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User:IlL/Togarmite: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|creator = Praimhín
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = Irta
|setting = Irta
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*loss of grammatical gender
*loss of grammatical gender
*loss of the passive binyanim
*loss of the passive binyanim
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs (where they form the w-form); erosion of the prefix paradigm (used for the past tense, like the Hebrew waw-consecutive preterite) to the point where subject pronouns are required
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs
Line 34: Line 35:
* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
*Should be Iberian?
* Should be spoken in our Turkey?
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*Gzarot
*Gzarot
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*Declensions
*Declensions
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*A bit more arabic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Arabic direction
*A bit more Aramaic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Aramaic direction
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
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Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.
Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.


''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/
''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ æ e i o ø u (ə)/


''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/
''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/
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|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''frir'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
| ''frit'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
|}
|}


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==Verbs==
==Verbs==
*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
*Past = from the Semitic preterite
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
*Present = from the bare w-form
*Present = from the bare w-form
Line 695: Line 696:
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk še wažker''
| ''nėk wažker''
| ''at/et še wažker''
| ''at/et wažker''
| ''hu/hi še wažker''
| ''hu/hi wažker''
| ''nan še wažker''
| ''nan wažker''
| ''atøm šu wažker''
| ''atøm wažker''
| ''høm šu wažker''
| ''høm wažker''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė hažkur''
| ''nėk bė ažkur''
| ''at bė hažkur''
| ''at bė ažkur''
| ''hu bė hažkur''
| ''hu bė ažkur''
| ''nan bė hažkur''
| ''nan bė ažkur''
| ''atøm bė hažkur''
| ''atøm bė ažkur''
| ''høm bė hažkur''
| ''høm bė ažkur''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk ytlėmeð''
| ''nėk wytlymeð''
| ''at/et ytlėmeð''
| ''at/et wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi tlėmeð''
| ''hu/hi wytlymeð''
| ''nan tlėmeð''
| ''nan wytlymeð''
| ''atøm tlėmeð''
| ''atøm wytlymeð''
| ''høm tlėmeð''
| ''høm wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk še wytlymeð''
| ''nėk lu wytlymeð''
| ''at/et še wytlymeð''
| ''at/et lu wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi še wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi lu wytlymeð''
| ''nan še wytlymeð''
| ''nan lu wytlymeð''
| ''atøm šu wytlymeð''
| ''atøm lu wytlymeð''
| ''høm šu wytlymeð''
| ''høm lu wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6|''ytlymeð''
|colspan=6|''tlymeð''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
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|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wytlymėð''
|colspan=6| ''wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk ystytėȝem''
| ''nėk wystydȝem''
| ''at/et ystytėȝem''
| ''at/et wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi stytėȝem''
| ''hu/hi wystydȝem''
| ''nan stytėȝem''
| ''nan wystydȝem''
| ''atøm stytėȝem''
| ''atøm wystydȝem''
| ''høm stytėȝem''
| ''høm wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk še wystydȝem''
| ''nėk lu wystydȝem''
| ''at/et še wystydȝem''
| ''at/et lu wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi še wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi lu wystydȝem''
| ''nan še wystydȝem''
| ''nan lu wystydȝem''
| ''atøm šu wystydȝem''
| ''atøm lu wystydȝem''
| ''høm šu wystydȝem''
| ''høm lu wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
Line 1,031: Line 1,032:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ymydrasi''
| ''nėk ymyðrasi''
| ''at/et ymydrasi''
| ''at/et ymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi mydrasi''
| ''hu/hi myðrasi''
| ''nan mydrasi''
| ''nan myðrasi''
| ''atøm mydrasi''
| ''atøm myðrasi''
| ''høm mydrasi''
| ''høm myðrasi''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wymydrasi''
| ''fiti wymyðrasi''
| ''fit wymydrasi''
| ''fit wymyðrasi''
| ''fė wymydrasi''
| ''fė wymyðrasi''
| ''finė wymydrasi''
| ''finė wymyðrasi''
| ''fitøm wymydrasi''
| ''fitøm wymyðrasi''
| ''fu wymydrasi''
| ''fu wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk wymydrasi''
| ''nėk wymyðrasi''
| ''at/et wymydrasi''
| ''at/et wymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi wymydrasi''
| ''hu/hi wymyðrasi''
| ''nan wymydrasi''
| ''nan wymyðrasi''
| ''atøm wymydrasi''
| ''atøm wymyðrasi''
| ''høm wymydrasi''
| ''høm wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu wymydrasi''
| ''nėk lu wymyðrasi''
| ''at/et lu wymydrasi''
| ''at/et lu wymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi lu wymydrasi''
| ''hu/hi lu wymyðrasi''
| ''nan lu wymydrasi''
| ''nan lu wymyðrasi''
| ''atøm lu wymydrasi''
| ''atøm lu wymyðrasi''
| ''høm lu wymydrasi''
| ''høm lu wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ymydrasan''
| ''nėk ymyðrasan''
| ''at/et ymydrasan''
| ''at/et ymyðrasan''
| ''hu/hi mydrasan''
| ''hu/hi myðrasan''
| ''nan mydrasan''
| ''nan myðrasan''
| ''atøm mydrasun''
| ''atøm myðrasun''
| ''høm mydrasun''
| ''høm myðrasun''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė mydrasėt''
| ''nėk bė myðrasėt''
| ''at bė mydrasėt''
| ''at bė myðrasėt''
| ''hu bė mydrasėt''
| ''hu bė myðrasėt''
| ''nėbu mydrasėt''
| ''nėbu myðrasėt''
| ''atøm bė mydrasėt''
| ''atøm bė myðrasėt''
| ''høm bė mydrasėt''
| ''høm bė myðrasėt''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li mømydrasa''
| ''li mømyðrasa''
| ''lax/lex mømydrasa''
| ''lax/lex mømyðrasa''
| ''lau/la mømydrasa''
| ''lau/la mømyðrasa''
| ''lanė mømydrasa''
| ''lanė mømyðrasa''
| ''laxøm mømydrasa''
| ''laxøm mømyðrasa''
| ''laum mømydrasa''
| ''laum mømyðrasa''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''mydrasi!''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasi!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''mømydrasė''
|colspan=6| ''mømyðrasė''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''mydrasa''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasa''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wymydrasi''
|colspan=6| ''wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''mydrasėt''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasėt''
|}
|}


