Idavic languages: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(24 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
| region      = Tumhan
| name        = Idavic
| name        = Idavic
| familycolor = dodellic
| familycolor = dodellic
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of [[Tricin]]'s primary language families
| protoname  = Proto-Idavic (PId)
| protoname  = Proto-Idavic (PId)
}}
}}
Line 17: Line 17:
==Family tree==
==Family tree==
*Idavic
*Idavic
** A language with Uralic grammar
**Netagic (the only tricons branch)
**Netagic (the only tricons branch)
***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim)
***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim)
**[[Ouřefr]] (Czech + Dutch)
** Hmoob-like language
** [[Eodlan]] (Skolt Sami and Old English inspired)
** [[Whitmer]]
**Pategic
** [[Pategian]]
***Dodellic
****[[Dodellian]]
*** sth with Sanskrit stops (but vowels shouldn't be Sanskrit-y; a bit more like Lithuanian?)
***[[Pategian]]
*** some labialless language
*** [[Shalaian]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Proto-Idavic had about 26 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.
Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
Line 39: Line 34:
! |Back coronal
! |Back coronal
! |Front velar
! |Front velar
! |Labiovelar
! |Back velar
! |Back velar
! |Glottal
! |Glottal
Line 45: Line 41:
| |'''m''' /m/
| |'''m''' /m/
|colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/
|colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/
|colspan=2|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/
|colspan=3|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/
| |
| |
|-
|-
Line 54: Line 50:
|'''ť''' /t̠/
|'''ť''' /t̠/
|'''ḱ''' /k̟/
|'''ḱ''' /k̟/
|'''k{{lab}}''' /k{{lab}}/
|'''k''' /k̠/
|'''k''' /k̠/
|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
Line 62: Line 59:
|'''ď''' /d̠/
|'''ď''' /d̠/
|'''ǵ''' /g̟/
|'''ǵ''' /g̟/
|'''g{{lab}}''' /g{{lab}}/
|'''g''' /g̠/
|'''g''' /g̠/
|
|
Line 70: Line 68:
|'''š''' /s̠/
|'''š''' /s̠/
|'''x́''' /x̟/
|'''x́''' /x̟/
|'''x{{lab}}''' /x{{lab}}/
|'''x''' /x̠/
|'''x''' /x̠/
|'''h''' /h/
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
! colspan="2" |Affricate
Line 77: Line 76:
|'''c''' /t̪s̟/
|'''c''' /t̪s̟/
|'''č''' /t̠s̠/
|'''č''' /t̠s̠/
|
|
|
|
|
Line 87: Line 87:
| '''y''' /j/
| '''y''' /j/
|  
|  
|
|
|
|}
|}
Line 120: Line 121:


===Suprasegmentals ===
===Suprasegmentals ===
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''ã''')
** Creaky voice is the source of glottal reinforcement in Shalaian, gemination in Netagin and Khmerization in Eodlan.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 127: Line 126:


Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.
Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.
Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, ''*mi''. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.
=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
Line 138: Line 139:
|-
|-
! Alienable
! Alienable
| ''*le-'' || ''*be-'' || ''*ʔin-'' || ''*će-'' || ''*neśe-'' || ''*ʔeśe-''  
| ''*le-'' || ''*be-'' || ''*ʔin-'' || ''*će-'' || ''*neś-'' || ''*ʔeś-''  
|-
|-
! Inalienable
! Inalienable
Line 151: Line 152:
! colspan=2| decl. A
! colspan=2| decl. A
! colspan=2| decl. B
! colspan=2| decl. B
! colspan=2| decl. C
! colspan=2| decl. D
! colspan=2| decl. D
|-
|-
!
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!singular
!plural
!plural
Line 167: Line 165:
|''lēti'' ||''lētāla''
|''lēti'' ||''lētāla''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱi''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱi'''''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱi''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱi'''''
|''yāḱi'' ||'''''ŋi'''yāḱi''
||''-īni''||''-ijē''
||''-īni''||''-ijē''
|-
|-
Line 173: Line 170:
|''lēta-'' ||''lētā-''
|''lēta-'' ||''lētā-''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱa-''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱa-'''''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱa-''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱa-'''''
|''yāḱa-'' ||'''''ŋi'''yāḱa-''
||''-''||''-''
||''-''||''-''
|}
|}
Line 204: Line 200:
| ''*1aš2e3'' || ''*-1aš2u3'' || ''*-1išin2o3'' || ''*1aš2ā3'' || ''*1aš2ē3i''
| ''*1aš2e3'' || ''*-1aš2u3'' || ''*-1išin2o3'' || ''*1aš2ā3'' || ''*1aš2ē3i''
|-
|-
! creaky stem
! ʔ-infix stem
| ''*1ã2e3'' || ''*-1ã2u3'' || ''*-1ĩn2i3'' || ''*1ã2ā3'' || ''*te1ã2e3i''
| ''*1aʔ2e3'' || ''*-1aʔ2u3'' || ''*-1iʔin2i3'' || ''*1aʔ2ā3'' || ''*te1aʔ2e3i''
|-
|-
! 2-redup
! 2-redup
Line 216: Line 212:
| ''*1i31a2e3'' || ''*-1i3a12u3'' || ''*-1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ā3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3''
| ''*1i31a2e3'' || ''*-1i3a12u3'' || ''*-1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ā3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3''
|}
|}
===Derivation===
* Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3''
* ''1aʔ2ū3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''ʔe12ā3'' = agent noun
*''1iʔ2i3'' = resultatives
*''1aʔ2e3'' = tendency/quality of X
*''1iʔ2a3'' = degree/measure
*''-ām'' = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
*''-ān'' = abstract noun, collective
*''1a2ī3'' = quality adjective
*''1u2a3'' = resultative adjective
*''1e2ā3'' = event
*''śi12ū3'' = event
*''tawa12a3''
*''śi12a3/śi12i3'' = instrument
*''wa12ē3/wa12ī3'' = profession
*''ti12a3/ti12e3'' = process
*''wa12ū3'' = patient noun
*''wa12ā3'' = resultative noun


