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User:IlL/Togarmite: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|creator = Praimhín
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = Irta
|setting = Irta
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|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''frir'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
| ''frit'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
|}
|}


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==Verbs==
==Verbs==
*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
*Past = from the Semitic preterite
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
*Present = from the bare w-form
*Present = from the bare w-form
Line 695: Line 696:
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk še wažker''
| ''nėk wažker''
| ''at/et še wažker''
| ''at/et wažker''
| ''hu/hi še wažker''
| ''hu/hi wažker''
| ''nan še wažker''
| ''nan wažker''
| ''atøm šu wažker''
| ''atøm wažker''
| ''høm šu wažker''
| ''høm wažker''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
Line 711: Line 712:
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė hažkur''
| ''nėk bė ažkur''
| ''at bė hažkur''
| ''at bė ažkur''
| ''hu bė hažkur''
| ''hu bė ažkur''
| ''nan bė hažkur''
| ''nan bė ažkur''
| ''atøm bė hažkur''
| ''atøm bė ažkur''
| ''høm bė hažkur''
| ''høm bė ažkur''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
Line 780: Line 781:
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk ytlėmeð''
| ''nėk wytlymeð''
| ''at/et ytlėmeð''
| ''at/et wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi tlėmeð''
| ''hu/hi wytlymeð''
| ''nan tlėmeð''
| ''nan wytlymeð''
| ''atøm tlėmeð''
| ''atøm wytlymeð''
| ''høm tlėmeð''
| ''høm wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk še wytlymeð''
| ''nėk lu wytlymeð''
| ''at/et še wytlymeð''
| ''at/et lu wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi še wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi lu wytlymeð''
| ''nan še wytlymeð''
| ''nan lu wytlymeð''
| ''atøm šu wytlymeð''
| ''atøm lu wytlymeð''
| ''høm šu wytlymeð''
| ''høm lu wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
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|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6|''ytlymeð''
|colspan=6|''tlymeð''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
Line 829: Line 830:
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wytlymėð''
|colspan=6| ''wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
Line 946: Line 947:
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk ystytėȝem''
| ''nėk wystydȝem''
| ''at/et ystytėȝem''
| ''at/et wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi stytėȝem''
| ''hu/hi wystydȝem''
| ''nan stytėȝem''
| ''nan wystydȝem''
| ''atøm stytėȝem''
| ''atøm wystydȝem''
| ''høm stytėȝem''
| ''høm wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk še wystydȝem''
| ''nėk lu wystydȝem''
| ''at/et še wystydȝem''
| ''at/et lu wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi še wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi lu wystydȝem''
| ''nan še wystydȝem''
| ''nan lu wystydȝem''
| ''atøm šu wystydȝem''
| ''atøm lu wystydȝem''
| ''høm šu wystydȝem''
| ''høm lu wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
Line 1,102: Line 1,103:
|}
|}


===''fe'' 'to be'===
===''re'' 'to see'===
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''fe'' 'to be'
|+ ''re'' 'to see, to look at'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,115: Line 1,115:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk fit''
| ''nėk ar''
| ''at fit''
| ''at ar''
| ''hu fė''
| ''hu jar''
| ''nan fu''
| ''nan ar''
| ''atøm fu''
| ''atøm ar''
| ''høm fu''
| ''høm ar''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit fė''
| ''nėk fit rė''
| ''at fit fė''
| ''at fit rė''
| ''hu fė fė''
| ''hu fė rė''
| ''nan fu fė''
| ''nan fu rė''
| ''atøm fu fė''
| ''atøm fu rė''
| ''høm fu fė''
| ''høm fu rė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''(nėk)''  
| ''nėk rė''  
| ''(at/et)''  
| ''at/et rė''  
| ''(hu/hi)''  
| ''hu/hi rė''  
| ''(nan)''
| ''nan rė''
| ''(atøm)''
| ''atøm rė''
| ''(høm)''
| ''høm rė''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu fė''
| ''nėk lu rė''
| ''at/et lu fė''
| ''at/et lu rė''
| ''hu/hi lu fė''
| ''hu/hi lu rė''
| ''nan lu fė''
| ''nan lu rė''
| ''atøm lu fė''
| ''atøm lu rė''
| ''høm lu fė''
| ''høm lu rė''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yfijan''
| ''nėk yrijan''
| ''at yfijan''
| ''at yrijan''
| ''hu fijan''
| ''hu rijan''
| ''nan fijan''
| ''nan rijan''
| ''atøm fijan''
| ''atøm rijan''
| ''høm fijan''
| ''høm rijan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė fėt''
| ''nėk bė rėt''
| ''at bė fėt''
| ''at bė rėt''
| ''hu bė fėt''
| ''hu bė rėt''
| ''nan bė fėt''
| ''nan bė rėt''
| ''atøm bė fėt''
| ''atøm bė rėt''
| ''høm bė fėt''
| ''høm bė rėt''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''fe!''
|colspan=6| ''re!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''hėwi''
|colspan=6| ''rėji''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj''
|colspan=6| ''ruj''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''fė''
|colspan=6| ''rė''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''fėt''
|colspan=6| ''rėt''
|}
|}
 
