Tonuao: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
#REDIRECT [[単亜語]]
 
[[File:East_Asian_Cultural_Sphere.png|right|300px]]
 
{{PAGENAME}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere]].  It uses Chinese characters for much of its writing, with some forms being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai]]/新字体 standards of Japan.  The Japanese syllabary [[w:Katakana]] is used for all other sounds.  It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions.
 
== Phonology ==
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 10 consonants.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''
|-
! colspan="7"|Consonants
|-
!
!  Labial
!  Dental
!  Alveolar
! Palatal
!  Velar
!  Glottal
|- align="center"
!Nasals
|'''m''' /m/
|
|'''n '''/n/
|
|
|
|-
! Plosives
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t/
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|
|-
!Fricatives
|
|
| colspan="2" | '''s''' /s ~ ɕ/
| colspan="3" |'''h''' /h ~ ɦ ~ x/
|-
! Liquids
|
|
|'''l''' /l ~ ɾ/
|
|
|
|-
! Approximants
| '''w''' /w/
|
|
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|}
While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency.
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Vowels'''
|-
! colspan="4"|Vowels
|-
!
!  Front
!  Central
!  Back
|-
! High
| '''i''' /i ~ ɪ/
|
| '''u''' /u ~ ɯ/
|-
! Mid
| colspan="2" | '''e''' /e ~ e̞/
| '''o''' /o ~ o̞/
|-
! Low
| colspan="2" | '''a''' /a ~ ä/
|
|}
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others.  Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!
 
