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: [[Corsican Arabic/Lexicon]]
'''Rwbmwdqwg''' /ɾə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language, conceived by [[User:IlL]].
 
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]]
|nativename = əL-KoRSəKī́jə; táNGəTNə
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Irta]]
|name = Corsican Arabic
|pronunciation = əl{{den}}ˠq̟ʰɔɾˁsˁʌˈq̟ʰɪːjə̟
|states = Corsica
|speakers = 330,000
|script = Latin
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Central Semitic
|fam4=Arabic
|fam5=Irta Maghrebi Arabic
}}
 
'''Corsican Arabic''' is an Irish-influenced historical Arabic variety spoken in the [[Verse:Irta|Irta]] timeline's Corsica (natively ''əL-KóRSəKə'' [ə̟l{{den}}{{vel}}ˈq̟ʰɔɾˁsˁʌq̟ʰʌ]), an independent country where it's an official language alongside English. In Irta it's called Corsican (natively ''əL-KoRSəKī́jə'' [əl{{den}}ˠq̟ʰɔɾˁsˁʌˈq̟ʰɪːjə̟] or ''ət-táNGə KoRSəKī́jə'' [ə̟t̪ˈt̪ʰæɴ̟ɢ̟ʌ q̟ʰɔɾˁsˁʌˈq̟ʰɪːjə̟]; ''táNGə'' is from Irish ''teanga''). It may also be called ''táNGəTNə'' 'our language'.  Its speakers are predominantly Catholic and almost always also speak English, and some also speak Modern Standard Latin or Irish.
 
Its premise is "Maltese but with Middle Irish and Classical Irish (and secondarily French, [[Hyperfrench|Nyvierfusiez]] and Irta Sardinian) instead of Italian", and it's the only Irtan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence ([[Knench]] is more Azalic-influenced, and Irta Modern Hebrew was revived by Celtic speakers), and the only Irtan Semitic language written in a Latin orthography (which is different from the one used on this page).
 
Some vowel initial masculine nouns in Irish are borrowed with t-/T-
== History ==
In Irta, Corsica was ruled by Muslim Arabs (8th c. - 11th c.), then by the Irish (11th c. - 17th c.), then the Azalic English (17th c. - 20th c.). Corsica gained independence from the Azalic English in 1940.
 
Corsica in Irta briefly occupied Cambodia and parts of Thailand as well as parts of North America (e.g. Kansas and Oklahoma)
 
The first surviving text in Corsican Arabic is dated to 1515. Though it uses mainly native vocabulary, it has most of the morphological and syntactic features of modern Corsican Arabic.
 
Corsican Arabic evolved from Sardino-Arabic, a fictional vernacular Arabic variety similar to our old Maghrebi Arabic which had the following features:
* ''qāf'' and ''ṭāʔ'' are unaspirated, sometimes voiced.
* ''ẓāʔ'' and ''ḍād'' are both [z{{phar}}~ð{{phar}}].
* has imāla after nonemphatics
** new ā from 3ayn loss (same condition as Maltese stressed għa and agħ) causes old ā > ō after emphatics
** The combination of imāla and Irish borrowing has resulted in two archiphonemes: Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á) (ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics after ayin loss)
*** Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
** Ə - schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics
 
Corsican Arabic during or immediately after the period of Irish rule was markedly more grammatically conservative and more Irish-like than modern Corsican Arabic. Today's Corsican Arabic shows more English grammatical influence; for example it mainly uses a genitive preposition for possessive constructions, whereas older texts prefer a head-marked construction which requires the possessum to be in the construct state or take a possessive suffix.
 
== Figures ==
* Peadar Budı-Digēgı (Bud-digēg) is an Irta Irish politician.
 
== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
* vowels: {{angbr|''w oo''}} /ə ã/
Corsican Arabic has an almost complete set of emphatic-nonemphatic pairs, formed from both native emphatic consonants (Classical Arabic T D S Z q became D Z S Z G) and the contrast between broad (velarized) and slender (palatalized) consonants in borrowed Irish vocabulary. (Some of the labial pairs probably have low functional load, though.) Irish broad and slender consonants are borrowed as emphatic and nonemphatic consonants, respectively (unless possibly after a stressed syllable, where they're subject to emphasis/nonemphasis spreading). Clusters may not follow "broad with broad, slender with slender" in native words or with Irish words put into Arabic patterns. This article represents emphatic consonants with capitalized letters.
* consonants: {{angbr|''q m k r''}} /ʔ m k ɾ/
 
* tones: {{angbr|''-b -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l''}} /˥ ˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/
(blue background and bold = regularly occurs in native words' underlying forms)
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+Consonant phonemes in Corsican Arabic
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
!colspan="2" | Dorsal
!rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>uvularized</small>
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>velarized</small>
! <small>prevelar</small>
! <small>preuvular</small>
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''m''' m || M mˁ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''n''' n̪ || N n̪ˠ
|
| [ŋ&#799;]
| [ɴ]
|
|-
!rowspan="2" | Stop
!<small>aspirated</small>
| p pʰ || P pˁʰ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''t''' t̪ʰ || T t̪ˠʰ
|
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''k''' k&#799;ʰ
| K q&#799;ʰ
|
|-
!<small>unaspirated</small>
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''b''' b || B bˁ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''d''' d̪
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''D''' d̪ˠ
|
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''g''' ɡ&#799;
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''G''' ɢ&#799;
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''f''' f || F ʍˁ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''s''' s{{den}}
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''S''' s{{den}}ˠ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''š''' ʃ
| x x&#799;
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''X''' χ&#799;
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''h''' h
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''w''' v~β&#798; || W wˁ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''z''' z{{den}} 
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''Z''' z{{den}}ˠ~ðˠ
| ž ʒ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''j''' j
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''Γ''' ʁ&#799;
|
|-
!colspan=2| Trill
| || 
| r r~ɾ~ɾʲ
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''R''' rˠ~ɹ
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| Lateral
| ||
|bgcolor="#cacaff"| '''l''' l || L l̪ˠ
| 
|
|
|
|}
 
/h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/.
 
Allophones or marginal phonemes include H [hˁ] and Š [ʂ{{vel}}]; this article won't reflect these.
 
Emphatic consonants are realized as uvularized (for dorsal and labial emphatics) or velarized (for coronal emphatics, like Irish broad coronals). They're transcribed as pharyngealized for simplicity.
 
"Voiceless" stops are consistently aspirated; voiced stops are usually weakly voiced (as in German and Irish) and are always devoiced after a voiceless or aspirated consonant. Voiced geminate stops are realized as voiceless unaspirated. Aspirated stops are glottally reinforced as in RP English.
 
w = [β&#798;], [v] before vowels
 
t d T D n N L s S are dental
 
Nonemphatic consonants (except /v h/) are slightly more palatalized in word final position or before /i i: j/ than in other conditions. /t d n l/ become laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ d̻ʲ n̻ʲ lʲ] when allophonically palatalized.
* ''wálid'' 'child' /'valid/ ['vælʲɪ̟dʲ]
* ''kibī́R'' 'big' /k&#799;ʰi'bi:rˁ/ [cʰɪ̟'bʲi:ɹʷˁ]
* ''gəbbḗR'' '(literary) great man (Korean 대장부)' /g&#799;əbbe:rˁ/ [g̟ə̟p:e:ɹʷˁ] (no palatalization)
 
/rˁ/ may be realized as [ɾˁ] or [ɹʷˁ], the latter sounding a lot like a General American English r: ''aSXūR'' [æɑ̯s{{vel}}ˈχʊːɹʷˁ] 'bird'.
 