===''fe'' 'to be'===
===''kėl'' 'can'===
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''kėl'' 'can'
|+ ''fe'' 'to be'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,190: Line 1,190:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk ikel''
| ''nėk fit''
| ''at/et ikel''
| ''at fit''
| ''hu/hi kel''
| ''hu fė''
| ''nan kel''
| ''nan fu''
| ''atøm kel''
| ''atøm fu''
| ''høm kel''
| ''høm fu''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wėkel''
| ''nėk fit fė''
| ''at fit wėkel''
| ''at fit fė''
| ''hu fė wėkel''
| ''hu fė fė''
| ''nan fu wėkel''
| ''nan fu fė''
| ''atøm fu wėkel''
| ''atøm fu fė''
| ''høm fu wėkel''
| ''høm fu fė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk wėkel''
| ''(nėk)''  
| ''at wėkel''
| ''(at/et)''  
| ''hu wėkel''
| ''(hu/hi)''  
| ''nan wėkel''
| ''(nan)''
| ''atøm wėkel''
| ''(atøm)''
| ''høm wėkel''
| ''(høm)''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėk lu fė''
| ''at/et lu fė''
| ''hu/hi lu fė''
| ''nan lu fė''
| ''atøm lu fė''
| ''høm lu fė''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk ikelan''
| ''nėk yfijan''
| ''at/et ikelan''
| ''at yfijan''
| ''hu/hi kelan''
| ''hu fijan''
| ''nan kelan''
| ''nan fijan''
| ''atøm kelan''
| ''atøm fijan''
| ''høm kelan''
| ''høm fijan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė kėl''
| ''nėk bė fėt''
| ''at bė kėl''
| ''at bė fėt''
| ''hu bė kėl''
| ''hu bė fėt''
| ''nan bė kėl''
| ''nan bė fėt''
| ''atøm bė kėl''
| ''atøm bė fėt''
| ''høm bė kėl''
| ''høm bė fėt''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''fe!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''-''
|colspan=6| ''hėwi''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel''
|colspan=6| ''fuj''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wėkel''
|colspan=6| ''fė''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''kėl''
|colspan=6| ''fėt''
|}
|}


===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
===''kėl'' 'can'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'
|+ ''kėl'' 'can'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,253: Line 1,264:
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
|-
! past
! past; conditional
| ''nėk fit høbė''
| ''nėk ikel''
| ''at fit høbė''
| ''at/et ikel''
| ''hu fė høbė''
| ''hu/hi kel''
| ''nan fu høbu''
| ''nan kel''
| ''atøm fu høbu''
| ''atøm kel''
| ''høm fu høbu''
| ''høm kel''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wėkel''
| ''at fit wėkel''
| ''hu fė wėkel''
| ''nan fu wėkel''
| ''atøm fu wėkel''
| ''høm fu wėkel''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk høbė''
| ''nėk wėkel''
| ''at/et høbė''
| ''at wėkel''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''hu wėkel''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''nan wėkel''
| ''atøm høbu''
| ''atøm wėkel''
| ''høm høbu''
| ''høm wėkel''
|}
 
