Skundavisk: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language ~~family~~

{{Infobox language

| name = ~~Shoundavish~~

|image = File:Flag_of_Shoundafland.jpg

| ~~creator~~ = ~~Mohamed Kaseb~~

|imagesize = 185px

| ~~region~~ = Shoundafland

|imagecaption = Flag of Shoundafland

| familycolor = Germanic

|name = Shoundavish

| ~~protoname~~ = Proto-West Germanic

|nativename = Skundavisk

| ~~child1~~ = Western Shoundavish

|pronunciation = ʃʊndaβɪʃ

| ~~child2~~ = Eastern Shoundavish

|pronunciation_key = IPA for Shoundavish

|state = Shoundafland

|setting = Alt-history [[w:Europe|Europe]], Northern [[w:Germany|Germany]]

|created = 2008

|familycolor = Indo-European

|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]

|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]

|ancestor = Proto-West-Germanic

|creator = Mohamed Kaseb

|dia1 = Western Shoundavish

|dia2 = Eastern Shoundavish

}}

'''~~Shoundavish~~''' (sh.: ~~''skundavisk'',~~ /~~ʃyndaβɪʃ~~/), also known by its anglicized name '''Shoundavish''', is a Germanic constructed language created by Mohamed Kaseb. Designed as a West Germanic language, it has been developed from the Old Saxon dialects spoken in what is now Schleswig and Holstein in the early Middle Ages, and is thus closely related to English, Dutch, Low Saxon, the Frisian languages and (High) German. Shoundavish also underwent a slight North Germanic influence due to contacts with the Nordic countries, which is reflected by the presence of Scandinavian loanwords in its vocabulary, especially from Old Norse and Early Modern Danish. Consequently, despite being a West Germanic language, Shoundavish shares some similarities with Danish, Swedish and Norwegian, especially in phonology and vocabulary.

'''Skundavisk''' (sh.: /ʃʊndaβɪʃ/), also known by its anglicized name '''Shoundavish''', is a Germanic constructed language created by Mohamed Kaseb. Designed as a West Germanic language, it has been developed from the Old Saxon dialects spoken in what is now Schleswig and Holstein in the early Middle Ages, and is thus closely related to English, Dutch, Low Saxon, the Frisian languages and (High) German. Shoundavish also underwent a slight North Germanic influence due to contacts with the Nordic countries, which is reflected by the presence of Scandinavian loanwords in its vocabulary, especially from Old Norse and Early Modern Danish. Consequently, despite being a West Germanic language, Shoundavish shares some similarities with Danish, Swedish and Norwegian, especially in phonology and vocabulary.

Shoundavish didn't take part in the High German consonant shift, and is overall one of the most conservative Germanic languages regarding the consonants. Because of its preservation of the sounds /θ/, /ð/ and /w/, along with a large common vocabulary, Shoundavish is one of the closest languages to English. However, both languages underwent very different vowel shifts over time, which makes them sound quite different. Besides, while English borrowed many words from the Romance languages (especially French), the Shoundavish vocabulary remained mostly Germanic, and very few words were borrowed from non-Germanic sources. Therefore, words like "biology" or "litterature" are built using Germanic roots instead of Latin or Greek ones. While being very conservative in its phonology and lexicon, Shoundavish didn't preserve the complex grammar of Proto-Germanic, and the medieval case system has been reduced to scattered remnants in the modern language.

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By the 12th century the language had evolved significantly and was entering the Middle Shoundavish period, during which many vowels in unstressed syllables were reduced (ex. Old Shoundavish daga, sunno, friunds, drivan > Middle Shoundavish dag, sunne, friend, driven). The Middle Shoundavish vocabulary is quite close to that of Modern Shoundavish, but the pronunciation was different and the adjectives and articles were still inflected, like in Modern German. Middle Shoundavish wasn't a unified language, but rather a dialectal continuum, with the varieties of the five main Hanseatic cities (Flensburg, Kijl, Hamburg, Lyvig and Sweren) serving as loose written standards. The varieties of Kijl and Sweren also served as lingua francas inside the Hanseatic league, and had a huge impact on the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Swedish and Norwegian), whose modern vocabulary contains around 30% of Shoundavish loanwords, either Western Shoundavish (Kijlisk) or Eastern Shoundavish (Swerenisk). By the 15th century, the dialects of Shoundavish had diverged quite a lot from each other, and each dialect developed its own distinct pholonogial and grammatical characteristics.

The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with ~~actual~~ texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.

The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with modern texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.

While the other Germanic languages were adopting many new scientific and technical words, which were coined from Latin and Greek roots, Shoundavish coined its own scientific vocabulary using Germanic roots. For example, words like biology, physics or gene are translated ~~as lijfkunthe~~, ~~byrdkunthe and erfthe~~ (literally "life-knowledge", "nature-knowledge" and "heritage" with a "-~~the~~" suffix related to English "-th"). It is therefore possible to write a Shoundavish text dealing with science or technology without any loanword from Latin or Greek, as it is the case in Icelandic.

While the other Germanic languages were adopting many new scientific and technical words, which were coined from Latin and Greek roots, Shoundavish coined its own scientific vocabulary using Germanic roots. For example, words like biology, physics or gene are translated as lijfkunde, byrdkunde and erfþe (literally "life-knowledge", "nature-knowledge" and "heritage" with a "-þe" suffix related to English "-th"). It is therefore possible to write a Shoundavish text dealing with science or technology without any loanword from Latin or Greek, as it is the case in Icelandic.

==Phonology==

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! colspan="1" | central

! colspan="1" | back

|-

~~! colspan="1" | close~~

~~| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |~~

~~| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ʊ~~

|-

! colspan="1" | near-close

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ɪ ʏ

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ʊ

|-

! colspan="1" | close-mid

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|-

|}

~~===Phonotactics===~~

Some Shoundavish phonemes are written by combining two characters. Some of these combinations are remnants of older consonant clusters that were then simplied (like '''sk''', formerly pronouned /sk/ before shifting to /ʃ/), while others are simply due to the limitations of the Latin script (like '''th''' and '''gh''').