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 16:39, 25 October 2024

Idavic languages/Lexicon
Idavic languages/Swadesh
Idavic
Created by–
Geographic
distribution		Tumhan
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Idavic (PId)

Idavic (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic *ʔidawi 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical Netagin. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.

Family tree

  • Idavic
    • A language with Uralic grammar
    • Netagic (the only tricons branch)
    • Hmoob-like language
    • Whitmer
    • Pategian

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.

Labial Front coronal Back coronal Front velar Labiovelar Back velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪~n̠/ ŋ /ɲ~ŋ/
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t̪/ ť /t̠/ ḱ /k̟/ kʷ /kʷ/ k /k̠/ ʔ /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d̪/ ď /d̠/ ǵ /g̟/ gʷ /gʷ/ g /g̠/
Fricative s /s̟/ š /s̠/ x́ /x̟/ xʷ /xʷ/ x /x̠/
Affricate c /t̪s̟/ č /t̠s̠/
Resonant w /w/ l /l̪/ r /r/, ľ /ɺ/ y /j/

s c were lamino-dental, and š č were retracted apico-alveolar.

Vowels

Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Netagin vowels
Front Back
short long short long
Close i /ɪ/ ī /i:/ u /ʊ/ ū /u:/
Open e /æ/ ē /æ:/ a /ɑ/ ā /ɑ:/

Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/

Suprasegmentals

Morphology

Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this

Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.

Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, *mi. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.

Pronouns

1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
Independent *wēlu *wēbu - *wēći *wēnīʔi -
Emphatic *hanlī *hanbā (demonstratives) *hanćā *hannīʔi (demonstratives)
Alienable *le- *be- *ʔin- *će- *neś- *ʔeś-
Inalienable *-alu *-abu *-ī *-ćā *-nīʔi *-iś

Nouns

decl. A decl. B decl. D
singular plural singular plural singular plural
Absolute state lēti lētāla ʔisteleḱi ʔistelahaḱi -īni -ijē
Construct state lēta- lētā- ʔisteleḱa- ʔistelahaḱa- - -

Verbs

Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:

  • ʔ- dynamic
    • infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
  • ŋ- causative
  • s-infix: to do in advance
  • various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
Stem Intransitive Transitive Applicative Transgressive Verbal noun
a-stem *1i2a3 *-(e)12a3 *-1in2a3 *1a2ā3 *1a2ī3i, *1e2ī3i
e-stem *1a2e3 *-12e3 *-1in2e3 *ʔa1e2ā3 *12e3eḱi
ʔ-prefix stem *ʔa12e3 *-ʔa12u3 *-ʔi1en2i3 *ʔa12ā3 *ʔa12ē3i
ŋ-prefix stem *ŋa12e3 *-ŋ1a2u3 *-ŋ1in2i3 *ŋa12ā3 *12ū3eḱi
š-infix stem *1aš2e3 *-1aš2u3 *-1išin2o3 *1aš2ā3 *1aš2ē3i
ʔ-infix stem *1aʔ2e3 *-1aʔ2u3 *-1iʔin2i3 *1aʔ2ā3 *te1aʔ2e3i
2-redup *21a2e3 *-2a12u3 *-21in2u3 *21a2ā3 *21a23eḱi
3-redup *1i2a3e3 *-1a23u3 *-1in2i3u3 *1a2a3ā3 *12a3ē3i
13-redup *1i31a2e3 *-1i3a12u3 *-1i31in2u3 *1i31a2ā3 *1i31a2ē3

Derivation

  • Noun patterns: 1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3
  • 1aʔ2ū3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
  • ʔe12ā3 = agent noun
  • 1iʔ2i3 = resultatives
  • 1aʔ2e3 = tendency/quality of X
  • 1iʔ2a3 = degree/measure
  • -ām = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
  • -ān = abstract noun, collective
  • 1a2ī3 = quality adjective
  • 1u2a3 = resultative adjective
  • 1e2ā3 = event
  • śi12ū3 = event
  • tawa12a3
  • śi12a3/śi12i3 = instrument
  • wa12ē3/wa12ī3 = profession
  • ti12a3/ti12e3 = process
  • wa12ū3 = patient noun
  • wa12ā3 = resultative noun

Syntax

Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Idavic_languages&oldid=389057"