===''ryžė'' 'to like'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''ryžė'' 'to like'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yrži''
| ''nėk ikelan''
| ''at yrži''
| ''at/et ikelan''
| ''hu yrži''
| ''hu/hi kelan''
| ''nan yržu''
| ''nan kelan''
| ''atøm yržu''
| ''atøm kelan''
| ''høm yržu''
| ''høm kelan''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! future
| ''nėk fit wyrži''
| ''nėk bė kėl''
| ''at fit wyrži''
| ''at bė kėl''
| ''hu fė wyrži''
| ''hu bė kėl''
| ''nan fu wyrži''
| ''nan bė kėl''
| ''atøm fu wyrži''
| ''atøm bė kėl''
| ''høm fu wyrži''
| ''høm bė kėl''
|-
|-
! present
! active participle
| ''nėk ryžė''
|colspan=6| ''-''
| ''at/et ryžė''
| ''hu/hi ryžė''
| ''nan ryžu''
| ''atøm ryžu''
| ''høm ryžu''
|-
|-
! future
! passive participle
| ''nėk bė ryžėt''
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel''
| ''at bė ryžėt''
| ''hu bė ryžėt''
| ''nan bė ryžėt''
| ''atøm bė ryžėt''
| ''høm bė ryžėt''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyrži''
|colspan=6| ''wėkel''
|-
|-
! active participle
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''rėži''
|colspan=6| ''kėl''
|}
 
===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''høva'' 'should; ought'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
|-
! passive participle
! past
|colspan=6| ''ryžuj''
| ''nėk fit høvė''
| ''at fit høvė''
| ''hu fė høvė''
| ''nan fu høvu''
| ''atøm fu høvu''
| ''høm fu høvu''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! present
|colspan=6| ''ryžėt''
| ''nėk høvė''
| ''at/et høvė''
| ''hu/hi høvė''
| ''nan høvu''
| ''atøm høvu''
| ''høm høvu''
|}
|}


===''sėr'' 'to want'===
===''ryžė'' 'to like'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''sėr'' 'to want'
|+ ''ryžė'' 'to like'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,338: Line 1,357:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėk sør''
| ''nėk yrži''
| ''at sør''
| ''at yrži''
| ''hu sør''
| ''hu yrži''
| ''nan sru''
| ''nan yržu''
| ''atøm sru''
| ''atøm yržu''
| ''høm sru''
| ''høm yržu''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wasar''
| ''nėk fit wyrži''
| ''at fit wasar''
| ''at fit wyrži''
| ''hu fė wasar''
| ''hu fė wyrži''
| ''nan fu wasar''
| ''nan fu wyrži''
| ''atøm fu wasar''
| ''atøm fu wyrži''
| ''høm fu wasar''
| ''høm fu wyrži''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėk wasar''
| ''nėk ryžė''
| ''at/et wasar''
| ''at/et ryžė''
| ''hu/hi wasar''
| ''hu/hi ryžė''
| ''nan wasar''
| ''nan ryžu''
| ''atøm wasar''
| ''atøm ryžu''
| ''høm wasar''
| ''høm ryžu''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''nėk bė sėr''
| ''nėk bė ryžėt''
| ''at bė sėr''
| ''at bė ryžėt''
| ''hu bė sėr''
| ''hu bė ryžėt''
| ''nan bė sėr''
| ''nan bė ryžėt''
| ''atøm bė sėr''
| ''atøm bė ryžėt''
| ''høm bė sėr''
| ''høm bė ryžėt''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wasar''
|colspan=6| ''wyrži''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
|colspan=6| ''rėži''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''sur''
|colspan=6| ''ryžuj''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
|colspan=6| ''ryžėt''
|}
|}


=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
===''sėr'' 'to want'===
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
 
|+ ''sėr'' 'to want'
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
* ''Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
* ''Dawid vė ftėh yn γalt'' = David will open the door
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
 
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
===Gzarot===
|-
:''Main article: [[Togarmite/Gzarot]]''
! past; conditional
In Semitic languages, ''gzarot'' (Hebrew גְּזָרוֹת‎, sg. ''gizra'' גִּזְרָה 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when
| ''nėk sør''
* the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (''ʔ ȝ h'') or a semivowel (''j w'');
| ''at sør''
* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC''
| ''hu sør''
* the consonantal root has 2 letters.
| ''nan sru''
 
