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|name = Ish
|name = Ish
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa]]
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa]]
|familycolor = ?
|familycolor = [[Proto-Ash-Ish]]
|fam2 = [[Proto-Ish]]
|notice = IPA
|notice = IPA
}}
}}
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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


'''Ish''' is the anglicised exonym of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas. Its speakers are in close contact with speakers of [[Ash]], who are relative newcomers to the area, but this dates back many centuries and has led to a great deal of cultural and linguistic exchange between the two. Most speakers of either language has at least some degree of familiarity with the other, and pidgin forms exist.
'''Ish''' is the anglicised exonym of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas. Its speakers are in close contact with speakers of [[Ash]], who are relative newcomers to the area, but this dates back many centuries and has led to a great deal of cultural and linguistic exchange between the two. Going back many millennia the languages are in fact related through [[Proto-Ash-Ish]] but speakers were separated until recently. Most speakers of either language have at least some degree of familiarity with the other, and pidgin forms exist.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


Ish has a small phonemic inventory but allows consonant clusters. The maximum syllable structure is {{IPA|/CɰVCɰ/}}.
Ish has a small phonemic inventory but allows consonant clusters. The maximum syllable structure is {{IPA|/CɰVCCɰ/}}. Stress is phonemic and falls on the first syllable unless otherwise marked (by an acute accent, e.g. {{ash|á}}) in the romanisation.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 32: Line 33:
|}
|}


The back vowels are sometimes rounded to {{IPA|[ɒ]}} and {{IPA|[ɒ̃]}} by an adjacent {{IPA|/ɰ/}} and are then romanised as {{ash|o}} and {{ash|õ}}.
The back vowels are rounded to {{IPA|[ɒ]}} and {{IPA|[ɒ̃]}} by an adjacent {{IPA|/ɰ/}} and are then romanised as {{ash|o}} and {{ash|õ}}. Likewise in this context the front vowels are fronted even further to {{IPA|[i]}} and {{IPA|[ĩ]}} and then romanised as {{ash|i}} and {{ash|ĩ}}.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Line 42: Line 43:
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| {{IPA|/t~ɾ/}}<br />{{ash|d}}
| {{IPA|/t/}}<br />{{ash|d}}
| {{IPA|/k/}}<br />{{ash|c}}
| {{IPA|/k/}}<br />{{ash|c}}
|-
|-
! Aspirate
! Aspirate
| {{IPA|/tˢ~s/}}<br />{{ash|t}}
| {{IPA|/tˢ/}}<br />{{ash|t}}
| {{IPA|/kˣ~x/}}<br />{{ash|q}}
| {{IPA|/kˣ/}}<br />{{ash|q}}
|-
|-
! Sonorant
! Sonorant
| {{IPA|/l~ɾ/}}<br />{{ash|l~d}}
| {{IPA|/l~ɾ/}}<br />{{ash|l~d}}
| {{IPA|/ɰ~w~j/}}<br />{{ash|w~y}}
| {{IPA|/ɰ/}}<br />{{ash|w~y}}
|}
|}


Line 58: Line 59:
===Lenition, fortition, and nasalisation===
===Lenition, fortition, and nasalisation===


Consonants except for affricates may be nasalised by a nearby nasal vowel. Nasality can also spread from roots to affixes. Between oral vowels consonants may also voice or change in other ways. Word-final changes in pausa also occur.
Consonants except for aspirates may be nasalised by a nearby nasal vowel. Nasality can also spread from roots to affixes. Between oral vowels consonants may also voice or change in other ways. Word-final changes in pausa also occur.


<div style="float: left">
<div style="float: left">
Line 118: Line 119:
<div style="clear: both"></div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>


===Labiovelar ligatures===
The aspirates {{IPA|/tˢ/}} and {{IPA|/kˣ/}} are not affected by nasalisation but reduce to pure fricatives {{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[x]}} medially except in the onset of a stressed syllable.


One of the most salient features of the phonology is the free variation in pronunciation of labiovelar clusters, romanised with additional letters.
===Labiovelar ligatures and palatalisation===
 
One of the most salient features of the phonology is the free variation in pronunciation of labiovelar clusters (i.e. /Cɰ/), romanised with additional letters. These occur before the vowel /a/ or its nasal counterpart /ã/.
 