=== Vowels ===
has a similar vowel inventory to Irish, with short /u/ (retained from Classical Arabic) realized as [y] after nonemphatic consonants and with more vowels from lost ayin
 
a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū əj əw aj aw ea oa ia ua
 
a is [æ] after nonemphatics, [ɑ] after emphatics
 
o is [o] after nonemphatics, [ɔ] after emphatics
 
i is [ɪ{{adv}}] after nonemphatics, [ɪ̈] after emphatics
 
u is [ÿ] after nonemphatics, [ʊ] after emphatics
 
/əj əw/ is [ɛj ɛw] after nonemphatics, [ɔj ɔw] after emphatics
 
ea oa ia ua [eɐ oɐ iɐ uɐ] result from CA i u ī ū + pharyngeal consonant; some ia ua also come from Old Irish ía úa
 
unstressed a is similar to stressed a; unstressed ə is [ʌ] after an emphatic and [ə&#799;] after a nonemphatic
 
Stress is no longer predictable
 
=== Minimal pairs ===
* ləwn 'color'; LəWN 'lunch'
* r vs R: final CA r becomes R in verbs and r in nouns and adjectives (because of genitive -i)
 
=== Archiphonemes ===
* Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á): ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics and ā after pharyngeals
** Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
* Ə: schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics in a final syllable
 
=== Emphasis spreading ===
Occurs for affixes that are not marked for emphasis (from originally nonemphatic consonants). A stressed onset being emphatic will result in the corresponding prefixes being emphatic and a stressed coda being emphatic will result in suffixes being emphatic.
 
(The VN suffix ''-əXəZ'' is an exception since it ''is'' marked for emphasis)


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
=== Pronouns ===
Most Rwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT<sub>1</sub>mwT<sub>2</sub>kwT<sub>3</sub> verb stem:
* ēn(ə), ínt(i), hú(wə), hí(jə), áhn(ə), íntum, húm(ə); impersonal mir (< mar2 'person')
* ''qw'''l'''mw'''b'''kw'''j''''' = to preside
** In subject position, ''mir'' is often used as 1pl (cf. spoken Finnish)
* ''qw'''b'''mw'''d'''kw'''g''''' = to speak
* emphatic pronouns: Rúahi, Rúahək, ...
* ''qw'''x'''mw'''b'''kw'''b''''' = to hear
* object pronouns: ī́jə, īk, ī́juh, ī́hə, ī́nə, ī́kum, ī́hum (from 2iyyā-, cognate to Hebrew et < *2iyyōt < *2iyy-āt-)
* ''qw'''t'''mw'''g'''kw'''d''''' = to see
** object pronouns go to the end of a transitive clause
* ''qw'''b'''mw'''x'''kw'''s''''' = to eat
** ''ritkállim mir gil əS-Sīn ī́hə'' = it (f.) was spoken in China / one spoke it in China
* ''qw'''z'''mw'''x'''kw'''v''''' = to drink


Only a few roots are bitonal, such as ''qwxkwj'' 'to be' and ''qwskws'' 'to go'.
=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
sound plurals: m. -0 > -ī́n, f. -ə > -ḗh/ṓh/ijḗh;
The plural marker is ''-qoob'': ''pwbkwx'' 'bird', ''pwbkwxqoob'' 'birds'.
 
m. pl. const. -əj
 
f. sg. const. -it/-t (''Gī́jə'' 'prayer' -> ''Gī́jit'' 'prayer of', ''Gī́jiti'' 'my prayer'); f. pl. const. -ḗt/-ṓt/-ijḗt
 
nisba nouns: -i -ī́n, f. -ījə -ijḗh
 
emphasis spreading to the syllables after a posttonic emphatic
* Gī́jə 'prayer', Gī́jiti 'my prayer'; Gī́jituh 'his prayer'
* táNGə 'language', táNGəTi 'my language'; táNGəTuh 'his language'; taNGijḗh 'languages'
* wáNəXT (f.) 'blessing', wáNəXTi 'my blessing', etc.; wəNəXTijḗh 'blessings'
 
todo: broken plurals
 
article əC- before sun letters (''KóNSin šemšī́jə''); sun letters D d Z z T t L l N n S s R r š ž
 