~~● /g/+/h/=/x/ or /χ/~~

~~● /n/+/g/=/ŋ/~~

~~● /s/+k/=/ʃ/~~

~~● /t/+/h/=/θ/ or /ð/~~

~~● /h/+/w/=/ʍ/~~

==Grammar==

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|-

! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | common

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ~~the~~

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ~~the~~

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ~~thet~~

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðet

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ~~the~~

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe

|-

! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | genitive

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ~~thes~~

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðes

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ~~ther~~

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðer

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ~~thes~~

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðes

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ~~ther~~

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðer

|-

! colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgreen" | indefinite

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While nouns can be either masculine, feminine or neuter, the gender distinction is chiefly reflected in the determiners and vestigial adjective endings, not on the nouns themselves. An exception is the genitive case marker '''-s''', which is only appended to masculine and neuter nouns:

● '''~~the~~ hund''' = the dog > '''~~thes~~ hunds''' = of the dog

● '''ðe hund''' = the dog > '''ðes hunds''' = of the dog

● '''~~the~~ mous''' = the mouse > '''~~ther~~ mous''' = of the mouse

● '''ðe mous''' = the mouse > '''ðer mous''' = of the mouse

● '''~~the~~ skåp''' = the sheep > '''~~thes~~ skåps''' = of the sheep

● '''ðe skåp''' = the sheep > '''ðes skåps''' = of the sheep

An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. ~~Consequently~~, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.

An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. More precisely, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.

{| class="wikitable alternance mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

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| style="text-align:center" | wi skijnen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ skinst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou skinst

| style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ skinst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou skinst

| style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi skeenen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ skeenst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou skeenst

| style="text-align:center" | ji skeent

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ skeenest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou skeenest

| style="text-align:center" | ji skeenet

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi fleugen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ fliegst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou fliegst

| style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ fliegst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou fliegst

| style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi fløgen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ floogst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou floogst

| style="text-align:center" | ji floogt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ fløgest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou fløgest

| style="text-align:center" | ji fløget

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi singen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ singst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou singst

| style="text-align:center" | ji singt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ singst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou singst

| style="text-align:center" | ji singt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi sængen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ sangst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou sangst

| style="text-align:center" | ji sangt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ sængest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou sængest

| style="text-align:center" | ji sænget

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi spreken

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ sprikst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou sprikst

| style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ sprikst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou sprikst

| style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi spræken

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ sprakst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou sprakst

| style="text-align:center" | ji sprakt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ sprækest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou sprækest

| style="text-align:center" | ji spræket

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi lesen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ lisst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou lisst

| style="text-align:center" | ji lest

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ lisst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou lisst

| style="text-align:center" | ji lest

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi læsen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ lasst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou lasst

| style="text-align:center" | ji last

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ læsest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou læsest

| style="text-align:center" | ji læset

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi wasken

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ wæskest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou wæskest

| style="text-align:center" | ji waskt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ wæskest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou wæskest

| style="text-align:center" | ji waskt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi wøsken

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ wooskest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou wooskest

| style="text-align:center" | ji wooskt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ wøskest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou wøskest

| style="text-align:center" | ji wøsket

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi slåpen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ slæpst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou slæpst

| style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ slæpst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou slæpst

| style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi slepen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ slepst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou slepst

| style="text-align:center" | ji slept

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ slepest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou slepest

| style="text-align:center" | ji slepet

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi maken

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ makst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou makst

| style="text-align:center" | ji makt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ makst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou makst

| style="text-align:center" | ji makt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi makten

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ maktest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou maktest

| style="text-align:center" | ji maktet

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ maktest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou maktest

| style="text-align:center" | ji maktet

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi følen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ følst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou følst

| style="text-align:center" | ji følt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ følst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou følst

| style="text-align:center" | ji følt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi følten

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ foltest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou foltest

| style="text-align:center" | ji foltet

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ føltest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou føltest

| style="text-align:center" | ji føltet

|-

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{| class="wikitable alternance mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

! colspan="5" style="background-color:white" | ~~thenken~~

! colspan="5" style="background-color:white" | þenken

|-

! colspan="2" | infinitive

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ~~thenken~~

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | þenken

|-

! colspan="2" | present participle

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ~~thenkend~~

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | þenkend

|-

! colspan="2" | past participle

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ~~gethaght~~

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | geþaght

|-

! colspan="2" | auxiliary

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|-

! rowspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | present

| style="text-align:center" | ik ~~thenke~~

| style="text-align:center" | ik þenke

| style="text-align:center" | wi ~~thenken~~

| style="text-align:center" | wi þenken

| style="text-align:center" | ik ~~thenke~~

| style="text-align:center" | ik þenke

| style="text-align:center" | wi ~~thenken~~

| style="text-align:center" | wi þenken

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou thenkst~~

| style="text-align:center" | ðou þenkst

| style="text-align:center" | ji ~~thenkt~~

| style="text-align:center" | ji þenkt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou thenkst~~