===''fe'' 'to be'===
===''re'' 'to see'===
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''fe'' 'to be'
|+ ''re'' 'to see, to look at'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,115: Line 1,115:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk fit''
| ''nėk ar''
| ''at fit''
| ''at ar''
| ''hu fė''
| ''hu jar''
| ''nan fu''
| ''nan ar''
| ''atøm fu''
| ''atøm ar''
| ''høm fu''
| ''høm ar''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit fė''
| ''nėk fit rė''
| ''at fit fė''
| ''at fit rė''
| ''hu fė fė''
| ''hu fė rė''
| ''nan fu fė''
| ''nan fu rė''
| ''atøm fu fė''
| ''atøm fu rė''
| ''høm fu fė''
| ''høm fu rė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''(nėk)''  
| ''nėk rė''  
| ''(at/et)''  
| ''at/et rė''  
| ''(hu/hi)''  
| ''hu/hi rė''  
| ''(nan)''
| ''nan rė''
| ''(atøm)''
| ''atøm rė''
| ''(høm)''
| ''høm rė''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu fė''
| ''nėk lu rė''
| ''at/et lu fė''
| ''at/et lu rė''
| ''hu/hi lu fė''
| ''hu/hi lu rė''
| ''nan lu fė''
| ''nan lu rė''
| ''atøm lu fė''
| ''atøm lu rė''
| ''høm lu fė''
| ''høm lu rė''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yfijan''
| ''nėk yrijan''
| ''at yfijan''
| ''at yrijan''
| ''hu fijan''
| ''hu rijan''
| ''nan fijan''
| ''nan rijan''
| ''atøm fijan''
| ''atøm rijan''
| ''høm fijan''
| ''høm rijan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė fėt''
| ''nėk bė rėt''
| ''at bė fėt''
| ''at bė rėt''
| ''hu bė fėt''
| ''hu bė rėt''
| ''nan bė fėt''
| ''nan bė rėt''
| ''atøm bė fėt''
| ''atøm bė rėt''
| ''høm bė fėt''
| ''høm bė rėt''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''fe!''
|colspan=6| ''re!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''hėwi''
|colspan=6| ''rėji''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj''
|colspan=6| ''ruj''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''fė''
|colspan=6| ''rė''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''fėt''
|colspan=6| ''rėt''
|}
|}
 