Before moon letters (''KóNSin GaMRī́jə''), the article is əL- before emphatic consonants and əl- before nonemphatic ones (including š, ž, h null).
 
before vowels l-
 
sg and sound pl fem possessives: -i -ik -uh -hə -nə -kum -hum
 
sound pl masc possessives: -éjjə -ḗk -ḗh -ḗhə -ḗnə -ḗkum -ḗhum
 
irish -ə nouns are borrowed as feminine -ə, unless they are animate masculines
 
head-marked (house.CONST DEF-king, house-3SG.M DEF-king) or double-marked possessives (house-SG.M DAT DEF-king)
 
=== Adjectives ===
Adjectives became a separate morphological part of speech from nouns under Irish influence.
 
Most non-nisba adjectives have the same declension: m. sg. -0, f. sg. -ə, pl. -ə. Nisba adjectives decline as -i -ī́jə -ī́jə. (The plural -ə comes from broken plurals taking feminine singular agreement, and spread to all plural adjectives under the influence of Irish plural -a/-e for adjectives.)
 
Color adjectives follow a different declension: áhmir 'red' has f.sg. and pl. hámrə.
 
Predicative adjectives and adverbs formed from adjectives use kəl-(moon)/kəC-(sun) + masculine sg. form of the adjective.
 
=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
4 principal parts: past 3sg.m, imperative sg, passive participle, verbal noun
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+ Infinitive: ''qwlmwlrwd'' 'to sleep'
loan verbs use -əXəZ for VN from MidIr *-aghadh (~ Scottish Gaelic -achadh, Irish -ú)
 
passive binyanim are lost; maSdars serve the same grammatical roles as Irish verbnouns
 
Gzarot split based on emphatic/nonemphatic, then simplification
 
negative mə-š sticks to the first (focused) constituent; the unmarked construction is ''MəRáDWi huš'' 'he did not admit' for pronoun subjects, but ''MəRáDWiš šēMəS'' 'Séamus did not admit' for noun subjects.
 
Work out interactions between subject suffixes + object suffixes + subject pronoun clitics
 
Stems whose past and imperative stems fall together get the  preverb rə-/Rə- (from Middle Irish ro, from the Old Irish perfect preverb) in the past tense, də-/Də- if the first consonant in the stem is R/r. Some conservative dialects only use rə-/də- in the past tense (in verbs that use them) when in the affirmative, not in interrogatives or negatives (cf. Irish lenition/d'- and Welsh ''mi''):
 
: ''– əl Gáddis KáLəM əlláwm? – RəGáddis.'' (Standard ''əR RəGáddis'')
: – Did Calum attend Mass today? – He did.
 
