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| : [[Corsican Arabic/Lexicon]]
| | {{List subpages}} |
| | | '''Qwbmwdqwg''' /ʔə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language. |
| {{Infobox language | |
| |creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]]
| |
| |nativename = əl-KoRSəKī́jə; táNGəTNaN
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| |image =
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| |setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
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| |name = Corsican Arabic
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| |pronunciation = ɜ̟lqʰɔɾˁsʌˈqʰɪːjɜ̟
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| |states = Corsica
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| |speakers = 330,000
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| |script = Latin
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| |date =
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| |familycolor=afroasiatic
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| |fam1=Afro-Asiatic
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| |fam2=Semitic
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| |fam3=Central Semitic
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| |fam4=Arabic
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| |fam5=Irta Maghrebi Arabic
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| }} | |
| | |
| '''Corsican Arabic''' is an Irish-influenced Arabic variety spoken in the [[Verse:Irta|Irta]] timeline's Corsica (natively ''əl-KóRSəKə'' [ɜ̟lˈqʰɔɾˁsʌqʰʌ]), an independent country where it's an official language alongside English. In Irta it's called Corsican (natively ''əl-KoRSəKī́jə'' [ɜ̟lqʰɔɾˁsʌˈqʰɪːjɜ̟] or ''ət-táNGə KoRSəKī́jə'' [ɜ̟t̪ˈt̪ʰæɴɢʌ qʰɔɾˁsʌˈqʰɪːjɜ̟]; ''táNGə'' is from Irish ''teanga''). It may also be called ''táNGəTNaN'' 'our language'. Its speakers are predominantly Catholic and usually also speak English and French. | |
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| Its premise is "Maltese but with Irish (and secondarily French and Irta Sardinian) instead of Italian", and it's the only Irtan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence ([[Crannish]] is more Azalic, and Irta Modern Hebrew was revived by Celtic speakers), and the only Irtan Semitic language written in a Latin orthography (which is different from the one used on this page)
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| == History ==
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| Corsica was ruled by Muslim Arabs (8th c. - 11th c.), then by the Irish (11th c. - 16th c.), then the French (16th c. - 19th c. Ireland ceded it to France when it was being threatened by Remonitionists and the Hivantish), then the Azalic English (19th c. - 20th c.). Corsica gained independence from the Azalic English in 1954.
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| The first text in Corsican Arabic is dated to 1515. Though it uses mainly native vocabulary, it has most of the syntactic features of modern Corsican Arabic.
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| Corsican Arabic evolved from Sardino-Arabic, a fictional vernacular Arabic variety similar to our Tunisian Arabic which had the following features:
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| * qāf and Tā' are unaspirated, sometimes voiced.
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| * Zā' and Dād are both [z{{phar}}~ð{{phar}}].
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| * has imāla after nonemphatics
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| ** new ā from 3ayn loss (same condition as Maltese stressed għa and agħ) causes old ā > ō after emphatics
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| ** The combination of imāla and Irish borrowing has resulted in two archiphonemes: Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á) (ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics after ayin loss)
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| *** Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
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| ** Ə - schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics
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| == Phonology == | | == Phonology == |
| === Consonants ===
| | * vowels: {{angbr|''w oo''}} /ə ã/ |
| Corsican Arabic has an almost complete set of emphatic-nonemphatic pairs, formed from both native emphatic consonants (Classical Arabic T D S Z q became D Z S Z G) and the contrast between broad (velarized) and slender (palatalized) consonants in borrowed Irish vocabulary. (Some of the labial pairs probably have low functional load, though.) Irish broad and slender consonants are borrowed as emphatic and nonemphatic consonants, respectively (unless possibly after a stressed syllable, where they're subject to emphasis/nonemphasis spreading). Clusters may not follow "broad with broad, slender with slender" in native words or with Irish words put into Arabic patterns. This article represents emphatic consonants with capitalized letters.