===''fe'' 'to be'===
===''kėl'' 'can'===
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''xėl'' 'can'
|+ ''fe'' 'to be'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,190: Line 1,190:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk yxel''
| ''nėk fit''
| ''at/et yxel''
| ''at fit''
| ''hu/hi xel''
| ''hu fė''
| ''nan xel''
| ''nan fu''
| ''atøm xel''
| ''atøm fu''
| ''høm xel''
| ''høm fu''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wėxel''
| ''nėk fit fė''
| ''at fit wėxel''
| ''at fit fė''
| ''hu fė wėxel''
| ''hu fė fė''
| ''nan fu wėxel''
| ''nan fu fė''
| ''atøm fu wėxel''
| ''atøm fu fė''
| ''høm fu wėxel''
| ''høm fu fė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk wėxel''
| ''(nėk)''  
| ''at wėxel''
| ''(at/et)''  
| ''hu wėxel''
| ''(hu/hi)''  
| ''nan wėxel''
| ''(nan)''
| ''atøm wėxel''
| ''(atøm)''
| ''høm wėxel''
| ''(høm)''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present progressive
| ''nėk yxelan''
| ''nėk lu fė''
| ''at/et yxelan''
| ''at/et lu fė''
| ''hu/hi xelan''
| ''hu/hi lu fė''
| ''nan xelan''
| ''nan lu fė''
| ''atøm xelan''
| ''atøm lu fė''
| ''høm xelan''
| ''høm lu fė''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yfijan''
| ''at yfijan''
| ''hu fijan''
| ''nan fijan''
| ''atøm fijan''
| ''høm fijan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė xėl''
| ''nėk bė fėt''
| ''at bė xėl''
| ''at bė fėt''
| ''hu bė xėl''
| ''hu bė fėt''
| ''nan bė xėl''
| ''nan bė fėt''
| ''atøm bė xėl''
| ''atøm bė fėt''
| ''høm bė xėl''
| ''høm bė fėt''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''fe!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''-''
|colspan=6| ''hėwi''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėxel''
|colspan=6| ''fuj''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wėxel''
|colspan=6| ''fė''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''xėl''
|colspan=6| ''fėt''
|}
|}


===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
===''kėl'' 'can'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'
|+ ''kėl'' 'can'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,253: Line 1,264:
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
|-
! past
! past; conditional
| ''nėk fit høbė''
| ''nėk ikel''
| ''at fit høbė''
| ''at/et ikel''
| ''hu fė høbė''
| ''hu/hi kel''
| ''nan fu høbu''
| ''nan kel''
| ''atøm fu høbu''
| ''atøm kel''
| ''høm fu høbu''
| ''høm kel''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wėkel''
| ''at fit wėkel''
| ''hu fė wėkel''
| ''nan fu wėkel''
| ''atøm fu wėkel''
| ''høm fu wėkel''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk høbė''
| ''nėk wėkel''
| ''at/et høbė''
| ''at wėkel''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''hu wėkel''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''nan wėkel''
| ''atøm høbu''
| ''atøm wėkel''
| ''høm høbu''
| ''høm wėkel''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ikelan''
| ''at/et ikelan''
| ''hu/hi kelan''
| ''nan kelan''
| ''atøm kelan''
| ''høm kelan''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė kėl''
| ''at bė kėl''
| ''hu bė kėl''
| ''nan bė kėl''
| ''atøm bė kėl''
| ''høm bė kėl''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wėkel''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''kėl''
|}
|}