| ''atøm sru''
Because Togarmite only uses the prefix conjugation, modern Togarmite gzarot are in some ways less bad than Hebrew gzarot; most of the irregularities occur in binyan ''fȝøl''. However, there are often so many irregularities even within each gizra, and cases of analogy between verbs of different gzarot, that the concept of gzarot in Modern Togarmite has been questioned: in Togarmite, a "gizra" just describes general tendencies of verbs with a certain root consonant.
| ''høm sru''
 
|-
==Prepositions==
! past subjunctive
Some prepositions:
| ''nėk fit wasar''
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
| ''at fit wasar''
** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
| ''hu fė wasar''
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
| ''nan fu wasar''
*''vy'' (''v' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
| ''atøm fu wasar''
** vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum
| ''høm fu wasar''
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
|-
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
! present
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum''
| ''nėk wasar''
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
| ''at/et wasar''
** ''3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum''
| ''hu/hi wasar''
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''  
| ''nan wasar''
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm''
| ''atøm wasar''
*''lið'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
| ''høm wasar''
*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
|-
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this
! future
**''Hu tyhev løva'' - He fell in love with her
| ''nėk bė sėr''
*''ȝvar'' 'over'
| ''at bė sėr''
*''tat'' 'under'
| ''hu bė sėr''
*''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward")
| ''nan bė sėr''
*''ðarkyn'' 'along'
| ''atøm bė sėr''
*''vlėš'' 'without'
| ''høm bė sėr''
===Syntax of prepositions===
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wasar''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''sur''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
|}
 
=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''.


==Numerals==
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
===Cardinal===
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
<poem>
* ''Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
0: cefry
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
1: hað
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
2: šnein / attributive šnė
* ''Dawid vė ftėh yn γalt'' = David will open the door
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
 
4: yrvaȝ (animate yrvaȝt)
===Gzarot===
5: mes (animate mest)
:''Main article: [[Togarmite/Gzarot]]''
6: setš (animate setšt)
In Semitic languages, ''gzarot'' (Hebrew גְּזָרוֹת‎, sg. ''gizra'' גִּזְרָה 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when
7: savȝy (animate savȝyt)
* the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (''ʔ ȝ h'') or a semivowel (''j w'');
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
* the consonantal root contains a ''n'', since ''nC'' tends to assimilate into ''CC''
9: tesȝy (animate tesȝyt)
* the consonantal root has 2 letters.
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
 
11: ȝašry wy hað
Because Togarmite only uses the prefix conjugation, modern Togarmite gzarot are in some ways less bad than Hebrew gzarot; most of the irregularities occur in binyan ''fȝøl''. However, there are often so many irregularities even within each gizra, and cases of analogy between verbs of different gzarot, that the concept of gzarot in Modern Togarmite has been questioned: in Togarmite, a "gizra" just describes general tendencies of verbs with a certain root consonant.
12: ȝašry šnein
 
20: ȝešrin
==Prepositions==
30: šlėšin
Some prepositions:
40: yrvȝin
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
50: hymsin
** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
60: setšin
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
70: syvȝin
*''vy'' (''v' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
80: šmėnin
** vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum
90: tesȝin
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
100: met
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
101: met wy hað
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum''
200: metein
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
300: šlėš met
** ''3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum''
400: yrvaȝ met
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''
1000: alf
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm''
2000: alfein
*''lið'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
3000: šlėš alf
*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
1000000: alfun
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this
10^9: vėtfun
**''Hu tyhev løva'' - He fell in love with her
10^12: γamfun
*''ȝvar'' 'over'
etc.
*''tat'' 'under'
</poem>
*''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward")
*''ðarkyn'' 'along'
*''vlėš'' 'without'
===Syntax of prepositions===


Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.
==Numerals==
 
===Cardinal===
Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in ''šlėš'' through ''tesȝy''), or "10" (thus ending in ''ȝašry''), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: ''hymes myrtemi'' 'five abacuses', but ''hymest ahwėt'' 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with ''*-t'' in Proto-Semitic.
<poem>
 
0: cefry
===Ordinal===
1: hað
Ordinals are formed using the pattern CCuC; as in English, "1st" and "2nd" are irregular, from elatives ''*ʔaʕlay-'' 'topmost' and ''*ʔaʕqab-'' 'the immediately following' respectively. In compound numerals, the last number word is inflected to the ordinal form.
2: šnein / attributive šnė
 