| | * consonants: {{angbr|''q m k''}} /ʔ m k~h/ |
| | | * tone letters are used at the end of syllables: {{angbr|''-b -0 -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l''}} /˥ ˧ ˩˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/ |
| (blue background and bold = regularly occurs in native words' underlying forms)
| | The -0 tone only occurs in function words and affixes. |
| {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |
| |-
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| |+Consonant phonemes in Corsican Arabic
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| !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
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| !colspan="2" | Labial
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| !colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
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| !rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
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| !colspan="2" | Dorsal
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| !rowspan="2" | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! <small>plain</small>
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| ! <small>uvularized</small>
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| ! <small>plain</small>
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| ! <small>velarized</small>
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| ! <small>prevelar</small>
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| ! <small>preuvular</small>
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| |-
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| !colspan="2"| Nasal
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''m''' m || M mˁ
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''n''' n̪ || N n̪ˁ
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| | [ŋ̟]
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| | [ɴ]
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2" | Stop
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| !<small>aspirated</small>
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| | p pʰ || P pˁʰ
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''t''' t̪ʰ || T t̪ˁʰ
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''k''' k̟ʰ
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| | K q̟ʰ
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| |-
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| !<small>unaspirated</small>
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''b''' b || B bˁ
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''d''' d̪
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''D''' d̪ˁ
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''g''' ɡ̟
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''G''' ɢ̟
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| |-
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| !rowspan="2"|Fricative
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| !<small>voiceless</small>
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''f''' φ || F ʍˁ
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''s''' s
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''S''' sˁ
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''š''' ʃ
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| | x x̟
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''X''' χ̟
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''h''' h
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''w''' β || W wˁ
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''z''' z
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''Z''' zˁ~ðˁ
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| | ž ʒ
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''j''' j
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''Γ''' ʁ̟
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| |-
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| !colspan=2| Trill
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| | r r
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''R''' rˁ
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| |-
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| !colspan=2| Lateral
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| |bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''l''' l || L l̪ˁ
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| |}
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| H [hˁ] is an allophone of /h/ or a marginal phoneme.
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| Emphatic consonants are realized as uvularized (for dorsal and labial emphatics) or velarized (for coronal emphatics, like Irish broad coronals). They're transcribed as pharyngealized for simplicity.
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| voicing distinction in stops is realized like in Irish; w = [β̞], [β] before vowels
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| t d T D n N L are dental
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| word-final nonemphatic consonants are slightly palatalized (relic of -i endings?): ''walid'' 'child' /βalid/ [βælid̪ʲ].
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| Emphatic aspirated stops are aspirated less strongly than non-emphatic aspirated stops; unaspirated emphatic stops are more fully voiced than unaspirated nonemphatic stops.
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| has a similar vowel inventory to Irish, with short /u/ (retained from Classical Arabic) realized as [y] after nonemphatic consonants and with more vowels from lost ayin