kətábtēn/kətábbint came from kətábt ēnə/int
 
The prohibitive is formed by using ''lē'' + imperative.
==== Inherited 3-consonant verbs ====
===== Stem I (katib) =====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation: ''katib'' 'he wrote' (Arabic ''kataba'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''kətábtēn''
| ''kətábbint''
| ''kátib hu''
| ''kátbit hi''
| ''kətábnə''
| ''kətábtum, kətábbintum''
| ''kátbu hum''
|-
! future
| ''náktib''
| ''táktib''
| ''jáktib hu''
| ''táktib hi''
| ''náktibu''
| ''táktibu''
| ''jáktbu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''uktib!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''uktəbu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''məktūb''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''kitb''
|}
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation: ''šaRəB'' 'he drank' (Arabic ''šaraba'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''šəRáBTēN''
| ''šəRáBBiNT''
| ''šáRəB hu''
| ''šáRBəT hi''
| ''šəRáBNə''
| ''šəRáBTuM, šəRáBBiNTuM''
| ''šáRəBu hum''
|-
! future
| ''nášRəB''
| ''tášRəB''
| ''jášRəB hu''
| ''tášRəB hi''
| ''nášRəBu''
| ''tášRəBu''
| ''jášRəBu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''ušRəB!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ušRəBu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''məšRūB''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''šuRB''
|}
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation, III-y: ''banə'' 'he built' (Arabic ''banā'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''bənájtēn''
| ''bənájtint''
| ''bánə hu''
| ''bánit hi''
| ''bənájnə''
| ''bənájtum, bənájtintum''
| ''bánəw hum''
|-
! future
| ''nábni''
| ''tábni''
| ''jábni hu''
| ''tábni hi''
| ''nábnu ''
| ''tábnu ''
| ''jábnu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''úbni!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''úbnu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''məbnī́''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''bínjə''
|}
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation, II-w: ''mēt'' 'he died' (Arabic ''māta'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''muttēn''
| ''muttint''
| ''mēt hu''
| ''mḗtit hi''
| ''mútnə''
| ''múttum, múttintum''
| ''mḗtu hum''
|-
! future
| ''nəmū́t''
| ''təmū́t''
| ''jəmū́t hu''
| ''təmū́t hi''
| ''nəmū́tu ''
| ''təmū́tu ''
| ''jəmū́tu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''mut!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''mū́tu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''məmū́t''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''məwt''
|}
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem I verb conjugation, II-y: ''Xōn'' (or ''Xēn'') 'he cheated, betrayed' (Arabic ''xāna'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! Person !! Non-past !! Past
| ''Xíntēn''
| ''Xinnint''
| ''Xōn hu''
| ''Xṓnit hi''
| ''Xínnə''
| ''Xíntum, Xínnintum''
| ''Xṓnu hum''
|-
|-
! future
! 1sg
| ''NəXī́n''
|| ''qoolmwlrwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoox''
| ''TəXī́n''
| ''jəXī́n hu''
| ''TəXī́n hi''
| ''NəXī́nu ''
| ''TəXī́nu ''
| ''jəXī́nu hum''
|-
|-
! imperative
! 2sg
| ''-''
|| ''koolmwlrwd'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkwt''
| ''Xin!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''Xī́nu!''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! 3sg
|colspan=7| ''MəXū́n''
|| ''roolmwlrwd'' || ''qwlkwlqood''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! 1pl
|colspan=7| ''Xəjn''
|| ''qoolmwlrood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodqoov''
|}
 
===== Stem II (rəkattib) =====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Stem II verb conjugation: ''RəGaddis'' 'he sanctified; he attended Mass' (Arabic ''qaddasa'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! 2pl
| ''RəGəddástēn''
|| ''koolmwlrood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodkoov''
| ''RəGəddássint''
| ''RəGáddis hu''
| ''RəGáddəsit hi''
| ''RəGəddásnə''
| ''RəGəddástum, RəGəddássintum''
| ''RəGáddəsu hum''
|-
|-
! future
! 3pl
| ''NəGáddəs''
|| ''roolmwlrood'' || ''qwlkwlqoodmooj''
| ''TəGáddəs''
| ''jəGáddis hu''
| ''TəGáddis hi''
| ''NəGáddəsu''
| ''TəGáddəsu''
| ''jəGáddəsu hum''
|-
|-
! imperative
! Participle
| ''-''
|colspan=2| ''moolmwlrwd''
| ''Gáddis!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''Gáddəsu!''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! Infinitive
|colspan=7| ''MəGáddəs''
|colspan=2| ''qwlmwlrwd''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''TəGDī́s''
|}
|}
 
[[Category:Conlangs]]
===== Stem III (rəkētib) =====
===== Stem IV (Raktib) =====
 
===== Stem V (ritkattib) =====
===== Stem VI (ritkētib) =====
===== Stem VII (rintaktib) =====
 