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
*1st = olė
4: yrvaȝ (animate yrvaȝt)
*2nd = ogav
5: mes (animate mest)
*3rd = šluš
6: setš (animate setšt)
*4th = rvuȝ
7: savȝy (animate savȝyt)
*5th = mus
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
*6th = stuš
9: tesȝy (animate tesȝyt)
*7th = svuȝ
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
*8th = smun
11: ȝašry wy hað
*9th = tsuȝ
12: ȝašry šnein
*10th = ȝšur
20: ȝešrin
*11th = ȝašry w-olė
30: šlėšin
*12th = ȝašry w-ogav
40: yrvȝin
*13th = ȝašry šluš
50: hymsin
60: setšin
70: syvȝin
80: šmėnin
90: tesȝin
100: met
101: met wy hað
200: metein
300: šlėš met
400: yrvaȝ met
1000: alf
2000: alfein
3000: šlėš alf
1000000: alfun
10^9: vėtfun
10^12: γamfun
etc.
etc.
</poem>


===Fractional===
Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
*half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side')
*3rd = šølšy
*4th = røvȝy
*11th = ȝašry w-øhðy


To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is ''šnė šølaši''.
Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in ''šlėš'' through ''tesȝy''), or "10" (thus ending in ''ȝašry''), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: ''hymes myrtemi'' 'five abacuses', but ''hymest ahwėt'' 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with ''*-t'' in Proto-Semitic.
 
===Ordinal===
Ordinals are formed using the pattern CCuC; as in English, "1st" and "2nd" are irregular, from elatives ''*ʔaʕlay-'' 'topmost' and ''*ʔaʕqab-'' 'the immediately following' respectively. In compound numerals, the last number word is inflected to the ordinal form.
 
*1st = olė
*2nd = ogav
*3rd = šluš
*4th = rvuȝ
*5th = mus
*6th = stuš
*7th = svuȝ
*8th = smun
*9th = tsuȝ
*10th = ȝšur
*11th = ȝašry w-olė
*12th = ȝašry w-ogav
*13th = ȝašry šluš
etc.
 
===Fractional===
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
*half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side')
*3rd = šølšy
*4th = røvȝy
*11th = ȝašry w-øhðy
 
To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is ''šnė šølaši''.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 1,539: Line 1,614:
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''  
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''  
*''tyCCuC'', ''tyCCiC'', ''tyCCėC'' = action or process
*''tyCCuC'', ''tyCCiC'', ''tyCCėC'' = action or process
*''ryCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''tyCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
** ''katėv'' 'writer'
** ''katėv'' 'writer'
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felantrøb'' is also common)
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felanthrøb'' is also common)
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative


Line 1,596: Line 1,671:
*''En'' = Yes.  
*''En'' = Yes.  
*''Lė'' = No.
*''Lė'' = No.
==Sample texts==
=== Schleicher ===
''Yn kavš w' yn frasi''
''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.''
Old Tog.:
''An xabše wan φarasīn''
''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''
Hebrew:
{{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}}
{{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}}
===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul===
* ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!''
* ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! ''
===A biology abstract===
''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.''
We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.
===Newton's laws of motion===
''I: Ðvar wyšvat vy ðemi, o vy ȝytėg enomorf, lulė yðraȝ wybarkes ȝal že.''
I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.
''II: Yn šanuj nyn tyȝtig ly všar že mytkøni lið yn øtisi møtyfacar ȝlėm všar; w' yn šanuj wygrė ðarkyn yn gau tygin ȝal žė øtisi ži vė møtyfacar ȝal.''
II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.
''III: Iš ly køl barkis it tybarkis is w' andethed.''
III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
===O how quickly the sculpture of life===
<poem>
''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt''
''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.''
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''
''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;''
''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.''
O how quickly the sculpture of life
Shattered into tiny fragments!
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who come hither stationed here,
By the grace of God ye are guests on earth.
All of us are judged according to our actions;
Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another.
</poem>
===Warming Up To You===
<poem>
'''Wetyhmem liðak'''
Kenak at vė mėt in klėt,
Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak,
Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut,
Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy;
Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt
Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr.
</poem>
===Stairway To Heaven===
<poem>
'''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit'''
Iš volt žė hi šur
Køl žė nėher že žahav
Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit
</poem>
===UDHR===
''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.''
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
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