Linguifex

Guimin: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image            = Guimin flag.jpg
|name              = Guimin
|name              = Guimin
|nativename        = гӯймин
|nativename        = гӯймин
Line 23: Line 24:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Guimin alphabet
|+ Guimin Cyrillic alphabet
|-
|-
! А а !! А̄ а̄ !! Ав ав !! А̄в а̄в !! Авъ авъ !! А̄въ а̄въ !! Ай ай !! А̄й а̄й !! Айъ айъ !! А̄йъ а̄йъ
! А а !! А̄ а̄ !! Ав ав !! А̄в а̄в !! Авъ авъ !! А̄въ а̄въ !! Ай ай !! А̄й а̄й !! Айъ айъ !! А̄йъ а̄йъ
Line 29: Line 30:
| /ɑ/ || /ɑː/ || /ɑu/ || /ɑuː/ || /ɑuˤ/ || /ɑuˤː/ || /ɑi/ || /ɑiː/ || /ɑiˤ/ || /ɑiˤː/
| /ɑ/ || /ɑː/ || /ɑu/ || /ɑuː/ || /ɑuˤ/ || /ɑuˤː/ || /ɑi/ || /ɑiː/ || /ɑiˤ/ || /ɑiˤː/
|-
|-
! Б б !! В в !! Г г !! Гъ гъ !! Гь гь !! Д д !! Дж дж !! Дз дз !! Е е !! Е̄ е̄
! Б б !! В в !! Г г !! Гъ гъ !! Гь гь !! Д д !! Дж дж !! Дз дз !! Э э !! Э̄ э̄
|-
|-
| /b/ || /w/ || /g/ || /ʁ/ || /h/ || /d/ || /d͡ʒ/ || /d͡z/ || /je/ || /jeː/
| /b/ || /w/ || /g/ || /ʁ/ || /h/ || /d/ || /d͡ʒ/ || /d͡z/ || /e/ || /eː/
|-
|-
! Ё ё !! Ё̄ ё̄ !! Ж ж !! З з !! И и !! Ӣ ӣ !! Иъ иъ !! Ӣъ ӣъ !! Й й !! К к
! Ё ё !! Ё̄ ё̄ !! Ж ж !! З з !! И и !! Ӣ ӣ !! Иъ иъ !! Ӣъ ӣъ !! Й й !! К к
Line 57: Line 58:
| /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡sʼː/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /t͡ʃː/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼː/ || /ʃ/ || /ʃː/ || /ʃː/ || /ɨ/
| /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡sʼː/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /t͡ʃː/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼː/ || /ʃ/ || /ʃː/ || /ʃː/ || /ɨ/
|-
|-
! Ы̄ ы̄ !! Ыъ ыъ !! Ы̄ъ ы̄ъ !! Э э !! Э̄ э̄ !! Ю ю !! Ю̄ ю̄ !! Юъ юъ !! Ю̄ъ ю̄ъ !! Я я
! Ы̄ ы̄ !! Ыъ ыъ !! Ы̄ъ ы̄ъ !! Ӏ ӏ !! Ә ә !! Ә̄ ә̄ !! Әъ әъ !! Ә̄ъ ә̄ъ !! Әв әв !! Ә̄в ә̄в
|-
|-
| /ɨː/ || /ɨˤ/ || /ɨˤː/ || /e/ || /eː/ || /ju/ || /juː/ || /juˤ/ || /juˤː/ || /jɑ/
| /ɨː/ || /ɨˤ/ || /ɨˤː/ || /ʔ/ || /æ/ || /æː/ || /æˤ/ || /æˤː/ || /æu/ || /æuː/
|-
|-
! Я̄ я̄ !! Ӏ ӏ !! Ә ә !! Ә̄ ә̄ !! Әъ әъ !! Ә̄ъ ә̄ъ !! Әв әв !! Ә̄в ә̄в !! Әвъ әвъ !! Ә̄въ ә̄въ
! Әвъ әвъ !! Ә̄въ ә̄въ !! Әй әй !! Ә̄й ә̄й !! Әйъ әйъ !! Ә̄йъ ә̄йъ
