| ''atøm fu wėxel''
| ''atøm fu wėkel''
| ''høm fu wėxel''
| ''høm fu wėkel''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk wėxel''
| ''nėk wėkel''
| ''at wėxel''
| ''at wėkel''
| ''hu wėxel''
| ''hu wėkel''
| ''nan wėxel''
| ''nan wėkel''
| ''atøm wėxel''
| ''atøm wėkel''
| ''høm wėxel''
| ''høm wėkel''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yxelan''
| ''nėk ikelan''
| ''at/et yxelan''
| ''at/et ikelan''
| ''hu/hi xelan''
| ''hu/hi kelan''
| ''nan xelan''
| ''nan kelan''
| ''atøm xelan''
| ''atøm kelan''
| ''høm xelan''
| ''høm kelan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė xėl''
| ''nėk bė kėl''
| ''at bė xėl''
| ''at bė kėl''
| ''hu bė xėl''
| ''hu bė kėl''
| ''nan bė xėl''
| ''nan bė kėl''
| ''atøm bė xėl''
| ''atøm bė kėl''
| ''høm bė xėl''
| ''høm bė kėl''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
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|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėxel''
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wėxel''
|colspan=6| ''wėkel''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''xėl''
|colspan=6| ''kėl''
|}
|}


===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'
|+ ''høva'' 'should; ought'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''nėk fit høbė''
| ''nėk fit høvė''
| ''at fit høbė''
| ''at fit høvė''
| ''hu fė høbė''
| ''hu fė høvė''
| ''nan fu høbu''
| ''nan fu høvu''
| ''atøm fu høbu''
| ''atøm fu høvu''
| ''høm fu høbu''
| ''høm fu høvu''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk høbė''
| ''nėk høvė''
| ''at/et høbė''
| ''at/et høvė''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''hu/hi høvė''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''nan høvu''
| ''atøm høbu''
| ''atøm høvu''
| ''høm høbu''
| ''høm høvu''
|}
|}


Line 1,383: Line 1,458:


=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive).
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''.


* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn γalt lež buj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
* ''Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
Line 1,404: Line 1,479:
Some prepositions:
Some prepositions:
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
** ini, inax, inex, inau, ina, inė, inxøm, inaum
** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
*''by'' (''b' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
*''vy'' (''v' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
** bi, bax, bex, bau, ba, banė, baxøm, baum
** vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum
*''šyde'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
** ''meni, menax, menex, menau, mena, menė, mexøm, menaum''
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum''
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
** ''3emi, 3emax, 3emex, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emxøm, 3emaum''
** ''3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum''
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''  
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''  
** ''3lei, 3lėx, 3lėx, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėxøm, 3lėjøm''
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm''
*''lid'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
*''lið'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
*''løb'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
**''Nėx wamen løb žinė'' - I believe in this
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this
**''Hu þ'yheb løba'' - He fell in love with her
**''Hu tyhev løva'' - He fell in love with her
*''ȝbar'' 'over'
*''ȝvar'' 'over'
*''þat'' 'under'
*''tat'' 'under'
*''arþo'' 'down' (from *ʔarþ-ah "earthward")
*''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward")
*''darxyn'' 'along'
*''ðarkyn'' 'along'
*''blėš'' 'without'
*''vlėš'' 'without'
===Syntax of prepositions===
===Syntax of prepositions===


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===Fractional===
===Fractional===
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
*half = gøv (from *gunb- 'side')
*half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side')
*3rd = šølšy
*3rd = šølšy
*4th = røvȝy
*4th = røvȝy
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*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''  
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''  
*''tyCCuC'', ''tyCCiC'', ''tyCCėC'' = action or process
*''tyCCuC'', ''tyCCiC'', ''tyCCėC'' = action or process
*''ryCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''tyCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
** ''katėv'' 'writer'
** ''katėv'' 'writer'
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felantrøb'' is also common)
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felanthrøb'' is also common)
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative


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I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.
I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.


''II: Yn šanuj nyn tyȝtig ly všar že mytkøni lið yn øtisi møtyfacar ȝlėm všar; w' yn šanuj wygrė ðarkyn yn gau tygin ȝal žė øtisi ži vė møtyfacar ȝal.''
''II: Yn šanuj nyn tyȝtig ly všar že mytkøni lið yn øtisi møtyfacar ȝlėn všar; w' yn šanuj wygrė ðarkyn yn gau tygin ȝal žė øtisi ži vė møtyfacar ȝal.''


II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.
II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.
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''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''
''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali vor.''
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.''
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''
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