Liðakuin: Difference between revisions

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==Etymology==

The "kuin" part of Liðakuin's name (in this context) means "language." Liða is a proper noun whose origin is unclear - while Proto-Gomensayan *linhuda "barrier" is somewhat close, "Liða" does not match what would be expected from it (as that would end up being "ljuda"). On the other hand, {{term|yðakka}} "spirit" does descend from a word very similar to the expected precursor to "Liða", being *ihtāka. It is possible that the name was made by mushing these two words together into "līnhtāka" or something similar, making the name of Liðakuin "soul-shield language" or something like that. Given the former {{term|Liðahjal}} royal regalia prominently included a sacred shield named Ljunþakka, it is possible - albeit as yet unknown - that the land of Liða got its name from being given this shield by the gods.

==Phonology==

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! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]

| style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]] uy

| style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]] uɥ

| colspan=2 |

| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Close back unrounded vowel|ɯ]])

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|-

! Diphthongs

| colspan="6" | ~~ow ew ej~~ ju jo jɔ ja ɵj

| colspan="6" | ju jo jɔ ja ɵj (ej ow)

|}

//ɵ ɯ ej ow// are considered diaphonemic, rather than regularly phonemic, in Liðakuin. In the latter two's case, while no known dialect appears to have all of /ej e ɛ/ and all of /ow o ɔ/, the exact results are heavily dialect-dependent. In the former two's case, in the standard dialect of Liðakuin these have merged with other phonemes /ə o/.

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Stress is unpredictable in Liðakuin. It usually falls on "long" vowels, specifically one of /æ aj e o i uy/, but can fall on any vowel.

Liðakuin speakers also tend to reduce the vowels /a i y u uy e ei o ou/ to [ɐ ɪ ʏ ʊ ʉ ɛ e ɔ o] when unstressed. This results in /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ to be merged in unstressed position.

Liðakuin speakers also tend to reduce the vowels /a i y u uɥ e ei o ou/ to [ɐ ɪ ʏ ʊ ʉ ɛ e ɔ o] when unstressed. This results in /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ to be merged in unstressed position.

===Phonotactics===

The maximal syllable structure in Liðakuin is CCVCC. Liðakuin generally abhors hiatus that does not occur at word boundaries - that is, within the same word, two vowels are not allowed to touch, and compounded words or affixed words that would result in two vowels touching frequently have a consonant inserted between them, ~~especially ''k''~~, ~~though ''j''~~ is also ~~common when~~ the ~~second~~ of ~~the vowels is ''u''~~.

The maximal syllable structure in Liðakuin is CCVCC. Liðakuin generally abhors hiatus that does not occur at word boundaries - that is, within the same word, two vowels are not allowed to touch, and compounded words or affixed words that would result in two vowels touching frequently have a consonant inserted between them, such as a sonorant or the otherwise non-phonemic glottal stop. This inserted consonant is epenthetic and is rarely written orthographically, and is also one of the key differences between different dialects of Liðakuin.

==Orthography==

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|-

! Diphthongs

| colspan="6" | ou eu ei ju jó jo ja ui

| colspan="6" | eu ei ju jó jo ja ui ou

|}

===Native script===

Liðakuin uses an evolved version of the original runes from around the time of Proto-West-Gomensayan. Since the Fenril Federation has historically mandated that most of its languages use this script, it is referred to in modern times as the Fenrilian script or alphabet.

The Fenrilian script is a bicameral alphabet with 35 letters, each in capital and lowercase letters. Each letter is commonly referred to by a word that starts with that letter, though the sound value may have shifted since its coining to one that is no longer the primary sound of the letter.

The romanization is significantly more regular than the native script.

(WIP table)

{| style="border:0px; background:none;"

|style="vertical-align: text-top"|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!''' '''

!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''

!'''Name'''

|-

|width=75|{{Lida-text|}}

|width=75|f

|width=50|[f]

|''féhr''

|-

|width=75|{{Lida-text|}}

|width=75|ú

|width=50|[u w]

|''wódän''

|-

|width=75|{{Lida-text|}}

|width=75|þ ð

|width=50|[þ ð]

|''þóda''

|-

|width=75|{{Lida-text|}}

|width=75|a

|width=50|[ɑ]

|''aður''

|-

|width=75|{{Lida-text|}}

|width=75|d

|width=50|[d]

|''darkur''

|}

|style="vertical-align: text-top"|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!''' '''

!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''

!'''Name'''

|}

|style="vertical-align: text-top"|

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

!''' '''

!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''

!'''Name'''

|}

====Notes====

<þ ð> are not normally distinguished in modern Liðakuin, thanks to how the common way Middle Liðakuin made an altered version of a rune when converting to the bicameral system is not very distinct for the letterforms {{Lida-text|}}. Liðakuin dictionaries (and orthographies for other Gomensayan languages) often add a diacritic to ''þóda'' to represent /ð/ separately; although not mandated or standard, the resulting letter {{Lida-text|}} is sometimes used for /ð/ in words with it. This especially holds for areas of the Fenril Federation where multilanguage contact is common.