|-
|-
| /jɑː/ || /ʔ/ || /æ/ || /æː/ || /æˤ/ || /æˤː/ || /æu/ || /æuː/ || /æuˤ/ || /æuˤː/
| /æuˤ/ || /æuˤː/ || /æi/ || /æiː/ || /æiˤ/ || /æiˤː/
|}
*⟨й⟩+⟨а,э,у⟩ (including other letters and digraphs containing ⟨а,э,у⟩) have combining forms ⟨я,е,ю⟩.
*⟨щ⟩ only occurs in Russian loanwords.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Latin Guimin
|-
! A a !! Ā ā !! Ä ä !! Ǟ ǟ !! B b !! C c !! Cc cc !! C' c' !! Cc' cc' !! Č č
|-
| /ɑ/ || /ɑː/ || /æ/ || /æː/ || /b/ || /t͡s/ || /t͡sː/ || /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡sʼː/ || /t͡ʃ/
|-
! Čč čč !! Č' č' !! Čč' čč' !! D d !! E e !! Ē ē !! F f !! Ff ff !! G g !! Ğ ğ
|-
| /t͡ʃː/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼː/ || /d/ || /e/ || /eː/ || /f/ || /fː/ || /g/ || /ʁ/
|-
! H h !! I i !! Ī ī !! J j !! K k !! Kk kk !! K' k' !! Kk' kk' !! L l !! Ł ł
|-
| /h/ || /i/ || /iː/ || /j, i̯/ || /k/ || /kː/ || /kʼ/ || /kʼː/ || /l/ || /ɬ/
|-
! Łł łł !! M m !! N n !! O o !! Ō ō !! P p !! Pp pp !! P' p' !! Pp' pp' !! Q q
|-
| /ɬː/ || /m/ || /n/ || /o/ || /oː/ || /p/ || /pː/ || /pʼ/ || /pʼː/ || /qː/
|-
! Q' q' !! R r !! Rh rh !! Rr rr !! S s !! Ss ss !! Š š !! Šš šš !! T t !! Tt tt
|-
| /qʼː/ || /r/ || /r̥/ || /r̥ː/ || /s/ || /sː/ || /ʃ/ || /ʃː/ || /t/ || /tː/
|-
! T' t' !! Tt' tt' !! Tł tł !! Tłł tłł !! Tł' tł' !! Tłł' tłł' !! U u !! Ū ū !! W w !! X x
|-
| /tʼ/ || /tʼː/ || /t͡ɬ/ || /t͡ɬː/ || /t͡ɬʼ/ || /t͡ɬʼː/ || /u/ || /uː/ || /w, u̯/ || /x/
|-
! Xx xx !! X̌ x̌ !! Y y !! Ȳ ȳ !! Z z !! Ž ž !! Ʒ ʒ !! Ǯ ǯ !! ʔ !! ◌ˤ
|-
| /xː/ || /χː/ || /ɨ/ || /ɨː/ || /z/ || /ʒ/ || /d͡z/ || /d͡ʒ/ || /ʔ/ || /ˤ/
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Arabic Guimin
|-
! آ !! آو !! آوع !! آي !! آيع !! ئ !! ا !! او !! اي !! ب
|-
| /ɑ, ɑː/ || /ɑu, ɑuː/ || /ɑuˤ, ɑuˤː/ || /ɑi, ɑiː/ || /ɑiˤ, ɑiˤː/ || /ʔ/ || /æ, æː/ || /æu, æuː/ || /æi, æiː/ || /b/
|-
! ت !! تّ !! ج !! ڃ !! ڃّ !! چ !! چّ !! ح !! خ !! خّ
|-
| /t/ || /tː/ || /d͡ʒ, ʒ/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼː/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /t͡ʃː/ || /χː/ || /x/ || /xː/
|-
! څ !! د !! ر !! رّ !! ز !! س !! سّ !! ش !! شّ !! ص