<div style="float: left">
====Initial====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
! {{IPA|/kɰ/}}
! {{IPA|/kɰ/ / #_V}}
! {{IPA|/lɰ/}}
! {{IPA|/tɰ/ / #_V}}
! {{IPA|/lɰ/ / #_V}}
|-
|-
! Oral
! Oral
| {{IPA|[gʷ~bᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȹ}} ({{ash|c}} + {{ash|p}})
| {{IPA|[kʷ~pᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȹ}} ({{ash|c}} + {{ash|p}})
| {{IPA|[ɾʷ~ⱱᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȸ}} ({{ash|d}} + {{ash|b}})
| {{IPA|[tᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|d}}
| {{IPA|[lᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|l}}
|-
|-
! Nasal
! Nasal
| {{IPA|[ŋʷ~mᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ɱ}} ({{ash|m}} + {{ash|ŋ}})
| {{IPA|[ŋʷ~mᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ɱ}} ({{ash|m}} + {{ash|ŋ}})
| {{IPA|[ɾ̃ʷ~ⱱ̃ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȸ}} ({{ash|d}} + {{ash|b}})
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[nᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|n}}
|}
|}
</div>
<div style="float: left">
====Medial====


The forms shown here are medial, but they otherwise follow the same pattern of initial and final forms as the other consonants.
{| class="wikitable"
!
! {{IPA|/kɰ/ / V_V}}
! {{IPA|/tɰ/ / V_V}}
! {{IPA|/lɰ/ / V_V}}
|-
! Oral
| {{IPA|[gʷ~bᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȹ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɾʷ~ⱱᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȸ}} ({{ash|d}} + {{ash|b}})
|-
! Nasal
| {{IPA|[ŋʷ~mᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ɱ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɾ̃ʷ~ⱱ̃ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȸ}}
|}
</div>
<div style="float: left">
====Final====
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
! {{IPA|/kɰ/ / V_##}}
! {{IPA|/tɰ/ / V_##}}
! {{IPA|/lɰ/ / V_##}}
|-
! Oral
| {{IPA|[k̚ʷ~p̚ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ȹ}}
| {{IPA|[t̚ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|d}}
| {{IPA|[l̚ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|l}}
|-
! Nasal
| {{IPA|[ŋ̚ʷ~m̚ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|ɱ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|[n̚ᶭ]}}<br />{{ash|n}}
|}
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
 
In /Cɰ/ clusters before /e/ and /ẽ/ the suprasegmental becomes [ʲ] instead of [ʷ]~[ᶭ] and no labialisation occurs.


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Line 144: Line 191:
===Syntax===
===Syntax===


The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter sometimes also expressing involuntary action, and requiring a prefix on the verb.
The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter also requiring a prefix on the verb.


{|
<div class="ash-columns">
 
<div class="ash-column">
|{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|tay e qay ye}}
|phrase={{ash|daci dayyi}}
|morphemes=tˢaɰe e(k) kˣaɰe (e)ɰe
|morphemes=/takɰ=e(k) taɰ=ɰe/
|gloss=see DIR water PROX
|IPA=[ˈta.gʲi ˈtaj.ji]
|translation=I look at water.
|gloss=enter=DIR fire=PROX
|translation=I went into the fire.
}}
}}
 
</div>
|{{gloss
<div class="ash-column">
|phrase={{ash|attay a qay ye}}
{{gloss
|morphemes=at-tˢaɰe a(t) kˣaɰe (e)ɰe
|phrase={{ash|addoȹo dayyi}}
|gloss=NDIR-see NDIR water PROX
|morphemes=/VC-takɰ=a(t) taɰ=ɰe/
|translation=I see water.
|IPA=[ˈat̚.tɒ.bᶭɒ ˈtaj.ji]
|gloss=NDIR-enter=NDIR fire=PROX
|translation=I entered by the fire.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>


|}
Particles and determiners are both clitics that attach to the preceding word and may change its exact form or even surface merely as a change in stress. They are therefore romanised as part of the word to which they are attached. Roots therefore appear to have many allomorphs depending on the grammatical context.
 
When the object is a pronominal participant, fused forms of the particles and clitic are used. These are quite reduced and irregular.


<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ɱõȸ ote qaye}}
|phrase={{ash|nẽɱo qayi}}
|morphemes=lɰõlɰ a(t)-(e)ɰe kˣaɰe
|morphemes=/tẽkɰ=ɰa kˣaɰe/
|gloss=good NDIR-PROX water
|IPA=[ˈnẽ.mᶭɒ ˈkˣa.ji]
|translation=I have good water.
|gloss=be=DET water
|translation=There is water.
}}
}}
 
</div>
Here {{ash|ɱõȸ}} is the verb and the sentence can be literally said to mean "the water for me is good".
<div class="ash-column">
 
===Valency===
 
A direct object can be directly followed by an indirect object to form a more complex sentence.
 
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|tẽɱ e ɱõȸ odo ye}}
|phrase={{ash|nĩŋi qayí}}
|morphemes=be DIR good NDIR-DIST PROX
|morphemes=/tẽkɰ=e(k) kˣaɰe=ɰe/
|gloss=tˢẽkɰ e(k) lɰõlɰ a(t)-(a)ɰa (e)ɰe
|IPA=[ˈnĩ.ŋʲi kˣaˈji]
|translation=I made them something good (to eat).
|gloss=be=DIR water=PROX
|translation=I made the water.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>


A verb can be made passive by omitting the subject.
This also happens to verbs.


