Verse:Mwail/Erno-Kawenic languages: Difference between revisions

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-'''Thensarian''' (''thensaraquhanquhus/-milacus'', Thengkha: ''Thengsornkhwong'') is a classical Ramanuric language and one of two superstrate languages of [[Thengkha]]. It is inspired by Latin, Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, and High Valyrian.
+{{list subpages}}
+== Diachronics ==
+=== Consonants ===
+* p' -> PEK mˁ
+* t' -> PEK tˁ
+* k' -> PEK q
+* PIr l -> PEK ć
+* PIr y/g/hiatus breaker -> PEK y
+* PIr k -> PEK ç
+* PIr ng, r -> lengthens preceding vowel if before C, PEK 0 otherwise
+* PIr s -> PEK χ
+* PIr b/w -> PEK β
+* PIr d -> ð (r in retroflexing environments)
+* final nasal -> {{ng}}
+* Non-final nasals stay put (n in PIr /rVn/ retroflexes)
+* p, t stay put (t in PIr /rVt/ retroflexes)
+=== Vowels ===
+PIr ă -> ə
-Lots of reduplication, especially in verbs
+urV, orV, arV -> orV, arV, erV -> oV aV eV
-Should sound whimsical or English magic spell-like
+ira iro iru -> iwa iwo iwu
-* ''quē'' '2'
-* ''quacumquasit'' = however
-* Xanasvācā = a name
-* Xatrēpus = a name
-* Bandaeum (Theng. ''Phonthai'') = the capital of the Thensarian empire
-* ''haothispēllum'' = sorcery (from ''haothim'' 'ritual' + ''pēllum'' 'fruit; output, implementation, work')
-* ''spůbispēllum'' = facetiousness (''spůbis'' 'mirth' + ''pēllum'')
-* ''hůbispůbium'' = magic spell
-* ''baxaphus'' (<- gweķsobhos): borrowing
-* ''rhaxū'' 'love'
-* ''asynsymůs'' 'hate'
-* ''Kambarys'' a nobility-only name, meaning 'memorialized'
-* ''gladys'' 'god'
-''Rhaxuvē/-xū hīn asynsymave/-mů ēlir quaquhanix'' 'We are speaking of love and hate'
+Same-vowel weakening rule: e.g. PI sumur is treated as if it were sămur
--ao for adverbs
+== Family tree ==
+* Erno-Kawenic
+** [[Verse:Mwail/Kawenic languages|Kawenic]]
+** [[Verse:Mwail/Ernic languages|Ernic]]
 == Phonology ==
+Proto-Erno-Kawenic is characterized by unusual sound changes from Proto-Irenesian.
 === Consonants ===
-* ''qu quh'' /k{{w}} k{{w}}{{h}}/
+{| class="wikitable
-* ''g c/k ch'' /g k k{{h}}/
+|-
-* ''d t th n'' /d{{den}} t{{den}} t{{den}}{{h}} n/
+!rowspan=2|
-* ''b p ph m'' /b p p{{asp}} m/
+!colspan=2| Labial
-* ''j r rh l v s h'' /j r r{{v-}} l w s{{ret}} h/
+!rowspan=2| Denti-alveolar
-* ''x'' = /ks{{ret}}/
+!rowspan=2| Retroflex
+!rowspan=2| Palatal
+!rowspan=2| Uvular
+|-
+!|plain
+!|pharyngealized
+|-
+!|Nasal
+|| '''m''' /m/ || '''mˁ''' /mˁ/ || '''n''' /n&#810;/ || '''n&#803;''' /ɳ/ || ||
+|-
+!|Stop
+|| '''p''' /p/ || '''pˁ''' /pˁ/ || '''t''' /t&#810;/ || '''t&#803;''' /ʈ/ || '''ć''' /tɕ/ || '''q''' /q/
+|-
+!|Fricative
+|| || || || '''s&#803;''' /ʂ/ || '''ç''' /ç/ || '''x''' /χ/
+|-
+!|Continuant
+|| '''β''' /β/ || || '''δ''' /ð/ || '''r''' /ɻ/ || '''y''' /j/ ||
+|}
 === Vowels ===
-Like Sanskrit + Valyrian: ''a ā i ī u ū y y{{mac}} ē ů ae ao ṛ ṝ '' /ə a{{long}} i i{{long}} u ü{{long}} y y{{long}} e{{long}} u{{long}} ae ao/
+Short i e a o u ə
+Long ī ē ā ō ū
+Nasal iñ eñ añ oñ uñ əñ
+Coloring effects
+== Grammar ==
+I have to have a solid idea of how nouns work in PEK; I'm probably gonna cliticize classifiers after nouns
+So the classifier is almost a suffix, maybe fully a suffix by PEK
+That may affect the Ernish I have now, which I'm willing to accept. In that case Ernish should probably choose one form, probably the PEK genitive plural for most nouns.