|-
| /qː/ || /d/ || /r̥, r/ || /r̥ː/ || /d͡z, z/ || /s/ || /sː/ || /ʃ/ || /ʃː/ || /t͡s/
|-
! صّ !! ض !! ضّ !! ڝ !! ڝّ !! ط !! طّ !! ع !! عو !! عي
|-
| /t͡sː/ || /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡sʼː/ || /ɬ/ || /ɬː/ || /tʼ/ || /tʼː/ || /æˤ, æˤː/ || /æuˤ, æuˤː/ || /æiˤ, æiˤː/
|-
! غ !! ف !! فّ !! ڣ !! ڣّ !! ق !! ڨ !! ڨّ !! ك !! كّ
|-
| /ʁ/ || /p, f/ || /pː, fː/ || /pʼ/ || /pʼː/ || /qʼː/ || /t͡ɬʼ/ || /t͡ɬʼː/ || /k/ || /kː/
|-
! گ !! ࢰ !! ࢰّ !! ل !! ڸ !! ڸّ !! م !! ن !! ە !! و
|-
| /g/ || /kʼ/ || /kʼː/ || /l/ || /t͡ɬ/ || /t͡ɬː/ || /m/ || /n/ || /h/ || /w, u, uː/
|-
! وع !! ۈ !! ي !! يع !! ێ !! ێع !! ې
|-
| /uˤ, uˤː/ || /o, oː/ || /j, i, iː/ || /iˤ, iˤː/ || /ɨ, ɨː/ || /ɨˤ, ɨˤː/ || /e, eː/
|}
*Arabic and Persian loanwords may instead be written as in the original language unadapted.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mkhedruli Guimin (credit to Discord user @leikaisho)
|-
! ა !! ა̈ !! აჲ !! ა̈ჲ !! ავ !! ა̈ვ !! ბ !! გ !! დ
|-
| /ɑ/ || /æ/ || /ɑi/ || /æi/ || /ɑu/ || /æu/ || /b/ || /g/ || /d/
|-
! ე !! ზ !! თ !! თჺ !! ი !! ი̈ !! კ !! ლ !! მ
|-
| /e/ || /z/ || /t/ || /t͡ɬ/ || /i/ || /ɨ/ || /kʼ/ || /l/ || /m/
|-
! ნ !! ჲ !! ო !! პ !! ჟ !! რ !! ს !! ტ !! ტჺ
|-
| /n/ || /j/ || /o/ || /pʼ/ || /ʒ/ || /r/ || /s/ || /tʼ/ || /t͡ɬʼ/
|-
! ვ !! უ !! ფ !! ქ !! ყ !! შ !! ჩ !! ც !! ძ
|-
| /w/ || /u/ || /p/ || /k/ || /qʼː/ || /ʃ/ || /t͡ʃ/ || /t͡s/ || /d͡z/
|-
! წ !! ჭ !! ხ !! ჴ !! ჯ !! ჰ !! ღ !! ჶ !! ჸ
|-
| /t͡sʼ/ || /t͡ʃʼ/ || /χː/ || /qː/ || /d͡ʒ/ || /h/ || /ʁ/ || /f/ || /ʔ/
|-
|-
! Әй әй !! Ә̄й ә̄й !! Әйъ әйъ !! Ә̄йъ ә̄йъ
! ჹ !! ჺ !! ჿ !! ◌̄ !! ◌◌ !! ◌ჾ
|-
|-
| /æi/ || /æiː/ || /æiˤ/ || /æiˤː/
| /ɬ/ || /x/ || /r̥/ || /Vː/ || /Cː/ || /ˤ/
|}
|}
*⟨щ⟩ only occurs in Russian loanwords.
*/t͡ɬː, t͡ɬʼː/ are doubled as ⟨თთჺ, ტტჺ⟩; /qː, qʼː, χː/ are not doubled.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Approximant|Approximant]]
| || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || l || || j
| || colspan="2" | || colspan="2" | || [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] || || [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
Line 120: Line 212:


*/ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords.
*/ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords.
*/n/ assimilates in place of articulation to following stops.
*Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants.
*Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants.
**Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker.
**Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker.
**Pharyngealized alveolar consonants (except lateral consonants and trills) are realized as dental
**Pharyngealized alveolar consonants (except lateral consonants and trills) are realized as dental.
**Pharyngealized /ʔ/ is realized as [ʡ~ʕ]
**Pharyngealized /ʔ/ is realized as [ʡ~ʕ].
**Pharyngealized /h/ is realized as [ħ~ʜ]
**Pharyngealized /h/ is realized as [ħ~ʜ].
*Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as aspirated or tense.
*Voiceless and non-geminated ejective stops may be lightly aspirated and ejected.
*/w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels
*Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as strongly aspirated or ejected.
**/w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels are realized as [v].
**Word-initial /qː, qʼː, χː/ are realized as [q, qʼ, χ].
*/l/ and [lˤ] are in free variation with [ɫ], especially for younger speakers.
*/w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels and /j/.
**/w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels and /j/ are realized as [v].


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress is phonemic, most often either stem-initial or directly after the stem (which shifts to stem-final with zero-suffixes).
Stress is phonemic, most often either stem-initial or directly after the stem (which shifts to stem-final with zero-suffixes).
====Intonation====
====Rhythm====


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Guimin has a maximum syllable structure of CCVCC. consonant-/m, n, l, r/ clusters cannot occur word-initially.
Guimin has a maximum syllable structure of CCVCC. C[C,!{w,j}] clusters cannot occur word-initially.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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Guimin has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment.
Guimin has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment.


===Nouns and pronouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns inflect for case and number, and are gendered masculine, feminine, or neuter.
 
Cases are split into absolutive (including genitive 1) and oblique. Genitive 1 and 2 are used with absolutive and absolutive (not including genitive 1) head nouns respectively. Some nouns also have suppletive oblique stems.