| style="text-align:center" | ðou þenkst

| style="text-align:center" | ji ~~thenkt~~

| style="text-align:center" | ji þenkt

|-

| style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit ~~thenkt~~

| style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þenkt

| style="text-align:center" | si, Si ~~thenken~~

| style="text-align:center" | si, Si þenken

| style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit ~~thenke~~

| style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þenke

| style="text-align:center" | si, Si ~~thenken~~

| style="text-align:center" | si, Si þenken

|-

! rowspan="3" style="background-color:lightgreen" | preterite

| style="text-align:center" | ik ~~thaghte~~

| style="text-align:center" | ik þaghte

| style="text-align:center" | wi ~~thaghten~~

| style="text-align:center" | wi þaghten

| style="text-align:center" | ik ~~thæghte~~

| style="text-align:center" | ik þæghte

| style="text-align:center" | wi ~~thæghten~~

| style="text-align:center" | wi þæghten

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou thaghtest~~

| style="text-align:center" | ðou þaghtest

| style="text-align:center" | ji ~~thaghtet~~

| style="text-align:center" | ji þaghtet

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou thæghtest~~

| style="text-align:center" | ðou þæghtest

| style="text-align:center" | ji ~~thæghtet~~

| style="text-align:center" | ji þæghtet

|-

| style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit ~~thaghte~~

| style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þaghte

| style="text-align:center" | si, Si ~~thaghten~~

| style="text-align:center" | si, Si þaghten

| style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit ~~thæghte~~

| style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þæghte

| style="text-align:center" | si, Si ~~thæghten~~

| style="text-align:center" | si, Si þæghten

|-

! scope="row" style="background-color:lightyellow" | imperative

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thenk~~

| style="text-align:center" | þenk

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thenkt~~ (ji)

| style="text-align:center" | þenkt (ji)

! style="background-color:lightgrey" |

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| style="text-align:center" | wi kunnen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ kant

| style="text-align:center" | ðou kant

| style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ kunnst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou kunnst

| style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi kynden

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ kondest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou kondest

| style="text-align:center" | ji kondet

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ kyndest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou kyndest

| style="text-align:center" | ji kyndet

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi sijn

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ er

| style="text-align:center" | ðou er

| style="text-align:center" | ji sijd

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ sijst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou sijst

| style="text-align:center" | ji sijd

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi wæren

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ wast

| style="text-align:center" | ðou wast

| style="text-align:center" | ji wert

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ wærest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou wærest

| style="text-align:center" | ji wæret

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi haven

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ hast

| style="text-align:center" | ðou hast

| style="text-align:center" | ji haft

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ hafst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou hafst

| style="text-align:center" | ji haft

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi hædden

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ haddest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou haddest

| style="text-align:center" | ji haddet

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ hæddest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou hæddest

| style="text-align:center" | ji hæddet

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi gån

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ gåst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou gåst

| style="text-align:center" | ji gåt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ gåst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou gåst

| style="text-align:center" | ji gåt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi gingen

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ gingst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou gingst

| style="text-align:center" | ji gingt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ gingest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou gingest

| style="text-align:center" | ji ginget

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi doon

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ dost

| style="text-align:center" | ðou dost

| style="text-align:center" | ji dot

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ dost

| style="text-align:center" | ðou dost

| style="text-align:center" | ji dot

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi deeden

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ deedst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou deedst

| style="text-align:center" | ji deedet

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ deedest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou deedest

| style="text-align:center" | ji deedet

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi bijn

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ biest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou biest

| style="text-align:center" | ji beut

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ bijst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou bijst

| style="text-align:center" | ji bijt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi wæren

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ wast

| style="text-align:center" | ðou wast

| style="text-align:center" | ji wert

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ wærest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou wærest

| style="text-align:center" | ji wæret

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi stån

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ ståst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou ståst

| style="text-align:center" | ji ståt

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ ståst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou ståst

| style="text-align:center" | ji ståt

|-

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| style="text-align:center" | wi støden

|-

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ stoodst

| style="text-align:center" | ðou stoodst

| style="text-align:center" | ji stoodet

| style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~ stødest

| style="text-align:center" | ðou stødest

| style="text-align:center" | ji stødet

|-

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===Adjectives===

Attribute adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, case and definiteness. While this formulation suggests that adjectives work as in Proto-Germanic, the older inflection system has been heavily eroded by the reduction of ~~unstress~~ vowels, and many of these distinctions are vestigial. Predicative adjectives are on the other hand invariable. The inflection marks of the adjectives are given by the following table. Strong declension correspond to indefinite nouns, while weak declension correspond to definite nouns.

Attribute adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, case and definiteness. While this formulation suggests that adjectives work as in Proto-Germanic, the older inflection system has been heavily eroded by the reduction of unstressed vowels, and many of these distinctions are vestigial. Predicative adjectives are on the other hand invariable. The inflection marks of the adjectives are given by the following table. Strong declension correspond to indefinite nouns, while weak declension correspond to definite nouns.

{| class="wikitable alternance mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

Line 1,368:

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! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background-color:lightgreen" | 2nd person

! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | nominative

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ~~thou~~

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðou

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ji

|-

! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | accusative

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ~~thig~~

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðig

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw

|-

! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | genitive

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ~~thijn~~

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðijn

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jer

|-

! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | dative

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ~~thir~~

| colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðir

| colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw

|-

Line 1,453:

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| deup || deep || djip || diep || deip || tief || djúpur || djup || djup || dyb || *đeupaz

|-

| ~~erthe~~ || earth || ierde || aarde || Ird || Erde || jörð || jord || jord || jord || *erþō

| ðat || that || dat || dat || dat || das || það || det || det || det || *þat

|-

| erþe || earth || ierde || aarde || Ird || Erde || jörð || jord || jord || jord || *erþō

|-

| ej || egg<ref>The English word is a loan from Old Norse.</ref> || aei, aai || ei || Ei || Ei || egg || egg || ägg || æg || *ajjaz

Line 1,478:

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|-

| søken || seek || sykje || zoeken || säuken || suchen || sækja || søkja || söka || søge || *sōkjanan

|-

~~| that || that || dat || dat || dat || das || það || det || det || det || *þat~~

|-

~~| thank || thank (noun) || tank || dank || Dank || Dank || þökk || takk || tack || tak || *þankaz~~

|-

| tryw || true || trou || trouw || tru || treu || tryggur || trygg || trygg || tryg || *trewwaz

|-

| twee || two || twa || twee || twei || zwei, zwo || tveir, tvær, tvö || to<ref>Dialectally tvo, två, tvei (m), tvæ (f), tvau (n).</ref> || två, tu || to || *twō(u)

|-

| þank || thank (noun) || tank || dank || Dank || Dank || þökk || takk || tack || tak || *þankaz

|-

| uns || us || ús || ons || uns || uns || oss || oss || oss || os || *uns-

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The non-Germanic loanwords present in Shoundavish can be divided in two main categories :

● Loanwords dating back from the Proto-Germanic era and attested in most other Germanic languages, ''e. g.'', '''mylle''' (''mill'', from Latin ''molīnum''), '''buter''' (''butter'', from Ancient Greek ''βούτῡρον (boútūron)''), '''ijren''' (''iron'', from Proto-Celtic ''*īsarnom'').