+Ensuring that Quququqquq genitives always end in a vowel is easy
+Genitive should be -some vowel + (ng) in PI
-== Morphology ==
+Some nouns, like proper nouns, family terms and body parts, shouldn't have classifiers
-IE clone; I'm not gonna work too hard on making Thensarian grammar original, as the purpose of Thensarian is just to be a loan source for Thengkha.
-Todo: research PIE ablaut
+=== Classifiers ===
-=== Nouns ===
+{| class="wikitable"
-Usually, the nominative singular case markers are -s masc, -ā/-ī/-ū/-ȳ fem, -m neuter, -r collective
+!| PEK classifier || Domain || Etymology
+|-
+|| sg. ''=nuć'', pl. ''=çe''
+|| generic inanimate
+|-
+|| sg. ''=pće'', pl. ''=mut''
+|| inanimate (pejorative)
+|-
+|| sg. ''=hoi'', pl. ''=au''
+|| human
+|-
+|| sg. ''=qβe'', pl. ''=poyap''
+|| human (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=upi''
+|| generic animal
+|-
+|| ''=tiβo''
+|| livestock
+|-
+|| ''=toyu''
+|| animate (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=mˁō''
+|| animate (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=pˁat''
+|| flat sheets
+|-
+|| ''=əmço''
+|| flat sheets (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=çeoñ''
+|| trees and bushes; streams, rivers
+|-
+|| ''=uox''
+|| herbaceous plants
+|-
+|| ''=epçi''
+|| any plant (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=βuδ''
+|| flowers, bunches of fruit
+|-
+|| ''=tia''
+|| paths, ways
+|-
+|| ''=uhiç''
+|| long thin objects
+|-
+|| ''=uyop''
+|| fruits, spheres
+|-
+|| ''=tuć''
+|| circles, rings
+|-
+|| ''=ex''
+|| buildings
+|-
+|| ''=mˁəδañ''
+|| vehicles
+|-
+|| ''=xəβuq''
+|| man-made things (pejorative)
+|-
+|| ''=ćep''
+|| marks, like written characters, wounds, ...
+|-
+|| ''=uñqe''
+|| important places and events
+|}
-=== Verbs ===
+=== Sandbox ===
-* Infinitive -lum: -alum, -ālum, -īlum, -ūlum, -y{{mac}}lum
+PI urim 'rose apple' (bare) -> PEK oiŋ 'apple (is-a form); Apple (name form)' -> Ernish oi 'ibid.'
-Verb stems mainly use reduplication and Sanskrit-style ablaut to mark tense.
+PI urim uop -> PEK oiŋ=uyop 'the apple' -> Ernish oinguzop 'apple (singular)'
-=== Reduplication sandbox ===
+PI **urim bawăd -> PEK oiŋ bawəd -> oimbaud 'apples (plural)'
-(Grassmann's law operates on reduplicants.)
-==== Inflectional ====
-* Ca- reduplicant for the progressive aspect
-:: ''quhanix'' 'we speak'; ''quaquhanix'' 'we are speaking'
-* CaboC- reduplicant for the perfect aspect
-==== Derivational ====
+PI tiroŋ 'head' -> PEK tiwo: -> Ernish tiwo
-* ''quhan-alum'' = to speak -> ''quhan<quh>us'' = speech?
+(body parts don't take classifiers)