<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|taday ece}}
|phrase={{ash|attayáti dow}}
|morphemes=tˢa~tˢaɰe e(k)-(e)ɰe
|morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe taɰ/
|gloss=CONT~see DIR-PROX
|IPA=[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi ˈtɒw]
|translation=I am being watched.
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX fire
|translation=I saw the fire.
}}
}}
 
</div>
===Relative clauses===
<div class="ash-column">
 
{{gloss
When a nominal referent is the subject of a verb with no intervening objects, a determiner must be inserted between the two. A verb can be made an attributive part of a noun phrase by inserting the same determiner, but the order of noun and verb is then inverted.
|phrase={{ash|attayáti dayyi}}
 
|morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe taɰ=ɰe/
{|
|IPA=[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi ˈtaj.ji]
 
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX fire=PROX
|{{gloss
|translation=I looked at the fire.
|phrase={{ash|qot o dadat}}
|morphemes=kˣatˢ (a)ɰa tatatˢ
|gloss=bad DIST house
|translation=The house is bad.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>


|{{gloss
Note also that these two examples showcase an impersonal verb with different syntactic requirements than a regular verb.
|phrase={{ash|eccey a dadot o qat e}}
|morphemes=at-keɰ a(t) tatatˢ (a)ɰa kˣatˢ (e)ɰe
|gloss=NDIR-move NDIR house DIST bad PROX
|translation=I see water.
}}
 
|}
 
==Glossed examples==
 
The following examples are given with both variations on the labiovelar realisations.


===Possession===
Another example is the following minimal pair:


<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ɱõȸ ote tedoȹ}}
|phrase={{ash|attayáti}}
|IPA=/lɰãlɰ atˢe tˢetakɰ/ [mᶭɒ̃‿ⱱ̃ᶭɒ.se tˢe.ɾɒp̚ᶭ]~[ŋʷɒ̃‿ɾ̃ʷɒ.se tˢe.ɾɒk̚ʷ]
|morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe/
|gloss=good NDIR-PROX mouth
|IPA=[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi]
|translation=I speak well.
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX
|translation=I saw it.
}}
}}
 
</div>
===Question===
<div class="ash-column">
 
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|qa nãtẽɱ o tot o}}
|phrase={{ash|attayatí}}
|IPA=/kˣa tatˢẽkɰ a(t) tˢatˢ (a)ɰa/ [kˣã nã.sẽ‿mᶭɒ tˢɒ‿sᶭɒ]~[kˣã nã.sẽ‿ŋʷɒ tˢɒ‿sᶭɒ]
|morphemes=/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe=ɰe/
|gloss=Q in-live NDIR place DIST
|IPA=[at̚.tˢa.jaˈtˢʲi]
|translation=Where do you live?
|gloss=NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX=PROX
}}
|translation=I looked at myself.
 
===Continuous aspect===
 
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|tececey ad aqoȹo ye}}
|IPA=/tˢekekeɰ at akˣakɰa (e)ɰe/ [tˢe.ʔe.gej a‿ɾa.xɒ.bᶭɒ je]~[tˢe.ʔe.gej a‿ɾa.xɒ.gʷɒ je]
|gloss=away-go~CONT NDIR Appa PROX
|translation=We are going to [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]].
}}
}}
</div>
</div>

Latest revision as of 11:58, 8 August 2023

Ish
Created byUser:Prinsessa
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Introduction

Ish is the anglicised exonym of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas. Its speakers are in close contact with speakers of Ash, who are relative newcomers to the area, but this dates back many centuries and has led to a great deal of cultural and linguistic exchange between the two. Going back many millennia the languages are in fact related through Proto-Ash-Ish but speakers were separated until recently. Most speakers of either language have at least some degree of familiarity with the other, and pidgin forms exist.

Phonology

Ish has a small phonemic inventory but allows consonant clusters. The maximum syllable structure is /CɰVCCɰ/. Stress is phonemic and falls on the first syllable unless otherwise marked (by an acute accent, e.g. á) in the romanisation.

Vowels

There are four phonemic vowels, romanised like their IPA counterparts.

Front Back
Oral /e/ /a/
Nasal /ẽ/ /ã/

The back vowels are rounded to [ɒ] and [ɒ̃] by an adjacent /ɰ/ and are then romanised as o and õ. Likewise in this context the front vowels are fronted even further to [i] and [ĩ] and then romanised as i and ĩ.