● Loanwords dating back from the Proto-Germanic era and attested in most other Germanic languages, ''e.g.'', '''mylle''' (''mill'', from Latin ''molīnum''), '''buter''' (''butter'', from Ancient Greek ''βούτῡρον (boútūron)''), '''ijren''' (''iron'', from Proto-Celtic ''*īsarnom'').

● Loanwords created specially for Shoundavish and fitted to Shoundavish phonology, ''e. g.'', '''kroktel''' (''crocodile'', from Latin ''crocodilus''), '''faver''' (''paper'', from Ancient Greek ''πάπυρος (pápuros)''), '''wijr''' (''virus'', from Latin ''vīrus'').

● Loanwords created specially for Shoundavish and fitted to Shoundavish phonology, ''e.g.'', '''kroktel''' (''crocodile'', from Latin ''crocodilus''), '''faver''' (''paper'', from Ancient Greek ''πάπυρος (pápuros)''), '''wijr''' (''virus'', from Latin ''vīrus'').

The phonological fitting process depends on the era when the word was borrowed. Consequently, for words borrowed during the Pre-Germanic times, Grimm's law applies, as can be seen on '''faver'''. For later loanwords, only unstressed vowel reduction and some further shifts are applied to yield natural-sounding Shoundavish words, as in '''kroktel''' and '''wijr'''. More information about Shoundavish vocabulary can be found on the Contionary website <ref name="ref3">{{cite web |url= https://linguifex.com/wiki/Category:Skundavisk_words|title=Shoundavish words on the Contionary website |author=Mohamed Kaseb |year=2018| accessdate= 2023-05-03}}</ref> .

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The following text is a translation of Grimms' tale The Fox and the Geese.

''~~The~~ foks kamm eens up eene ~~weethe~~, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, ~~than~~ laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij ~~elkantheren~~, so kann ik eene after ~~the anthere~~ freten." ~~The~~ gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden ~~the~~ foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "~~thar~~ is nee ~~genåthe~~, ji mootet sterven."

''Ðe foks kamm eens up eene weeðe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, ðan laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkanðeren, so kann ik eene after ðe anðere freten." Ðe gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden ðe foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "ðar is nee genåþe, ji mootet sterven."

''Endlijk took eene sijn gante mood and sagde "skullen wi armen gænse unser junge friske lijf ~~than though~~ laten, so skenk uns eene eenigste gunst and orloof uns nogh een gebed, ~~tharmid~~ sterven wi neet in synde : ~~tharafter~~ willen wi uns in eene reewe stellen, ~~tharmid~~ kant ~~thou~~ eewe ~~the~~ fettste outsøken."

''Endlijk took eene sijn gante mood and sagde "skullen wi armen gænse unser junge friske lijf ðan ðough laten, so skenk uns eene eenigste gunst and orloof uns nogh een gebed, ðarmid sterven wi neet in synde : ðarafter willen wi uns in eene reewe stellen, ðarmid kant ðou eewe ðe fettste outsøken."

'' "Ja," sagde ~~the~~ foks "~~thet~~ is fornømstig, and is een froom wynsk: bedet, ik will so lange wachten." So feng ~~the~~ erste een reght lang gebed an, jet eewe "gak! gak!" and als si ~~though~~ neet uphålden wolde, wachtete ~~the~~ tweede neet, til ~~thet~~ kerd an her kamm, sunderen feng ook an "gak! gak!" ~~The thridde~~ and ~~fierthe~~ folgden hir, and sån kakelden si alle tegader.

'' "Ja," sagde ðe foks "ðet is fornømstig, and is een froom wynsk: bedet, ik will so lange wachten." So feng ðe erste een reght lang gebed an, jet eewe "gak! gak!" and als si ðough neet uphålden wolde, wachtete ðe tweede neet, til ðet kerd an her kamm, sunderen feng ook an "gak! gak!" Ðe þridde and fierþe folgden hir, and sån kakelden si alle tegader.

''And hwann si mid ~~thet~~ gebed over sind, skall ~~thet~~ mærken wijder ortåld beun, si beden ~~jethough~~ gantertijd nogh eewe ~~forth~~.''

''And hwann si mid ðet gebed over sind, skall ðet mærken wijder ortåld beun, si beden jeðough gantertijd nogh eewe forþ.''