===== Stem X (riktatib) =====
===== Stem X (ristaktib) =====
 
==== 4-consonant roots ====
usually treated somewhat like loan verbs; they even take r- in the past tense
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ rəCaCCƏC verb conjugation: ''rətárgim'' 'he translated, interpreted' (Arabic ''tarjama'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''rətərgámtēn''
| ''rətərgámmint''
| ''rətárgim hu''
| ''rətárgəmit hi''
| ''rətərgámnə''
| ''rətərgámtum, rətərgámmintum''
| ''rətárgəmu hum''
|-
! future
| ''nətárgəm''
| ''tətárgəm''
| ''jətárgim hu''
| ''tətárgim hi''
| ''nətárgəmu''
| ''tətárgəmu''
| ''jətárgəmu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''tárgim!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''tárgəmu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''mittárgim''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''tárgəməXəZ''
|}
 
==== Irish ''-aigh'' verbs ====
Loan verb paradigm based on loaned Irish -aigh verbs (partly fitted to native 3-y verbs, hence the stress shifts and possibly vowel reduction and addition of the R- to past forms from Irish ro and d-/D- if the 1st consonant in the stem is a r/R)
 
past tense forms are lenited as in Irish, and VN follows that (Irish feminine definite article lenition + analogy to past for d-/t-/s-)
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Irish loan verb conjugation: ''RáDWi'' 'he admitted, confessed' (from ''*ro admhaigh sé'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''RəDWájtēn''
| ''RəDWájt, RəDWájtint''
| ''RáDWi hu''
| ''RáDWiT hi''
| ''RəDWájnə''
| ''RəDWájtum, RəDWájtintum''
| ''RáDWəW hum''
|-
! future
| ''náDWi''
| ''táDWi''
| ''jáDWi hu''
| ''táDWi hi''
| ''náDWu''
| ''táDWu''
| ''jáDWu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''áDWi!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''áDWu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''áDWihə''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''áDWəXəZ'' (used in constructions such as ''inə f-áDWəXəZ'' 'I confess')
|}
 
==== Newer loan verbs ====
Newer loan verbs use the same stress patterns and affixes as Irish ''-aigh'' loan verbs, but have a fixed stem. Past participles use ''-ḗ'' from French ''-é''.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Newer loan verb conjugation: ''rəmaksimízi'' 'he maximized' (from French ''maximiser'')
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''rəmaksimizájtēn''
| ''rəmaksimizájt, rəmaksimizájtint''
| ''rəmaksimízi hu''
| ''rəmaksimízit hi''
| ''rəmaksimizájnə''
| ''rəmaksimizájtum, rəmaksimizájtintum''
| ''rəmaksimízəw hum''
|-
! future
| ''nəmaksimízi''
| ''təmaksimízi''
| ''jəmaksimízi hu''
| ''təmaksimízi hi''
| ''nəmaksimízu''
| ''təmaksimízu''
| ''jəmaksimízu hum''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''maksimízi!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''maksimízu!''
| ''-''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=7| ''maksimizḗ''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=7| ''maksimízəXəZ'' (used in constructions such as ''inə fi-maksimízəXəZ'' 'I maximize')
|}
 
=== Prepositions ===
frē (< Irish fré) = against
: frəjjə, frēk, frēh, frḗhə, frḗnə, frḗkum, frḗhum (that -hə for 3fs really sounds Scottish Gaelic)
 
ā́lə = on; alájjə, alájk, ...
 
mijéjn 'about' (~ Scottish Gaelic mu dheidhinn): mijéjni, mijéjnək, mijéjnuh, mijéjnhə, mijéjnnə, mijéjnkum, mijéjnhum
 
fi (< CA fī) is matched to faoi sometimes; 'in' often uses a different prep ''gil'' (from ''majāl'' 'domain')
 
=== Numerals ===
wḗhad, tnēn, tlḗtə, áRBa, hámsə, síttə, sába, tmḗnjə, dísa, ā́šRə [ˈveːhædʲ, ˈt{{den}}ʰn̪eːnʲ, ˈt{{den}}ʰl{{den}}eːʔtʰə{{adv}}, ˈæɑ̯ɹʷˁbˁɑ, ˈhæmsə{{adv}}, ˈsʲɪ{{adv}}ʔːt{{den}}ʰə{{adv}}, ˈsæbæ, ˈt{{den}}ʰmeːnʲjə{{adv}}, ˈdʲɪ{{adv}}sæ, ˈæːʃɹˁʌ]
 