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| a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū ė əj əw aj aw ea oa ia ua
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| a is [æ] after nonemphatics, [ɑ] after emphatics
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| o is [o] after nonemphatics, [ɔ] after emphatics
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| i is [i] after nonemphatics, [ɪ] after emphatics
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| u is [ʏ] after nonemphatics, [ʊ] after emphatics
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| unstressed a is similar to stressed a; unstressed ə is [ʌ] after an emphatic and [ɜ̟] after a nonemphatic
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| Stress is no longer predictable
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| === Minimal pairs ===
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| * n vs. N: ''náhər'' 'river'; ''Náhər'' 'snake': ''Náhər mamū́l Mill-ilmḗ hu náhər'' 'A river is a snake made of water'
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| === Archiphonemes ===
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| * Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á): ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics and ā after pharyngeals
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| ** Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
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| * Ə: schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics in a final syllable
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|
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| == Morphology == | | == Morphology == |
| === Pronouns === | | Most Qwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT<sub>1</sub>mwT<sub>2</sub>kwT<sub>3</sub> verb stem: |
| * ínə, ínt(ə), hú(wə), hí(jə), nán(ə), íntum, húm(ə); impersonal mar, -mər (< mar2) | | * ''qw'''l'''mw'''b'''kw'''j''''' = to preside |
| * emphatic pronouns: Rūhi, Rūhak, ... | | * ''qw'''b'''mw'''d'''kw'''g''''' = to speak |
| | * ''qw'''x'''mw'''b'''kw'''b''''' = to hear |
| | * ''qw'''j'''mw'''g'''kw'''d''''' = to see |
| | * ''qw'''b'''mw'''x'''kw'''s''''' = to eat |
| | * ''qw'''z'''mw'''x'''kw'''v''''' = to drink |
|
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| | Some roots are bitonal: |
| | * ''qw'''x'''kw'''j''''' 'to stand' |
| | * ''qw'''s'''kw'''s''''' 'to go, to walk' |
| | * ''qw'''b'''kw'''x''''' 'to fly' |
| === Nouns === | | === Nouns === |
| sound plurals: m. -0 > -īn, f. -ə > -ḗh/ṓh/ijḗh;
| | The plural marker is ''-qoob'': ''mw'''b'''kw'''x''''' 'bird', ''mw'''b'''kw'''x'''qoob'' 'birds'. |
| | | ==== Patterns ==== |
| m. pl. const. -ė
| | (b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root) |
| | |
| f. sg. const. -ət/-t (''Gī́jə'' 'prayer' -> ''Gī́jət'' 'prayer of', ''Gī́jəti'' 'my prayer'); f. pl. const. -ēt/-ōt
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| emphasis spreading to the syllables after a posttonic emphatic
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| * Gī́jə 'prayer', Gī́jəti 'my prayer'; Gī́jətuh 'his prayer'
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| * táNGə 'language', táNGəTi 'my language'; táNGəTuh 'his language'; taNGijḗh 'languages'
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| * wáNəXT 'blessing; to bless', wəNṓWiX 'blessings'? (dəwáNi 'he blessed')
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| todo: broken plurals
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| article əl- (moon) or əC- (sun); sun letters D d Z z T t L l N n S s R r š
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| sg and sound pl fem possessives: -i -ək -uh -hə -nan -kum -hum
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| sound pl masc possessives: -éjjə -ė́k -ė́h -ė́hə -ė́nan -ė́kum -ė́hum
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| irish -ə nouns are borrowed as feminine -ə
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| head-marked (house.CONST DEF-king, house-3SG.M DEF-king) or double-marked possessives (house-SG.M DAT DEF-king)
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| === Adjectives === | |
| All non-nisba adjectives have the same declension: -0 -ə -īn -Ēh. Nisba adjectives decline as -i -ījə -īn -ijēh. Inanimate plurals are treated as sg fem
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| Predicative adjectives and adverbs formed from adjectives use kəl-(moon)/kəC-(sun) + masculine sg. form of the adjective.
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|
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| === Verbs === | | === Verbs === |
| 4 principal parts: past 3sg.m, imperative sg, passive participle, verbal noun
| | {| class="wikitable" |
| | | |+ ''qwlmwlkwd'' 'to sleep' |
| loan verbs use -əXəZ for VN from MidIr *-aghadh (~ Scottish Gaelic -achadh, Irish -ú)
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| passive binyanim are lost; maSdars serve the same grammatical roles as Irish verbnouns
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| Gzarot split based on emphatic/nonemphatic, then simplification
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| negative mə-š sticks to the first (focused) constituent; the unmarked construction is ''məDáDWi huš'' 'he did not admit' for pronoun subjects, but ''məDáDWiš šēMəS'' 'Séamus did not admit' for noun subjects.