{| style="background: none"
{| style="background: none"
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
! {{gcl|ABS}}
|
| -∅ || -әм
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
! {{gcl|ERG}}
|
| -әс || -эс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
|
| -итиъ || -әмтиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
|
| -әш || -ә̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
|
| -э || -әмәс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
|
| -ә̄ || -э̄с
|-
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
! {{gcl|COM}}
|
| colspan="2"| -әми
|-
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
|
| colspan="2"| -әсы
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
! {{gcl|ABS}}
|
| -∅ || rowspan="2"| -ә̄с
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
! {{gcl|ERG}}
|
| -әс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
|
| -әтиъ || -әгьиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
|
| -исәс || -исә̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
|
| -исӣ || -исмәс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
|
| -исс || -иппиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
! {{gcl|COM}}
|
| colspan="2"| -ими
|-
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
|
| colspan="2"| -исы
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
! {{gcl|ABS}}
|
| -∅ || -ыс, -м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
! {{gcl|ERG}}
|
| -с || -ис
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
|
| -тиъ || -ытиъ, -мтиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
|
| -ис || -ә̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
|
| rowspan="2"| -ӣ || -мәс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
|
| -биъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
! {{gcl|COM}}
|
| colspan="2"| -ми
|-
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
|
| colspan="2"| -сы
|}
|}
|}
|}
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
! {{gcl|ABS}}
|
| -∅ || -иъм, -йм
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
! {{gcl|ERG}}
|
| -иъс, -йс || -ӣс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
|
| -иътиъ, -йтиъ || -ӣтиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
|
| -ӣс || -ё̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
|
| rowspan="2"| -ӣъ || -иъмәс, -ймәс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
|
| -иъбиъ, -йбиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
! {{gcl|COM}}
|
| colspan="2"| -иъми, -йми
|-
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
|
| colspan="2"| -иъсы, -йсы
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
! {{gcl|ABS}}
|
| -∅ || rowspan="2"| -вис
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
! {{gcl|ERG}}
|
| -уъс, -вс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
|
| -уътиъ, -втиъ || -отиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
|
| -ос || -вә̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
|
| -вӣ || -уъмәс, -вмәс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
|
| -ӯъ, -в || -уъбиъ, -вбиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
! {{gcl|COM}}
|
| colspan="2"| -уъми, -вми
|-
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
|
| colspan="2"| -уъсы, -всы
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
Line 348: Line 442:
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
! {{gcl|ABS}}
|
| -∅ || rowspan="2"| -э̄с
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
! {{gcl|ERG}}
|
| -э̄
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
|
| -э̄тиъ || -э̄мтиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
|
| -э̄с || -э̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
|
| -ӣъ || -э̄мәс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
|
| -эхъ || -э̄биъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
! {{gcl|COM}}
|
| colspan="2"| -э̄ми
|-
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
|
| colspan="2"| -э̄сы
|}
|}
|}
|}
Line 381: Line 475:
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
! {{gcl|ABS}}
|
| -∅ || -иныс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
! {{gcl|ERG}}
|
| -ин || -инис
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
|
| -интиъ || -инытиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
|
| -нис || -нә̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
|
| rowspan="2"| -нӣ || -ымәс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
|
| -ыбиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
! {{gcl|COM}}
|
| colspan="2"| -ыми
|-
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
|
| colspan="2"| -ысы
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
Line 411: Line 505:
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
! {{gcl|ABS}}
|
| -∅ || rowspan="2"| -ә̄
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
! {{gcl|ERG}}
|
| -ы, -н
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
|
| -ытиъ, -нтиъ || -ә̄тиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
|
| colspan="2"| -инс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
|
| -инӣ || rowspan="2"| -нӣ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
|
| -ӣн
|-
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
! {{gcl|COM}}
|
| colspan="2"| -инми
|-
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
|
| colspan="2"| -инсы
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
Line 441: Line 535:
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
! {{gcl|ABS}}
|
| rowspan="2"| -сәр || -сәрыс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
! {{gcl|ERG}}
|
| -сәрис
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
|
| -сәртиъ || -сәрытиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
|
| -ръис || -ръә̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
|
| rowspan="2"| -ръӣ || -сымәс
|-
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
|
| -сыбиъ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
! {{gcl|COM}}
|
| colspan="2"| -сыми
|-
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
|
| colspan="2"| -сысы
|}
|}
|}
|}
The core arguments of the copula are both variably marked as equative or absolutive; this does not apply when the ''to be'' is used in non-copular constructions, in which case ergative and absolutive marking are used as usual.


====Demonstratives and pronouns====
====Demonstratives and pronouns====
Line 471: Line 567:
Guimin third-person masculine singular pronouns also function as demonstratives, and when used as such often absolutive ''сә'' is treated as the stem inflected as a first-declension noun.
Guimin third-person masculine singular pronouns also function as demonstratives, and when used as such often absolutive ''сә'' is treated as the stem inflected as a first-declension noun.


{| class="wikitable"
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
|+ First-person pronouns
|+ First-person pronouns
|-
|-
Line 500: Line 599:
| иккы || вӣсы || нә̄ъсы
| иккы || вӣсы || нә̄ъсы
|}
|}
 
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
|+ Second-person pronouns
|+ Second-person pronouns
|-
|-
Line 530: Line 629:
| тӏӯъсы, тӏуъсы || ю̄ъссы
| тӏӯъсы, тӏуъсы || ю̄ъссы
|}
|}
 
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="IPA wikitable"
|+ Third-person pronouns
|+ Third-person pronouns
|-
|-
Line 545: Line 644:
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
| тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м || тӏәшэ̄с || тӏэ̄сә̄м || тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м || rowspan="2"| сив
| сәтиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || сэ̄тиъ || тӏэ̄ттиъ || тӏәттиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || rowspan="2"| сив
|-
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
| сәтиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ || сэ̄тиъ || тӏэ̄ттиъ || тӏәттиъ || тӏэ̄тиъ
| тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м || тӏәшэ̄с || тӏэ̄сә̄м || тӏәш || тӏәшә̄м
|-
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
! {{gcl|DAT}}
Line 561: Line 660:
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
| тӏәсы || тӏәссы || тӏә̄сы || тӏэ̄ссы || тӏәсы || тӏәссы
| тӏәсы || тӏәссы || тӏә̄сы || тӏэ̄ссы || тӏәсы || тӏәссы
|}
|}
|}