===''ryžė'' 'to like'===
===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''ryžė'' 'to like'
|+ ''høva'' 'should; ought'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,281: Line 1,328:
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past
| ''nėk fit høvė''
| ''at fit høvė''
| ''hu fė høvė''
| ''nan fu høvu''
| ''atøm fu høvu''
| ''høm fu høvu''
|-
! present
| ''nėk høvė''
| ''at/et høvė''
| ''hu/hi høvė''
| ''nan høvu''
| ''atøm høvu''
| ''høm høvu''
|}
 
===''ryžė'' 'to like'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''ryžė'' 'to like'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk yrži''
| ''nėk yrži''
| ''at yrži''
| ''at yrži''
Line 1,383: Line 1,458:


=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive).
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''.


* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn γalt lež buj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
* ''Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
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** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
*''by'' (''b' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
*''vy'' (''v' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
** bi, bak, bek, bau, ba, banė, baxøm, baum
** vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum''
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum''
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
** ''3emi, 3emax, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum''
** ''3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum''
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''  
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''  
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm''
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm''
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*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this
**''Hu tyheb løva'' - He fell in love with her
**''Hu tyhev løva'' - He fell in love with her
*''ȝvar'' 'over'
*''ȝvar'' 'over'
*''tat'' 'under'
*''tat'' 'under'
*''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarþ-ah "earthward")
*''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward")
*''ðarkyn'' 'along'
*''ðarkyn'' 'along'
*''vlėš'' 'without'
*''vlėš'' 'without'
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*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''  
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''  
*''tyCCuC'', ''tyCCiC'', ''tyCCėC'' = action or process
*''tyCCuC'', ''tyCCiC'', ''tyCCėC'' = action or process
*''ryCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''tyCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
** ''katėv'' 'writer'
** ''katėv'' 'writer'
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felantrøb'' is also common)
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felanthrøb'' is also common)
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative


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*''En'' = Yes.  
*''En'' = Yes.  
*''Lė'' = No.
*''Lė'' = No.
==Sample texts==
=== Schleicher ===
''Yn kavš w' yn frasi''
''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.''
Old Tog.:
''An xabše wan φarasīn''
''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''
Hebrew:
{{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}}
{{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}}
===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul===
* ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!''
* ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! ''
===A biology abstract===
''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.''
We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.
===Newton's laws of motion===
''I: Ðvar wyšvat vy ðemi, o vy ȝytėg enomorf, lulė yðraȝ wybarkes ȝal že.''
I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.
''II: Yn šanuj nyn tyȝtig ly všar že mytkøni lið yn øtisi møtyfacar ȝlėm všar; w' yn šanuj wygrė ðarkyn yn gau tygin ȝal žė øtisi ži vė møtyfacar ȝal.''
II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.
''III: Iš ly køl barkis it tybarkis is w' andethed.''
III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
===O how quickly the sculpture of life===
<poem>
''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt''
''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali vor.''
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''
''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;''
''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.''
O how quickly the sculpture of life
Shattered into tiny fragments!
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who come hither stationed here,
By the grace of God ye are guests on earth.
All of us are judged according to our actions;
Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another.
</poem>
===Warming Up To You===
<poem>
'''Wetyhmem liðak'''
Kenak at vė mėt in klėt,
Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak,
Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut,
Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy;
Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt
Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr.
</poem>
===Stairway To Heaven===
<poem>
'''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit'''
Iš volt žė hi šur
Køl žė nėher že žahav
Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit
</poem>
===UDHR===
''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.''
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
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