English translation :

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Infobox language family
+{{Infobox language
-| name        = Shoundavish
+|image             = File:Flag_of_Shoundafland.jpg
-| creator     = Mohamed Kaseb
+|imagesize         = 185px
-| region      = Shoundafland
+|imagecaption      = Flag of Shoundafland
-| familycolor = Germanic
+|name              = Shoundavish
-| protoname   = Proto-West Germanic
+|nativename        = Skundavisk
-| child1      = Western Shoundavish
+|pronunciation     = ʃʊndaβɪʃ
-| child2      = Eastern Shoundavish
+|pronunciation_key = IPA for Shoundavish
+|state             = Shoundafland
+|setting           = Alt-history [[w:Europe|Europe]], Northern [[w:Germany|Germany]]
+|created           = 2008
+|familycolor       = Indo-European
+|fam2              = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
+|fam3              = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
+|ancestor          = Proto-West-Germanic
+|creator           = Mohamed Kaseb
+|dia1              = Western Shoundavish
+|dia2              = Eastern Shoundavish
 }}
-'''Shoundavish''' (sh.: ''skundavisk'', /ʃyndaβɪʃ/), also known by its anglicized name '''Shoundavish''', is a Germanic constructed language created by Mohamed Kaseb. Designed as a West Germanic language, it has been developed from the Old Saxon dialects spoken in what is now Schleswig and Holstein in the early Middle Ages, and is thus closely related to English, Dutch, Low Saxon, the Frisian languages and (High) German. Shoundavish also underwent a slight North Germanic influence due to contacts with the Nordic countries, which is reflected by the presence of Scandinavian loanwords in its vocabulary, especially from Old Norse and Early Modern Danish. Consequently, despite being a West Germanic language, Shoundavish shares some similarities with Danish, Swedish and Norwegian, especially in phonology and vocabulary.
+'''Skundavisk''' (sh.: /ʃʊndaβɪʃ/), also known by its anglicized name '''Shoundavish''', is a Germanic constructed language created by Mohamed Kaseb. Designed as a West Germanic language, it has been developed from the Old Saxon dialects spoken in what is now Schleswig and Holstein in the early Middle Ages, and is thus closely related to English, Dutch, Low Saxon, the Frisian languages and (High) German. Shoundavish also underwent a slight North Germanic influence due to contacts with the Nordic countries, which is reflected by the presence of Scandinavian loanwords in its vocabulary, especially from Old Norse and Early Modern Danish. Consequently, despite being a West Germanic language, Shoundavish shares some similarities with Danish, Swedish and Norwegian, especially in phonology and vocabulary.
 Shoundavish didn't take part in the High German consonant shift, and is overall one of the most conservative Germanic languages regarding the consonants. Because of its preservation of the sounds /θ/, /ð/ and /w/, along with a large common vocabulary, Shoundavish is one of the closest languages to English. However, both languages underwent very different vowel shifts over time, which makes them sound quite different. Besides, while English borrowed many words from the Romance languages (especially French), the Shoundavish vocabulary remained mostly Germanic, and very few words were borrowed from non-Germanic sources. Therefore, words like "biology" or "litterature" are built using Germanic roots instead of Latin or Greek ones. While being very conservative in its phonology and lexicon, Shoundavish didn't preserve the complex grammar of Proto-Germanic, and the medieval case system has been reduced to scattered remnants in the modern language.
@@ Line 27: / Line 37: @@
 By the 12th century the language had evolved significantly and was entering the Middle Shoundavish period, during which many vowels in unstressed syllables were reduced (ex. Old Shoundavish daga, sunno, friunds, drivan > Middle Shoundavish dag, sunne, friend, driven). The Middle Shoundavish vocabulary is quite close to that of Modern Shoundavish, but the pronunciation was different and the adjectives and articles were still inflected, like in Modern German. Middle Shoundavish wasn't a unified language, but rather a dialectal continuum, with the varieties of the five main Hanseatic cities (Flensburg, Kijl, Hamburg, Lyvig and Sweren) serving as loose written standards. The varieties of Kijl and Sweren also served as lingua francas inside the Hanseatic league, and had a huge impact on the Scandinavian languages (Danish, Swedish and Norwegian), whose modern vocabulary contains around 30% of Shoundavish loanwords, either Western Shoundavish (Kijlisk) or Eastern Shoundavish (Swerenisk). By the 15th century, the dialects of Shoundavish had diverged quite a lot from each other, and each dialect developed its own distinct pholonogial and grammatical characteristics.
-The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with actual texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.
+The 16th century saw a drastic simplification of the grammar, all the cases disappeared (except the very formal genitive case which survived in the written language) and the use of the subjunctive mood declined. Several vowels shifted during this period, especially the long vowels which split into diphthongs or were significantly modified (ex. Middle Shoundavish driven /dri:βən/, hus /hu:s/, stan /sta:n/ > Modern Shoundavish drijven /drɪjβən/, hous /hows/, stån /sto:n/). Since Sleswijk was under Danish rule during this time, Shoundavish borrowed a few words from Danish, and adopted a Scandinavian-looking orthography using the letters å, æ, ø and y. Since then, the language didn't undergo any significant change, therefore the 17th century texts almost don't differ with modern texts in style, grammar and vocabulary.
-While the other Germanic languages were adopting many new scientific and technical words, which were coined from Latin and Greek roots, Shoundavish coined its own scientific vocabulary using Germanic roots. For example, words like biology, physics or gene are translated as lijfkunthe, byrdkunthe and erfthe (literally "life-knowledge", "nature-knowledge" and "heritage" with a "-the" suffix related to English "-th"). It is therefore possible to write a Shoundavish text dealing with science or technology without any loanword from Latin or Greek, as it is the case in Icelandic.
+While the other Germanic languages were adopting many new scientific and technical words, which were coined from Latin and Greek roots, Shoundavish coined its own scientific vocabulary using Germanic roots. For example, words like biology, physics or gene are translated as lijfkunde, byrdkunde and erfþe (literally "life-knowledge", "nature-knowledge" and "heritage" with a "-þe" suffix related to English "-th"). It is therefore possible to write a Shoundavish text dealing with science or technology without any loanword from Latin or Greek, as it is the case in Icelandic.
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 109: / Line 119: @@
   ! colspan="1" | central
   ! colspan="1" | back
- |-
- ! colspan="1" | close
- | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |
- | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |
- | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ʊ
   |-
   ! colspan="1" | near-close
   | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ɪ ʏ
   | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |
-  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" |
+  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ʊ
   |-
   ! colspan="1" | close-mid
@@ Line 146: / Line 151: @@
   |-
   |}
-===Phonotactics===
-Some Shoundavish phonemes are written by combining two characters. Some of these combinations are remnants of older consonant clusters that were then simplied (like '''sk''', formerly pronouned /sk/ before shifting to /ʃ/), while others are simply due to the limitations of the Latin script (like '''th''' and '''gh''').
-● /g/+/h/=/x/ or /χ/
-● /n/+/g/=/ŋ/
-● /s/+k/=/ʃ/
-● /t/+/h/=/θ/ or /ð/
-● /h/+/w/=/ʍ/
 ==Grammar==
@@ Line 181: / Line 172: @@
   |-
   ! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | common
-  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | the
+  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe
-  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | the
+  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe
-  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | thet
+  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðet
-  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | the
+  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðe
   |-
   ! colspan="2" style="background-color:lightblue" | genitive
-  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | thes
+  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðes
-  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ther
+  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðer
-  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | thes
+  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðes
-  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ther
+  | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ðer
   |-
   ! colspan="6" style="background-color:lightgreen" | indefinite
@@ Line 220: / Line 211: @@
 While nouns can be either masculine, feminine or neuter, the gender distinction is chiefly reflected in the determiners and vestigial adjective endings, not on the nouns themselves. An exception is the genitive case marker '''-s''', which is only appended to masculine and neuter nouns:
-● '''the hund''' = the dog > '''thes hunds''' = of the dog
+● '''ðe hund''' = the dog > '''ðes hunds''' = of the dog
-● '''the mous''' = the mouse > '''ther mous''' = of the mouse
+● '''ðe mous''' = the mouse > '''ðer mous''' = of the mouse
-● '''the skåp''' = the sheep > '''thes skåps''' = of the sheep
+● '''ðe skåp''' = the sheep > '''ðes skåps''' = of the sheep
-An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. Consequently, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.
+An important remnant of the old Germanic noun class system is the way plurals are formed. More precisely, Shoundavish has five main plural markers, depending on which Germanic class the noun comes from. Some of these classes contain nouns of only one gender, while others contain nouns of all three genders.
 {| class="wikitable alternance  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
@@ Line 291: / Line 282: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi skijnen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou skinst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skinst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou skinst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skinst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji skijnt
   |-
@@ Line 307: / Line 298: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi skeenen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou skeenst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skeenst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji skeent
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou skeenest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou skeenest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji skeenet
   |-
@@ Line 351: / Line 342: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi fleugen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou fliegst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou fliegst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou fliegst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou fliegst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji fleugt
   |-
@@ Line 367: / Line 358: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi fløgen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou floogst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou floogst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji floogt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou fløgest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou fløgest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji fløget
   |-
@@ Line 411: / Line 402: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi singen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou singst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou singst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji singt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou singst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou singst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji singt
   |-
@@ Line 427: / Line 418: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi sængen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou sangst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sangst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji sangt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou sængest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sængest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji sænget
   |-
@@ Line 471: / Line 462: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi spreken
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprikst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprikst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprikst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprikst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji sprekt
   |-
@@ Line 487: / Line 478: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi spræken
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprakst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprakst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji sprakt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou sprækest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sprækest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji spræket
   |-
@@ Line 531: / Line 522: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi lesen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou lisst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou lisst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji lest
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou lisst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou lisst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji lest
   |-
@@ Line 547: / Line 538: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi læsen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou lasst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou lasst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji last
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou læsest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou læsest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji læset
   |-
@@ Line 591: / Line 582: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi wasken
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou wæskest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wæskest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji waskt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou wæskest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wæskest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji waskt
   |-
@@ Line 607: / Line 598: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi wøsken
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou wooskest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wooskest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji wooskt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou wøskest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wøskest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji wøsket
   |-
@@ Line 651: / Line 642: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi slåpen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou slæpst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slæpst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou slæpst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slæpst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji slåpt
   |-
@@ Line 667: / Line 658: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi slepen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou slepst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slepst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji slept
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou slepest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou slepest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji slepet
   |-
@@ Line 713: / Line 704: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi maken
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou makst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou makst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji makt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou makst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou makst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji makt
   |-
@@ Line 729: / Line 720: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi makten
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou maktest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou maktest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji maktet
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou maktest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou maktest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji maktet
   |-
@@ Line 777: / Line 768: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi følen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou følst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou følst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji følt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou følst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou følst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji følt
   |-
@@ Line 793: / Line 784: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi følten
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou foltest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou foltest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji foltet