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| Work out interactions between subject suffixes + object suffixes + subject pronoun clitics
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| ==== Inherited 3-consonant verbs ====
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| ==== 4-consonant roots ====
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| usually treated somewhat like loan verbs; they even take d- in the past tense
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |
| |+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''dətárgəm'' 'he translated' (Arabic ''tarjama'') | |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| |- | | |- |
| ! past; conditional | | ! Person !! Non-past !! Past/Stative |
| | ''dətərgámnə''
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| | ''dətərgámt, dətərgámint''
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| | ''dətárgəm hu''
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| | ''dətárgəmət hi''
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| | ''dətərgámnan''
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| | ''dətərgámtum, dətərgám(t)intum''
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| | ''dətárgəmu hum''
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| |- | | |- |
| ! future | | ! 1sg |
| | ''nətárgəminə'' | | || ''qoolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoox'' |
| | ''tətárgəmint'' | |
| | ''jətárgəm hu'' | |
| | ''tətárgəm hi''
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| | ''nətárgəmunan''
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| | ''tətárgmintum''
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| | ''jətárgmu hum'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! imperative | | ! 2sg |
| | ''-'' | | || ''koolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkwt'' |
| | ''tárgəm!'' | |
| | ''-'' | |
| | ''-''
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| | ''-''
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| | ''tárgəmu!''
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| | ''-'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! passive participle | | ! 3sg |
| |colspan=7| ''mittárgəm'' | | || ''moolmwlqwd'' || ''qwlkwlqood'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! verbal noun | | ! 1pl |
| |colspan=7| ''tárgəməXəZ''
| | || ''qoolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoov'' |
| |}
| |
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| ==== Irish ''-aigh'' verbs ====
| |
| Loan verb paradigm based on loaned Irish -aigh verbs (partly fitted to native 3-y verbs, hence the stress shifts and possibly vowel reduction and addition of the D-/d-/T-/t- to past forms from Irish do)
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| past tense forms are lenited as in Irish, and VN follows that (Irish feminine definite article lenition + analogy to past for d-/t-/s-)
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''DáDWi'' 'he admitted, confessed' (from ''d'admhaigh sé'')
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| |-
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| ! past; conditional
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| | ''DəDWájnə''
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| | ''DəDWájt, DəDWájnt''
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| | ''DáDWi hu''
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| | ''DáDWiT hi''
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| | ''DəDWájnan''
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| | ''DəDWájtum, DəDWájntum''
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| | ''DáDWu hum''
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| |-
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| ! future
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| | ''náDWiNə'' | |
| | ''táDWiNT'' | |
| | ''jáDWi hu'' | |
| | ''táDWi hi''
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| | ''náDWuNaN''
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| | ''táDWiNTuM''
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| | ''jáDWu hum''
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| |-
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| ! imperative
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| | ''-''
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| | ''áDWi!''
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| | ''-''
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| | ''-''
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| | ''-''
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| | ''áDWu!''
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| | ''-''
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| |-
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| ! passive participle
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| |colspan=7| ''mitáDWi''
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| |-
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| ! verbal noun
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| |colspan=7| ''áDWəXəZ'' (used in constructions such as ''inə f-áDWəXəZ'' 'I confess')
| |
| |}
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| | |
| ==== Newer loan verbs ====
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| Newer loan verbs use the same stress patterns and affixes as Irish ''-aigh'' loan verbs, but have a fixed stem (ignoring the D-/T- in the past tense)
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Newer loan verb conjugation: ''dəmaksimízi'' 'he maximized' (from French ''maximiser'')
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| |-
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| ! past; conditional
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| | ''dəmaksimizájnə''
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| | ''dəmaksimizájt, dəmaksimizájnt''
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| | ''dəmaksimízi hu''
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| | ''dəmaksimízit hi''
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| | ''dəmaksimizájnan''
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| | ''dəmaksimizájtum, dəmaksimizájntum''
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| | ''dəmaksimízu hum'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! future | | ! 2pl |
| | ''nəmaksimízinə'' | | || ''koolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkoov'' |
| | ''təmaksimízint'' | |
| | ''jəmaksimízi hu'' | |
| | ''təmaksimízi hi''
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| | ''nəmaksimízinan''
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| | ''təmaksimízintum''
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| | ''jəmaksimízu hum'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! imperative | | ! 3pl |
| | ''-'' | | || ''moolmwlqood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodmooj'' |
| | ''maksimízi!'' | |
| | ''-'' | |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
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| | ''maksimízu!''
