Czecklish conjugation: Difference between revisions

==Preverb==

==Polypersonal Agreement==

==Thematic Circumfix==

==Verb Stem==

==Thematic Circumfix==

==Non-finite Verb Forms==

Czecklish uses five different, but closely related non-finite verb forms. These verbs, when inflected in a non-finite verb form, cannot serve as the root of an independent clause. Non-finite verbs cannot be inflected for TAM or Voice, but can be inflected for Volition, Mirativity and Evidentiality. Of all the non-finite verb forms used, the Gerundive and Supine are the only two that have very specific uses. While the Gerundive is used to indicate that a verb’s action is necessary, the Supine indicates that a verb’s action is purposeful. The Supine can be loosely translated into the English phrase “for the purpose of...” Gerunds have an additional function, besides naming the action of the verb. The Gerund also functions as a verbal noun in independent clauses. This has proven to be a very useful way of deriving nouns from verbs in Czecklish. The grammatical non-finite verb forms listed below are ordered in alphabetical order.<br />

'''Infinitive'''<br />

Expresses that the action of the verb is purposeful in its state. The Supine is used to describe the purpose or cause of the verb. It is equivalent to the English phrase “for the purpose of...”

*E.g. going to be beautiful<br />

==Tense==

==Valency==

Czecklish has a clear distinction of Valency and Voice. In Czecklish grammar, Voice is used to grammatically reduce the Valency of the verb; the Valency itself is the grammatical category that indicates how many arguments a verb can take. By default, a monovalent verb is unmarked, as it is obvious that there is only one argument and no others.<br />

'''Avalent'''<br />

Expresses that a verb has one subject and two objects, a direct one and an indirect one. A trivalent verb is ditransitive because it has three objects.

*E.g. I₁ buy flowers₂ for Sally₃<br />

==Volition==

Czecklish morphologically marks Volition. Volition is a concept that distinguishes whether the subject or agent of a particular sentence intended an action or not. Simply, it is the intentional or unintentional nature of an action. Volition concerns the idea of control and is considered the same as intention in linguistics.<br />

'''Volitional'''<br />

Expresses that an action was unintended to occur by an agent. The Nonvolitional indicates that the agent caused an action to occur due to accident.

*E.g. I broke the vase (on accident)<br />

==Mirativity==

Czecklish morphologically marks Mirativity. Mirativity is a grammatical category independent of Evidentiality, which indicates the speaker's surprise or the unpreparedness of their mind. Evidentiality is used separately to indicate the speaker’s evidence for a given statement. There are three degrees of Mirativity, as with Volition: a positive degree, a neutral degree, and a negative degree.<br />

'''Mirative'''<br />

Expresses that an action was expected by the subject. The Nonmirative is used to indicate indifference or preparedness of the speaker.

*E.g. She brought flowers (expectedly)<br />

==Evidentiality==

In Czecklish, Evidentiality is the indication of the nature of evidence for a given statement; that is, whether evidence exists for the statement and/or what kind of evidence exists. An evidential is the particular grammatical element (affix, clitic, or particle) that indicates evidentiality. Czecklish uses suffixes to indicate both Direct and Indirect Evidentiality. Indirect Evidentiality can be divided into four separate degrees of Evidentiality: First Reportative, Second Reportative, Inferential, and Assumed. The unmarked Evidential is the Direct Evidential, as most evidence is likely to have been witnessed firsthand.<br />

'''Direct Evidentiality'''<br />

Expresses that the action is assumed to occur by the speaker. The knowledge is assumed to have occurred, because it usually does under similar circumstances. There is a certain degree of confidence when the Assumptive is used. The Assumptive is equivalent to the English modal verb “must” in regards to usage.

*E.g. She must have bought flowers<br />

==Comparison==

Czecklish only has one degree of comparison, and as such does not make a distinction between -er and -est. In other words, the superlative form of a noun is indistinguishable from the comparative form in both meaning and affixation.<br />

'''Positive'''<br />