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou føltest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou føltest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji føltet
   |-
@@ Line 813: / Line 804: @@
 {| class="wikitable alternance  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
-  ! colspan="5" style="background-color:white" | thenken
+  ! colspan="5" style="background-color:white" | þenken
   |-
   ! colspan="2" | infinitive
-  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thenken
+  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | þenken
   |-
   ! colspan="2" | present participle
-  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thenkend
+  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | þenkend
   |-
   ! colspan="2" | past participle
-  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | gethaght
+  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | geþaght
   |-
   ! colspan="2" | auxiliary
@@ Line 832: / Line 823: @@
   |-
   ! rowspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | present
-  | style="text-align:center" | ik thenke
+  | style="text-align:center" | ik þenke
-  | style="text-align:center" | wi thenken
+  | style="text-align:center" | wi þenken
-  | style="text-align:center" | ik thenke
+  | style="text-align:center" | ik þenke
-  | style="text-align:center" | wi thenken
+  | style="text-align:center" | wi þenken
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou thenkst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou þenkst
-  | style="text-align:center" | ji thenkt
+  | style="text-align:center" | ji þenkt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou thenkst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou þenkst
-  | style="text-align:center" | ji thenkt
+  | style="text-align:center" | ji þenkt
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit thenkt
+  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þenkt
-  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si thenken
+  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si þenken
-  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit thenke
+  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þenke
-  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si thenken
+  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si þenken
   |-
   ! rowspan="3" style="background-color:lightgreen" | preterite
-  | style="text-align:center" | ik thaghte
+  | style="text-align:center" | ik þaghte
-  | style="text-align:center" | wi thaghten
+  | style="text-align:center" | wi þaghten
-  | style="text-align:center" | ik thæghte
+  | style="text-align:center" | ik þæghte
-  | style="text-align:center" | wi thæghten
+  | style="text-align:center" | wi þæghten
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou thaghtest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou þaghtest
-  | style="text-align:center" | ji thaghtet
+  | style="text-align:center" | ji þaghtet
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou thæghtest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou þæghtest
-  | style="text-align:center" | ji thæghtet
+  | style="text-align:center" | ji þæghtet
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit thaghte
+  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þaghte
-  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si thaghten
+  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si þaghten
-  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit thæghte
+  | style="text-align:center" | hi, si, hit þæghte
-  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si thæghten
+  | style="text-align:center" | si, Si þæghten
   |-
   ! scope="row" style="background-color:lightyellow" | imperative
-  | style="text-align:center" | thenk
+  | style="text-align:center" | þenk
-  | style="text-align:center" | thenkt (ji)
+  | style="text-align:center" | þenkt (ji)
   ! style="background-color:lightgrey" |
   ! style="background-color:lightgrey" |
@@ Line 899: / Line 890: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi kunnen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou kant
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kant
   | style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou kunnst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kunnst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji kunnt
   |-
@@ Line 915: / Line 906: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi kynden
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou kondest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kondest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji kondet
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou kyndest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou kyndest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji kyndet
   |-
@@ Line 961: / Line 952: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi sijn
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou er
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou er
   | style="text-align:center" | ji sijd
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou sijst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou sijst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji sijd
   |-
@@ Line 977: / Line 968: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi wæren
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou wast
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wast
   | style="text-align:center" | ji wert
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou wærest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wærest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji wæret
   |-
@@ Line 1,019: / Line 1,010: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi haven
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou hast
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou hast
   | style="text-align:center" | ji haft
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou hafst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou hafst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji haft
   |-
@@ Line 1,035: / Line 1,026: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi hædden
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou haddest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou haddest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji haddet
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou hæddest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou hæddest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji hæddet
   |-
@@ Line 1,077: / Line 1,068: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi gån
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou gåst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gåst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji gåt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou gåst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gåst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji gåt
   |-
@@ Line 1,093: / Line 1,084: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi gingen
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou gingst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gingst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji gingt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou gingest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou gingest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji ginget
   |-
@@ Line 1,135: / Line 1,126: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi doon
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou dost
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou dost
   | style="text-align:center" | ji dot
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou dost
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou dost
   | style="text-align:center" | ji dot
   |-
@@ Line 1,151: / Line 1,142: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi deeden
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou deedst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou deedst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji deedet
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou deedest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou deedest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji deedet
   |-
@@ Line 1,193: / Line 1,184: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi bijn
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou biest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou biest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji beut
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou bijst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou bijst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji bijt
   |-
@@ Line 1,209: / Line 1,200: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi wæren
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou wast