=== Phonotactics ===
The three allowable syllable structures are V, CV, Cya, and CVn.  There are gaps in all these series, and allophony.
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="6" | Simple Syllables
|-
! ø
| '''a''' <br /> /a/
| '''e''' <br /> /e ~ je ~ ə/
| '''i''' <br /> /i ~ ji/
| '''o''' <br /> /o ~ wo/
| '''u''' <br /> /u ~ wu/
|-
! P
| '''pa''' || '''pe''' || '''pi''' || '''po''' || '''pu'''
|-
! T
| '''ta''' || '''te''' || '''ti''' || '''to''' || '''tu'''
|-
! K
| '''ka''' || '''ke''' || '''ki''' || '''ko''' || '''ku'''
|-
! M
| '''ma''' || '''me''' || '''mi''' || '''mo''' || '''mu'''
|-
! N
| '''na''' || '''ne''' || '''ni''' || '''no''' || '''nu'''
|-
! S
| '''sa''' || '''se''' || '''si''' <br /> /si ~ ɕi/ || '''so''' || '''su'''
|-
! H
| '''ha''' || '''he''' || '''hi''' || '''ho''' || '''hu'''
|-
! L
| '''la''' || '''le''' || '''li''' || '''lo''' || '''lu'''
|-
! W
| '''wa''' <br /> /wa ~ ʋa ~ va/
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! Y
| '''ya'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| '''yo''' <br /> /jo ~ joʊ̯/
| '''yu'''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center; float:left; "
|-
! colspan="6" | Katakana
|-
! ø
| ア
| エ
| イ
| オ
| ウ
|-
! P
| パ || ペ || ピ || ポ || プ
|-
! T
| タ || テ || チ || ト || ツ
|-
! K
| カ || ケ || キ|| コ|| ク
|-
! M
| マ || メ || ミ || モ || ム
|-
! N
| ナ || ネ || ニ || ノ || ヌ
|-
! S
| サ || セ || シ || ソ || ス
|-
! H
| ハ || ヘ|| ヒ || ホ || フ
|-
! L
| ラ || レ || リ || ロ || ル
|-
! W
| ワ
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! Y
| ヤ
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| ヨ
| ユ
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center; float:left; "
|-
! colspan="6" | Hangeul (for reference)
|-
! ㅇ
| 아
| 에 ~ 예
| 이
| 오
| 우
|-
! ㅂ
| 바 || 베 || 비 || 보 || 부
|-
! ㄷ
| 다 || 데 || 디 || 두 || 도
|-
! ㄱ
| 가 || 게 || 기|| 고|| 구
|-
! ㅁ
| 마 || 메 || 미 || 모 || 무
|-
! ㄴ
| 나 || 네 || 니 || 노 || 누
|-
! ㅅ
| 사 || 세 || 시 || 소 || 수
|-
! ㅎ
| 하 || 헤|| 히 || 호 || 후
|-
! ㄹ
| 라 || 레 || 리 || 로 || 루
|-
! W
| 와
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! Y
| 야
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 요
| 유
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="5" | Complex Syllables
|-
!
! ya
! an
! en
! in
|-
! ø
|
| '''an'''
| '''en'''
| '''in'''
|-
! P
| '''pya'''
| '''pan'''
| '''pen'''
| '''pin'''
|-
! T
| '''tya''' <br /> /tja ~ t͡ɕa/
| '''tan'''
| '''ten'''
| '''tin'''
|-
! K
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| '''kan'''
| '''ken'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! M
| '''mya'''
| '''man'''
| '''men'''
| '''min'''
|-
! N
| '''nya'''
| '''nan'''
| '''nen'''
| '''nin'''
|-
! S
| '''sya''' <br /> /sja ~ ɕa/
| '''san'''
| '''sen''' <br /> /sen ~ ɕen/
| '''sin'''
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| '''han'''
| '''hen'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! L
| '''lya'''
| '''lan'''
| '''len'''
| '''lin'''
|-
! W
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| '''wan'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! Y
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| '''yan'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center; float:left;"
|-
! colspan="5" | Katakana
|-
!
! ya
! an
! en
! in
|-
! ø
|
| アン
| エン
| イン
|-
! P
| ピャ
| パン
| ペン
| ピン
|-
! T
| チャ
| タン
| テン
| チン
|-
! K
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| カン
| ケン
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! M
| ミャ
| マン
| メン
| ミン
|-
! N
| ニャ
| ナン
| ネン
| ニン
|-
! S
| シャ
| サン
| セン
| シン
|-
! H
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| ハン
| ヘン
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! L
| リャ
| ラン
| レン
| リン
|-
! W
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| ワン
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! Y
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| ヤン
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="5" | Hangeul (for reference)
|-
!
! ya
! an
! en
! in
|-
! ø
|
| 안
| 엔
| 인
|-
! ㅂ
| 뱌
| 반
| 벤
| 빈
|-
! ㄷ
| 댜 ~ 쟈
| 단
| 덴
| 딘
|-
! ㄱ
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 간
| 겐
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! ㅁ
| 먀
| 만
| 멘
| 민
|-
! ㄴ
| 냐
| 난
| 넨
| 닌
|-
! ㅅ
| 샤
| 산
| 센
| 신
|-
! ㅎ
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 한
| 헨
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! ㄹ
| 랴
| 란
| 렌
| 린
|-
! W
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 완
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! Y
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 얀
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|}
<br clear="both" />
 
The complex syllables of {{PAGENAME}} are clearly much more limited.
 
== Syntax ==
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb.  There are no particles to mark subject or object.
 
In the East Asian style, {{PAGENAME}} is very topic-prominent.  The topic is marked with the postposition 者, spelled サ/sa phonetically.  Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence.  The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernable from context, but is more often marked with the postposition 於, spelled オ/o phonetically.  A genitive relationship is marked with 之, spelled シ/ši phonetically.
 
{| class="bluetable"
! Relationship !! Sino !! Sound !! English !! Chinese !! Japanese !! Korean !! Vietnamese
|-
! Topic
| 者
| サ - sa
| as for
|
| は - wa
| 은/는 - (n)ǔn
| cái
|-
! Dative
|  於
| オ - o
| to
|
| に - ni
| 에게 - ege
| đến
|-
! Genitive
| 之
| シ - ši
| of
| 的/之
| の - no
| 의 - ǔi
| của
|}
 
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg "
|
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! First
| 我
|-
! Second
| 你
|-
! Third
|}
 
 
== References ==
 
 
<references />

Latest revision as of 01:37, 27 November 2018

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