Line 593: Line 693:


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Guimin has 22 light verbs from which all others are derived. They inflect for tense, aspect, mood, voice, patient number and gender, and other optional categories.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ "to do"
|-
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2" | {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! colspan="3" | {{gcl|INF}}
| colspan="6" | тӣ
|-
! rowspan="9" | {{gcl|PFV}}
! rowspan="5" | {{gcl|IND}}
! {{gcl|PRES}}
| тӣтӏ || тӣнтӏ || тә̄тӏ || тэнтӏ || тыътӏ || ттинтӏ
|-
! {{gcl|PST}}
| тӣнтӏ || тӣнинтӏ || тә̄нтӏ || тә̄нинтӏ || ттытӏ || тыънинтӏ
|-
! {{gcl|PRF}}
| тита̄тӏ || титнэнтӏ || тита̄тӏ || титнэнтӏ || тита̄тӏ || титнэнтӏ
|-
! {{gcl|FUT}}
| тӣтӏиъ || тӣнтӏиъ || тэтӏиъ || тә̄нтӏиъ || ттитӏиъ || ттәнтӏиъ
|-
! {{gcl|PASS}}
| тӣтӏә || тӣрә || тә̄тӏә || тә̄рә || тыътӏә || тыърә
|-
! colspan="2" | {{gcl|IMP}}
| тӣтӏуъ || тӣнтӏуъ || тә̄тӏуъ || тэнтӏуъ || тыътӏуъ || ттинтӏуъ
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{gcl|PTCP}}
! {{gcl|NPST}}
| colspan="6" | ттәнцӏ
|-
! {{gcl|PST}}
| colspan="6" | тыънәнцӏ
|-
! {{gcl|PASS}}
| colspan="6" | тты̄нәс
|-
! rowspan="7" | {{gcl|IPFV}}
! rowspan="3" | {{gcl|IND}}
! {{gcl|NPST}}
| тэ̄нтӏ || тинэнтӏ || та̄нтӏ || тәнэнтӏ || та̄тӏ || тынэнтӏ
|-
! {{gcl|PST}}
| итэ̄нтӏ || итинэнтӏ || ита̄нтӏ || итәнэнтӏ || ита̄тӏ || итнэнтӏ
|-
! {{gcl|PASS}}
| тэ̄нтӏә || тэ̄нрә || та̄нтӏә || та̄нрә || та̄тӏә || та̄рә
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{gcl|PTCP}}
! {{gcl|NPST}}
| colspan="6" | тынанцӏ
|-
! {{gcl|PST}}
| colspan="6" | та̄нәнцӏ
|-
! {{gcl|PASS}}
| colspan="6" | та̄мынәс
|}
Verbs are most often derived by pairing a light verb with either a following adjective or a preceding absolutive noun. When an absolutive noun is part of a complex verb, the clause's patient is instead marked as dative.
====Other verb markers====
=====Tense, aspect, and mood=====
A number of tense-aspect combinations are formed by compounding verbs.
{| class="wikitable"
! imperfective infinitive
| verb.{{gcl|IPFV}} || rowspan="5" | + || be.{{gcl|INF}}
|-
! pluperfect
| verb.{{gcl|PRF}} || be.{{gcl|IPFV}}.{{gcl|NPST}}
|-
! discontinuous
| verb.{{gcl|PRF}} || become.{{gcl|PFV}}
|-
! habitual
| verb.{{gcl|IPFV}} || do.{{gcl|IPFV}}
|-
! iterative
| verb.{{gcl|IPFV}} || verb.{{gcl|IPFV}}
|}
Four mood suffixes can be applied to indicative verbs: subjunctive ''-кьи'', conditional ''-ссә'', counterfactual ''-(й)ә̄й'', and abilitative ''-ыъ''.
=====Converbs=====
There are two converbs: relative/attributive ''-ды'' which puts no restriction on its verb's inflection, and simultaneous ''-цы'' which can only be applied to imperfective verbs.
=====Valency modifiers=====
Verb valency can be increased and decreased with suffixes ''-гьэ'' and ''-ухъ'' respectively. These suffixes are also mostly used to derive new verbs, for example ''диркӏ, диркӏгьэ'' "to see, to look" and ''вӣд, вӣдухъ'' "to know, to think."
=====Causatives=====
Causative verbs are marked with particles preceding the causee. These particles agree with the causer's gender: masculine ''вит'', feminine ''вәт'', neuter ''уът''.
If present in the clause, the causer is marked as the agent of the verb, and the causee is put in the absolutive.
=====Reflexives and reciprocals=====
For reflexives see [[Guimin#Demonstratives and pronouns|Demonstratives and pronouns]]. Reciprocals are marked with a verb suffix ''-зәм''.
=====Questions=====