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wast
   | style="text-align:center" | ji wert
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou wærest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou wærest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji wæret
   |-
@@ Line 1,251: / Line 1,242: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi stån
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou ståst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou ståst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji ståt
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou ståst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou ståst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji ståt
   |-
@@ Line 1,267: / Line 1,258: @@
   | style="text-align:center" | wi støden
   |-
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou stoodst
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou stoodst
   | style="text-align:center" | ji stoodet
-  | style="text-align:center" | thou stødest
+  | style="text-align:center" | ðou stødest
   | style="text-align:center" | ji stødet
   |-
@@ Line 1,286: / Line 1,277: @@
 ===Adjectives===
-Attribute adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, case and definiteness. While this formulation suggests that adjectives work as in Proto-Germanic, the older inflection system has been heavily eroded by the reduction of unstress vowels, and many of these distinctions are vestigial. Predicative adjectives are on the other hand invariable. The inflection marks of the adjectives are given by the following table. Strong declension correspond to indefinite nouns, while weak declension correspond to definite nouns.
+Attribute adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, case and definiteness. While this formulation suggests that adjectives work as in Proto-Germanic, the older inflection system has been heavily eroded by the reduction of unstressed vowels, and many of these distinctions are vestigial. Predicative adjectives are on the other hand invariable. The inflection marks of the adjectives are given by the following table. Strong declension correspond to indefinite nouns, while weak declension correspond to definite nouns.
 {| class="wikitable alternance  mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
@@ Line 1,368: / Line 1,359: @@
   ! colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="background-color:lightgreen" | 2nd person
   ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | nominative
-  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thou
+  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðou
   | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | ji
   |-
   ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | accusative
-  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thig
+  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðig
   | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw
   |-
   ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | genitive
-  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thijn
+  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðijn
   | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jer
   |-
   ! colspan="1" style="background-color:lightgreen" | dative
-  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | thir
+  | colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | ðir
   | colspan="1" style="text-align:center" | jyw
   |-
@@ Line 1,453: / Line 1,444: @@
 | deup || deep || djip || diep || deip || tief || djúpur || djup || djup || dyb || *đeupaz
 |-
-| erthe || earth || ierde || aarde || Ird || Erde || jörð || jord || jord || jord || *erþō
+| ðat || that || dat || dat || dat || das || það || det || det || det || *þat
+|-
+| erþe || earth || ierde || aarde || Ird || Erde || jörð || jord || jord || jord || *erþō
 |-
 | ej || egg<ref>The English word is a loan from Old Norse.</ref> || aei, aai || ei || Ei || Ei || egg || egg || ägg || æg || *ajjaz
@@ Line 1,478: / Line 1,471: @@
 |-
 | søken || seek || sykje || zoeken || säuken || suchen || sækja || søkja || söka || søge || *sōkjanan
-|-
-| that || that || dat || dat || dat || das || það || det || det || det || *þat
-|-
-| thank || thank (noun) || tank || dank || Dank || Dank || þökk || takk || tack || tak  || *þankaz
 |-
 | tryw || true || trou || trouw || tru || treu || tryggur || trygg || trygg || tryg || *trewwaz
 |-
 | twee || two || twa || twee || twei || zwei, zwo || tveir, tvær, tvö || to<ref>Dialectally tvo, två, tvei (m), tvæ (f), tvau (n).</ref> || två, tu || to || *twō(u)
+|-
+| þank || thank (noun) || tank || dank || Dank || Dank || þökk || takk || tack || tak  || *þankaz
 |-
 | uns || us || ús || ons || uns || uns || oss || oss || oss || os || *uns-
@@ Line 1,531: / Line 1,522: @@
 The non-Germanic loanwords present in Shoundavish can be divided in two main categories :
-● Loanwords dating back from the Proto-Germanic era and attested in most other Germanic languages, ''e. g.'', '''mylle''' (''mill'', from Latin ''molīnum''), '''buter''' (''butter'', from Ancient Greek ''βούτῡρον (boútūron)''), '''ijren''' (''iron'', from Proto-Celtic ''*īsarnom'').
+● Loanwords dating back from the Proto-Germanic era and attested in most other Germanic languages, ''e.g.'', '''mylle''' (''mill'', from Latin ''molīnum''), '''buter''' (''butter'', from Ancient Greek ''βούτῡρον (boútūron)''), '''ijren''' (''iron'', from Proto-Celtic ''*īsarnom'').
-● Loanwords created specially for Shoundavish and fitted to Shoundavish phonology, ''e. g.'', '''kroktel''' (''crocodile'', from Latin ''crocodilus''), '''faver''' (''paper'', from Ancient Greek ''πάπυρος (pápuros)''), '''wijr''' (''virus'', from Latin ''vīrus'').
+● Loanwords created specially for Shoundavish and fitted to Shoundavish phonology, ''e.g.'', '''kroktel''' (''crocodile'', from Latin ''crocodilus''), '''faver''' (''paper'', from Ancient Greek ''πάπυρος (pápuros)''), '''wijr''' (''virus'', from Latin ''vīrus'').
 The phonological fitting process depends on the era when the word was borrowed. Consequently, for words borrowed during the Pre-Germanic times, Grimm's law applies, as can be seen on '''faver'''. For later loanwords, only unstressed vowel reduction and some further shifts are applied to yield natural-sounding Shoundavish words, as in '''kroktel''' and '''wijr'''. More information about Shoundavish vocabulary can be found on the Contionary website <ref name="ref3">{{cite web |url= https://linguifex.com/wiki/Category:Skundavisk_words|title=Shoundavish words on the Contionary website |author=Mohamed Kaseb |year=2018| accessdate= 2023-05-03}}</ref> .
@@ Line 1,541: / Line 1,532: @@
 The following text is a translation of Grimms' tale The Fox and the Geese.
-''The foks kamm eens up eene weethe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, than laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkantheren, so kann ik eene after the anthere freten." The gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden the foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "thar is nee genåthe, ji mootet sterven."
+''Ðe foks kamm eens up eene weeðe, hwar eene herde skøner fetter gænse satt, ðan laghte hi and sagde "ik komme als geroopen, ji sittet winig bij elkanðeren, so kann ik eene after ðe anðere freten." Ðe gænse kakelden af skrekk, sprangen up, fengen an te jåmeren and klæglijk um here lijve te bidden. Meden ðe foks wolde over neets høren and sagde "ðar is nee genåþe, ji mootet sterven."
-''Endlijk took eene sijn gante mood and sagde "skullen wi armen gænse unser junge friske lijf than though laten, so skenk uns eene eenigste gunst and orloof uns nogh een gebed, tharmid sterven wi neet in synde : tharafter willen wi uns in eene reewe stellen, tharmid kant thou eewe the fettste outsøken."
+''Endlijk took eene sijn gante mood and sagde "skullen wi armen gænse unser junge friske lijf ðan ðough laten, so skenk uns eene eenigste gunst and orloof uns nogh een gebed, ðarmid sterven wi neet in synde : ðarafter willen wi uns in eene reewe stellen, ðarmid kant ðou eewe ðe fettste outsøken."
-'' "Ja," sagde the foks "thet is fornømstig, and is een froom wynsk: bedet, ik will so lange wachten." So feng the erste een reght lang gebed an, jet eewe "gak! gak!" and als si though neet uphålden wolde, wachtete the tweede neet, til thet kerd an her kamm, sunderen feng ook an "gak! gak!" The thridde and fierthe folgden hir, and sån kakelden si alle tegader.
+'' "Ja," sagde ðe foks "ðet is fornømstig, and is een froom wynsk: bedet, ik will so lange wachten." So feng ðe erste een reght lang gebed an, jet eewe "gak! gak!" and als si ðough neet uphålden wolde, wachtete ðe tweede neet, til ðet kerd an her kamm, sunderen feng ook an "gak! gak!" Ðe þridde and fierþe folgden hir, and sån kakelden si alle tegader.
-''And hwann si mid thet gebed over sind, skall thet mærken wijder ortåld beun, si beden jethough gantertijd nogh eewe forth.''
+''And hwann si mid ðet gebed over sind, skall ðet mærken wijder ortåld beun, si beden jeðough gantertijd nogh eewe forþ.''
 English translation :