Consonants

Coronal Dorsal
Plosive /t/
d 		/k/
c
Aspirate /tˢ/
t 		/kˣ/
q
Sonorant /l~ɾ/
l~d 		/ɰ/
w~y

The phoneme /ɰ/ is palatalised to [j] by a nearby /e/ in which case it is romanised as y.

Lenition, fortition, and nasalisation

Consonants except for aspirates may be nasalised by a nearby nasal vowel. Nasality can also spread from roots to affixes. Between oral vowels consonants may also voice or change in other ways. Word-final changes in pausa also occur.

Initial

/k/ / #_V /t/ / #_V /l/ / #_V
Oral [k]
c 		[t]
d 		[l]
l
Nasal [ŋ]
ŋ 		[n]
n

Medial

/k/ / V_V /t/ / V_V /l/ / V_V
Oral [g]
c 		[ɾ]
d
Nasal [ŋ]
ŋ 		[ɾ̃]
d

Final

/k/ / V_## /t/ / V_## /l/ / V_##
Oral [k̚]
c 		[t̚]
d 		[l̚]
l
Nasal [ŋ̚]
ŋ 		[n̚]
n

The aspirates /tˢ/ and /kˣ/ are not affected by nasalisation but reduce to pure fricatives [s] and [x] medially except in the onset of a stressed syllable.

Labiovelar ligatures and palatalisation

One of the most salient features of the phonology is the free variation in pronunciation of labiovelar clusters (i.e. /Cɰ/), romanised with additional letters. These occur before the vowel /a/ or its nasal counterpart /ã/.

Initial

/kɰ/ / #_V /tɰ/ / #_V /lɰ/ / #_V
Oral [kʷ~pᶭ]
ȹ (c + p) 		[tᶭ]
d 		[lᶭ]
l
Nasal [ŋʷ~mᶭ]
ɱ (m + ŋ) 		[nᶭ]
n

Medial

/kɰ/ / V_V /tɰ/ / V_V /lɰ/ / V_V
Oral [gʷ~bᶭ]
ȹ 		[ɾʷ~ⱱᶭ]
ȸ (d + b)
Nasal [ŋʷ~mᶭ]
ɱ 		[ɾ̃ʷ~ⱱ̃ᶭ]
ȸ

Final

/kɰ/ / V_## /tɰ/ / V_## /lɰ/ / V_##
Oral [k̚ʷ~p̚ᶭ]
ȹ 		[t̚ᶭ]
d 		[l̚ᶭ]
l
Nasal [ŋ̚ʷ~m̚ᶭ]
ɱ 		[n̚ᶭ]
n

In /Cɰ/ clusters before /e/ and /ẽ/ the suprasegmental becomes [ʲ] instead of [ʷ]~[ᶭ] and no labialisation occurs.

Grammar

Words in Ish do not have a lot of morphology besides a very productive affinity for compounding. Most content words do not fit neatly into any particular class of words, but are either verbs or nouns depending on their syntactic position, making word order somewhat rigid. However there are function words, some of which are fused.

Syntax

The basic word order in sentences with a pronominal participant is VOS (verb-object-subject) where the object is preceded by a particle expressing whether it is direct or indirect, the latter also requiring a prefix on the verb.

daci dayyi
[ˈta.gʲi ˈtaj.ji]
/takɰ=e(k) taɰ=ɰe/
enter=DIR fire=PROX
I went into the fire.
addoȹo dayyi
[ˈat̚.tɒ.bᶭɒ ˈtaj.ji]
/VC-takɰ=a(t) taɰ=ɰe/
NDIR-enter=NDIR fire=PROX
I entered by the fire.

Particles and determiners are both clitics that attach to the preceding word and may change its exact form or even surface merely as a change in stress. They are therefore romanised as part of the word to which they are attached. Roots therefore appear to have many allomorphs depending on the grammatical context.

nẽɱo qayi
[ˈnẽ.mᶭɒ ˈkˣa.ji]
/tẽkɰ=ɰa kˣaɰe/
be=DET water
There is water.
nĩŋi qayí
[ˈnĩ.ŋʲi kˣaˈji]
/tẽkɰ=e(k) kˣaɰe=ɰe/
be=DIR water=PROX
I made the water.

This also happens to verbs.

attayáti dow
[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi ˈtɒw]
/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe taɰ/
NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX fire
I saw the fire.
attayáti dayyi
[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi ˈtaj.ji]
/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe taɰ=ɰe/
NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX fire=PROX
I looked at the fire.

Note also that these two examples showcase an impersonal verb with different syntactic requirements than a regular verb.

Another example is the following minimal pair:

attayáti
[at̚.tˢaˈja.sʲi]
/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe/
NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX
I saw it.
attayatí
[at̚.tˢa.jaˈtˢʲi]
/VC-tˢaɰe=a(d)-ɰe=ɰe/
NDIR-appear=NDIR-PROX=PROX
I looked at myself.
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