áwwil, tḗni, tḗlit, RṓBa, hā́mis, sḗtit, sḗba, tmḗni, dḗsa, ā́šiR [ˈævːɪ{{adv}}lʲ, ˈtʰeːnʲɪ{{adv}}, ˈtʰeːlʲɪ{{adv}}ʔtʰʲ, ˈɹʷˁɔːbˁɑ, ˈhæːmʲɪ{{adv}}sʲ, ˈseːʔtʰʲɪ{{adv}}ʔtʰʲ, ˈseːbæ, ˈtʰmeːnʲɪ{{adv}}, ˈd{{den}}eːsæ, ˈæːɕɪ{{adv}}əɹʷˁ]
 
Ordinals come before nouns, as in Irish: ət-tḗlit bēb = the third door
 
== Syntax ==
Irish/Gàidhlig relex; VSO and verbnouns whose possessors are direct objects. Even more Irishy than Irta Modern Hebrew; grammar-wise it's the most Irishy Irtan Semlang, though it does not have mutations.
 
Less topic-prominent than Arabic so no "anā ismī"
 
Question particle ''əl'' (from ''hal''), assimilates to ''əL/ər/əR'' before L/r/R
 
The vocative particle ''jə/j' '' is consistently used (like the Irish vocative): ''əl məRūhakš fi-targiməXəZHuM, jə šān?'' 'Aren't you the one translating them, Seán?'
 
* is fear é Dónal = Rágil hu DóWNəL
* is é Dónal an Taoiseach olc = DóWNəL hu əT-TīšəX āR
* tá Dónal mór = DóWNəL kəl-kibīR; bhí Dónal ... = kēn DóWNəL..., beidh Dónal = jəkin DóWNəL...
* tá úll ann/agam = (form of kēn) tuffēh nēk/āndi (reverse of Arabic)
* Stative verbs: tá mé i mo chodladh = ēn fi-RGōdi
 
== Texts ==
=== The Lord's Prayer ===
called ''əL-Pádir'' or ''əl-misḗrnə''
 
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 16:41, 2 March 2024

Rwbmwdqwg /ɾə˥mə˨˩˨ʔə˧˩̤/ is a tritonal root language, conceived by User:IlL.

Phonology

  • vowels: ⟨w oo⟩ /ə ã/
  • consonants: ⟨q m k r⟩ /ʔ m k ɾ/
  • tones: ⟨-b -x -s -t -j -v -g -d -z -l⟩ /˥ ˧ ˩ ˨˩ˀ ˥˧ ˨˦ ˧˩̤ ˨˩˨ ˧˦˧ ˧˩/

Morphology

Most Rwbmwdqwg roots are tritonal. Some roots in the qwT1mwT2kwT3 verb stem:

  • qwlmwbkwj = to preside
  • qwbmwdkwg = to speak
  • qwxmwbkwb = to hear
  • qwtmwgkwd = to see
  • qwbmwxkws = to eat
  • qwzmwxkwv = to drink

Only a few roots are bitonal, such as qwxkwj 'to be' and qwskws 'to go'.

Nouns

The plural marker is -qoob: pwbkwx 'bird', pwbkwxqoob 'birds'.

Verbs

Infinitive: qwlmwlrwd 'to sleep'
Person Non-past Past
1sg qoolmwlrwd qwlkwlqoodqoox
2sg koolmwlrwd qwlkwlqoodkwt
3sg roolmwlrwd qwlkwlqood
1pl qoolmwlrood qwlkwlqoodqoov
2pl koolmwlrood qwlkwlqoodkoov
3pl roolmwlrood qwlkwlqoodmooj
Participle moolmwlrwd
Infinitive qwlmwlrwd
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