Questions are marked either with interrogative proforms or an interrogative verb suffix: ''-ма'' for polar questions, and ''-май'' for mediative and rhetorical questions.
====Verb affix order====
{| class="wikitable"
! negation !! пӏә- "un-"/<br>двиъ- "re-"
| verb<br>stem
! valency<br>modifier !! reciprocal !! mood !! converb !! question !! gerund/<br>agentivizer
|}
===Adjectives===
Adjectives agree with their head noun in case, number, and gender.
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="7"| First declension
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
| тӏ(ә)- || -әм || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -э̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -ә̄с
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
| -әс || -эс || -э̄ || -әс
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
| -итиъ || -әмтиъ || -э̄тиъ || -э̄мтиъ || -әтиъ || -әгьиъ
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
| -әш || -ә̄м || -э̄с || -э̄м || -исәс || -исә̄м
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -э || -әмәс || -ӣъ || -э̄мәс || -исӣ || -исмәс
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
| -ә̄ || -э̄с || -эхъ || -э̄биъ || -исс || -иппиъ
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
| colspan="2"| -әми || colspan="2"| -э̄ми || colspan="2"| -ими
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
| colspan="2"| -әсы || colspan="2"| -э̄сы || colspan="2"| -исы
|}
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="7"| Second declension
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
| тӏ(ә)- || -иъм, -йм || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -е̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -йә̄с
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
| -иъс, -йс || -ӣс || -е̄ || -йәс
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
| -иътиъ, -йтиъ || -е̄тиъ || -ӣтиъ || -е̄мтиъ || -йәтиъ || -йәгьиъ
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
| -ӣс || -ё̄м || -е̄с || -е̄м || -исәс || -исә̄м
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| rowspan="2"| -ӣъ || -иъмәс, -ймәс || -ӣъ || -е̄мәс || -исӣ || -исмәс
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
| -иъбиъ, -йбиъ || -е̄хъ || -е̄биъ || -исс || -иппиъ
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
| colspan="2"| -иъми, -йми || colspan="2"| -е̄ми || colspan="2"| -ими
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
| colspan="2"| -иъсы, -йсы || colspan="2"| -е̄сы || colspan="2"| -исы
|}
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! colspan="7"| Third declension
|-
! rowspan="2"| !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|M}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|F}} !! colspan="2"| {{gcl|N}}
|-
! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|SG}} !! {{gcl|PL}}
|-
! {{gcl|ABS}}
| тӏ(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -вис || ццӏ(а)- || rowspan="2"| -вэ̄с || с(ә)- || rowspan="2"| -вә̄с
|-
! {{gcl|ERG}}
| -уъс, -вс || -вэ̄ || -вәс
|-
! {{gcl|GEN1|genitive 1}}
| -уътиъ, -втиъ || -отиъ || -вэ̄тиъ || -вэ̄мтиъ || -вәтиъ || -вәгьиъ
|-
! {{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}}
| -ос || -вә̄м || -вэ̄с || -вэ̄м || -висәс || -висә̄м
|-
! {{gcl|DAT}}
| -вӣ || -уъмәс, -вмәс || -вӣъ || -вэ̄мәс || -висӣ || -висмәс
|-
! {{gcl|INSTR}}
| -ӯъ, -в || -уъбиъ, -вбиъ || -вэхъ || -вэ̄биъ || -висс || -виппиъ
|-
! {{gcl|COM}}
| colspan="2"| -уъми, -вми || colspan="2"| -вэ̄ми || colspan="2"| -вими
|-
! {{gcl|EQ|equative}}
| colspan="2"| -уъсы, -всы || colspan="2"| -вэ̄сы || colspan="2"| -висы
|}