The letters for /æ o/ {{Lida-text| }} are technically ligatures (specifically, of {{Lida-text|ae uu}}), but are considered distinct letters.

==Morphology==

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===Nouns===

Liðakuin nouns have one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Nouns decline based on this as well as one of several declension classes, named after the nominative ending:

* '''1''': ur class~~; masculine~~ nominative nouns end in -ur, feminine nominative nouns end in -un, and neuter nominative nouns end in -us.

* '''1''': lax vowel/ur class. Masculine nominative nouns end in -ur, feminine nominative nouns end in -un, and neuter nominative nouns end in -us. Some (typically loaned) words do not end in any of these vowels but are still considered class 1, chiefly the endings -os and -as (typically pronounced the same, as -as was seen as verb specific).

* '''2''': ing class; masculine nominative nouns end in -i, feminine and neuter nominative nouns end in -ing. This class is sometimes referred to as the "neuter-neutralizing class" as neuter declension 2 nouns are usually identical to feminine declension 2 nouns.

* '''3''': a/ar class; nominative nouns end in one of those two endings. Generally a noun ending in -ar in class 3 is neuter, while a noun ending in -a in class 3 is feminine, but nouns with either ending of any of the three grammatical genders are still considered class 3, as the declension pattern only depends on if there is an ''r'' after the ''a'' or not.