| |
| | ''-'' | |
| |- | | |- |
| ! passive participle | | ! Participle |
| |colspan=7| ''maksimizė́'' | | |colspan=2| ''moolqwlqwd'' |
| |- | | |- |
| ! verbal noun | | ! Verbal noun |
| |colspan=7| ''maksimízəXəZ'' (used in constructions such as ''inə fi-maksimízəXəZ'' 'I maximize') | | |colspan=2| ''qwlmwlkwd'' |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
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| === Prepositions === | | ==== Patterns ==== |
| frė (< Irish fré) = against
| | (b-j-v 'to do' is used as the placeholder root) |
| : frė́jə, frėk, frėh, frė́hə, frė́nan, frė́kum, frė́hum (that -hə for 3fs really sounds Scottish Gaelic)
| |
|
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| ā́lə = on; alájjə, alájk, ...
| | Need nif3al and hif3il |
|
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| mijéjn 'about' (~ Scottish Gaelic mu dheidhinn): mijéjni, mijéjnək, mijéjnih, mijéjnhə, mijéjnnan, mijéjnkum, mijéjnhum
| | === Pronouns === |
| | | No subject pronouns |
| fi (< CA fī) is matched to faoi sometimes; 'in' often uses a different prep
| |
| | |
| === Numerals === | |
| wḗhəd, tnėn, tlḗtə, áRBa, hámsə, síttə, sába, tmḗnjə, dísa, ā́šRə
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|
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| áwwəl, tḗni, tḗlit, RṓBa, hā́mis, sḗtit, sḗba, tmḗni, dḗsa, ā́šir
| | Pronominal affixes: todo |
|
| |
|
| == Syntax == | | == Syntax == |
| Irish/Gàidhlig relex; VSO and verbnouns whose possessors are direct objects. Even more Irishy than Irta Modern Hebrew; grammar-wise it's the most Irishy Irtan Semlang, though it does not have mutations.
| | === Word order === |
| | | Stolen from Lushootseed: predicate-first clauses and determiner-based noun phrases |
| Less topic-prominent than Arabic so no "anā ismī"
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| Question particle ''əl'' (from ''hal'')
| | === Noun phrases === |
| | Noun phrases acting as constituents rather than as predicates need the determiner ''qw'': |
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| The vocative particle ''jə/j' '' is consistently used (like the Irish vocative): ''əl məRūhakš fi-targiməXəZHuM, jə šān?'' 'Aren't you the one translating them, Seán?'
| | : Compare: |
| | :''Qw'''d'''kw'''l'''qw'''b''' qw qw'''b'''mw'''d'''qw'''g'''.'' |
| | : Qwbmwdqwg is easy. |
| | :''Qw'''b'''mw'''d'''qw'''g''' kwt. Qoo Kwskwskwskws kwt.'' |
| | : This is Qwbmwdqwg. And this is Quququqquq. |
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| * is fear é Dónal = Rágil hu DóWNəL
| | === Emphasis === |
| * is é Dónal an Taoiseach olc = DóWNəL hu əT-TīšəX āR
| | The emphatic pronoun is ''koo'' in all persons and numbers. It serves the same role as Irish emphatic forms. |
| * tá Dónal mór = DóWNəL kəl-kəbīR; bhí Dónal ... = kēn DóWNəL..., beidh Dónal = jəkun DóWNəL...
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| * tá úll ann/agam = (form of kēn) tuffēh nēk/āndi (reverse of Arabic)
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| == Texts ==
| | * ''qoo'''s'''mw'''s''''' 'I go' |
| === The Lord's Prayer ===
| | * ''qoo'''s'''mw'''s''' koo'' / ''koo qoo'''s'''mw'''s''''' '<i>I</i> go' |
| called ''əl-Pádir'' or ''əl-misḗrnə''
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
| | [[Category:Angai]] |