===Adjectives and adverbs===
The absolutive singular prefixes ''тӏ(ә)-, ццӏ(а)-, с(ә)-'' are optional and most often used for disambiguation.
 
Comparative and superlative adjectives are preceded by particles ''е'' and ''бәч'' respectively, and compared nouns use the equative case.
 
===Evidentiality===
Witness and nonwitness evidence are marked with clause-initial particles ''ыг'' and ''гӯ'' respectively. Gnomic and direct participant clauses use neither particle, and either particle is omitted if already present earlier in an utterance unless the type of evidence changes.
 
Reportative clauses use a separate particle that agrees in gender with the reportee: masculine ''кӏу'', feminine ''кӏо'', neuter ''ккӏа''. If the reportee is included in or near the clause the reportative particle follows the reportee, otherwise it is clause-initial.
 
Evidence marking is optional except in non-future perfective declarative utterances. Evidentials are often omitted entirely from translations, especially from text.
 
===Negation and prohibitives===
Clauses are negated with a verb clitic ''ни-'', or an emphatic equivalent ''вэ̄-''. These clitics can also function as preceding particles to negate individual words, and as negative interjections.
 
Prohibitive verbs are marked with a preceding particle ''мӣ'' plus imperative inflection.


===Postpositions===
===Postpositions===
Line 624: Line 947:
| кӏытӏ || гьәзә̄р || бә̄вр || дикӏы бә̄вр || милён
| кӏытӏ || гьәзә̄р || бә̄вр || дикӏы бә̄вр || милён
|}
|}
*All numerals above 1,000,000 are Russian loans.
*Numeral places above 1,000,000 are Russian loans.


Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms ''пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ'', other ordinals are marked by ''-(ы)тӏ''. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by ''-ар'' and ''-ла'' respectively.
Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms ''пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ'', other ordinals are marked by ''-(ы)тӏ''. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by ''-ар'' and ''-ла'' respectively.
===Derivational morphology===
====Part-of-speech modifiers====


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 636: Line 956:


===Noun and verb phrases===
===Noun and verb phrases===
Numerals precede their head. Genitives, possessives, and adjectives may either precede or follow their head. Adverbs follow their head.


===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
Line 646: Line 967:
{{interlinear
{{interlinear
|Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә.
|Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә.
|{{gcl|NWIT|non-witness}} human.ABS-PL.ABS all-M.PL.ABS free-ADJ.NZ-COM and equal-ADJ.NZ-COM dignity-SG.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} and right.PL-PL.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} make.PFV.PASS.M.PL
|{{gcl|NWIT|non-witness}} human.ABS-PL.ABS all-M.PL.ABS free-ADJ.NZ-COM and equal-ADJ.NZ-COM dignity-SG.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} and rights-PL.{{gcl|GEN2|genitive 2}} make.PFV.PASS.M.PL
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
<br>
<br>
Line 663: Line 984:


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[https://cals.info/language/guimin/ CALS]
*[https://cals.info/language/guimin/ CALS]
*[[Guimin/Swadesh]]


[[Category:Guimin language]]
[[Category:Guimin language]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Guimin"