@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 ==Etymology==
+The "kuin" part of Liðakuin's name (in this context) means "language." Liða is a proper noun whose origin is unclear - while Proto-Gomensayan *linhuda "barrier" is somewhat close, "Liða" does not match what would be expected from it (as that would end up being "ljuda"). On the other hand, {{term|yðakka}} "spirit" does descend from a word very similar to the expected precursor to "Liða", being *ihtāka. It is possible that the name was made by mushing these two words together into "līnhtāka" or something similar, making the name of Liðakuin "soul-shield language" or something like that. Given the former {{term|Liðahjal}} royal regalia prominently included a sacred shield named Ljunþakka, it is possible - albeit as yet unknown - that the land of Liða got its name from being given this shield by the gods.
 ==Phonology==
@@ Line 173: / Line 174: @@
 ! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
-| style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]] uy
+| style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]] uɥ
 | colspan=2 |
 | style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Close back unrounded vowel|ɯ]])
@@ Line 202: / Line 203: @@
 |-
 ! Diphthongs
-| colspan="6" | ow ew ej ju jo jɔ ja ɵj
+| colspan="6" | ju jo jɔ ja ɵj (ej ow)
 |}
+//ɵ ɯ ej ow// are considered diaphonemic, rather than regularly phonemic, in Liðakuin. In the latter two's case, while no known dialect appears to have all of /ej e ɛ/ and all of /ow o ɔ/, the exact results are heavily dialect-dependent. In the former two's case, in the standard dialect of Liðakuin these have merged with other phonemes /ə o/.
 <!--===Prosody===-->
@@ Line 212: / Line 215: @@
 Stress is unpredictable in Liðakuin. It usually falls on "long" vowels, specifically one of /æ aj e o i uy/, but can fall on any vowel.
-Liðakuin speakers also tend to reduce the vowels /a i y u uy e ei o ou/ to [ɐ ɪ ʏ ʊ ʉ ɛ e ɔ o] when unstressed. This results in /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ to be merged in unstressed position.
+Liðakuin speakers also tend to reduce the vowels /a i y u uɥ e ei o ou/ to [ɐ ɪ ʏ ʊ ʉ ɛ e ɔ o] when unstressed. This results in /e ɛ/ and /o ɔ/ to be merged in unstressed position.
 ===Phonotactics===
-The maximal syllable structure in Liðakuin is CCVCC. Liðakuin generally abhors hiatus that does not occur at word boundaries - that is, within the same word, two vowels are not allowed to touch, and compounded words or affixed words that would result in two vowels touching frequently have a consonant inserted between them, especially ''k'', though ''j'' is also common when the second of the vowels is ''u''.
+The maximal syllable structure in Liðakuin is CCVCC. Liðakuin generally abhors hiatus that does not occur at word boundaries - that is, within the same word, two vowels are not allowed to touch, and compounded words or affixed words that would result in two vowels touching frequently have a consonant inserted between them, such as a sonorant or the otherwise non-phonemic glottal stop. This inserted consonant is epenthetic and is rarely written orthographically, and is also one of the key differences between different dialects of Liðakuin.
 ==Orthography==
@@ Line 346: / Line 349: @@
 |-
 ! Diphthongs
-| colspan="6" | ou eu ei ju jó jo ja ui
+| colspan="6" | eu ei ju jó jo ja ui ou
 |}
+===Native script===
+Liðakuin uses an evolved version of the original runes from around the time of Proto-West-Gomensayan. Since the Fenril Federation has historically mandated that most of its languages use this script, it is referred to in modern times as the Fenrilian script or alphabet.
+The Fenrilian script is a bicameral alphabet with 35 letters, each in capital and lowercase letters. Each letter is commonly referred to by a word that starts with that letter, though the sound value may have shifted since its coining to one that is no longer the primary sound of the letter.
+The romanization is significantly more regular than the native script.
+(WIP table)
+{| style="border:0px; background:none;"
+|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+!'''&nbsp;'''
+!'''&nbsp;'''
+!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
+!'''Name'''
+|-
+|width=75|{{Lida-text|}}
+|width=75|f
+|width=50|[f]
+|''féhr''
+|-
+|width=75|{{Lida-text|}}
+|width=75|ú
+|width=50|[u w]
+|''wódän''
+|-
+|width=75|{{Lida-text|}}
+|width=75|þ ð
+|width=50|[þ ð]
+|''þóda''
+|-
+|width=75|{{Lida-text|}}
+|width=75|a
+|width=50|[ɑ]
+|''aður''
+|-
+|width=75|{{Lida-text|}}
+|width=75|d
+|width=50|[d]
+|''darkur''
+|}
+|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+!'''&nbsp;'''
+!'''&nbsp;'''
+!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
+!'''Name'''
+|}
+|style="vertical-align: text-top"|
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+!'''&nbsp;'''
+!'''&nbsp;'''
+!'''[[wiki:International_Phonetic_Alphabet|IPA]]'''
+!'''Name'''
+|}
+|}
+====Notes====
+<þ ð> are not normally distinguished in modern Liðakuin, thanks to how the common way Middle Liðakuin made an altered version of a rune when converting to the bicameral system is not very distinct for the letterforms {{Lida-text|}}. Liðakuin dictionaries (and orthographies for other Gomensayan languages) often add a diacritic to ''þóda'' to represent /ð/ separately; although not mandated or standard, the resulting letter {{Lida-text|}} is sometimes used for /ð/ in words with it. This especially holds for areas of the Fenril Federation where multilanguage contact is common.
+The letters for /æ o/ {{Lida-text| }} are technically ligatures (specifically, of {{Lida-text|ae  uu}}), but are considered distinct letters.
 ==Morphology==
@@ Line 354: / Line 418: @@
 ===Nouns===
 Liðakuin nouns have one of three genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. Nouns decline based on this as well as one of several declension classes, named after the nominative ending:
-* '''1''': ur class; masculine nominative nouns end in -ur, feminine nominative nouns end in -un, and neuter nominative nouns end in -us.
+* '''1''': lax vowel/ur class. Masculine nominative nouns end in -ur, feminine nominative nouns end in -un, and neuter nominative nouns end in -us. Some (typically loaned) words do not end in any of these vowels but are still considered class 1, chiefly the endings -os and -as (typically pronounced the same, as -as was seen as verb specific).
 * '''2''': ing class; masculine nominative nouns end in -i, feminine and neuter nominative nouns end in -ing. This class is sometimes referred to as the "neuter-neutralizing class" as neuter declension 2 nouns are usually identical to feminine declension 2 nouns.
 * '''3''': a/ar class; nominative nouns end in one of those two endings. Generally a noun ending in -ar in class 3 is neuter, while a noun ending in -a in class 3 is feminine, but nouns with either ending of any of the three grammatical genders are still considered class 3, as the declension pattern only depends on if there is an ''r'' after the ''a'' or not.