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'''Galanego''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Galanego''; <small>Galanego:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Gaglanego|[galaˈnego&#93;]]</span>), also called as '''Galano''' by neibouring [[w:Galician|Galician]] speakers, is a Insular Celtic language which evolved under strong influence of vulgar Latin. Galanego has official status along with [[w:Spanish|Spanish]], and speakers of Gaglanego are basically bilingual with [[w:Galician|Galician]]. Although the area of this language is mainly restricted to [[w:Galicia|Galicia]] inside the Iberian peninsular, there are several oversea Galanego communities which are established by the immigrants to Middle and South America.
 
Basically, Galanego is a Brythonic language with Celtic lexicon and Iberian Latin featured sound changes, its grammar also shifts from Celtic languages to resemble its Latin neibours.
<!--{{construction|date=15:14, 9 September 2020 (UTC)}}-->
{{Infobox language
|image            = Flag of Galanha.jpg
|imagesize        = 185px
|imagecaption      = Flag of Galanha
|name              = Galega
|nativename        = Galega
|pronunciation    = gaˈlega
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Galega
|state            = Galanha
|setting          = Alt-history [[w:Europe|Europe]], [[w:Galicia|Galicia]]
|created          = 2023
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]]
|fam3              = [[w:Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]]
|fam4              = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}''&nbsp;[[w:Brythonic|Brythonic]]
|ancestor          = Old Galega
|creator          = Ethan Delanche
|dia1              = Pontevedrian (''Brèvasega'')
|dia2              = Nedovreian (''Nẽdovrèvega'')
|dia3              = Biscayan (''Biscaega'')
|stand1            = Standard Galega
|script1          = Latin
|nation            = Galanha Autonomy
|agency            =
|map              = Locator Map Galanha.png
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapcaption        = Borders of Galanha
|notice            = IPA
}}
 
'''Galega''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Galega''; <small>Galega:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Galega|[gaˈlega&#93;]]</span>), also called as '''Galá''' by neibouring [[w:Galician|Galician]] speakers, is a Insular Celtic language which evolved under strong influence of vulgar Latin. Galega has official status along with [[w:Spanish|Spanish]], and speakers of Galega are basically bilingual with [[w:Galician|Galician]]. Although the area of this language is mainly restricted to [[w:Galicia|Galicia]] inside the Iberian peninsular, there are several oversea Galego communities which are established by the immigrants to Middle and South America.
Basically, Galega is a Brythonic language with Celtic lexicon and Iberian Latin featured sound changes, its grammar also shifts from Celtic languages to resemble its Latin neibours.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The name '''Galanego''' is the language of '''Galanha''', this term comes from the endonym '''Gallania''', which is used to distinct the Brythonic speakers that immigrated to Galicia around 6BC by local Vulgar Latin speakers, as they mistaken these people come from Gallia(Modern day France). While the Galanego speakers called themselves as '''Bretonado''' that time, but eventually they came to accept this exonym as their endonym in order to distinguish with the local British people.
The name '''Galega''' is the language of '''Galanha''', this term comes from the endonym '''Gallania''', which is used to distinct the Brythonic speakers that immigrated to Galicia around 6BC by local Vulgar Latin speakers, as they mistaken these people come from Gallia(Modern day France). While the Galega speakers called themselves as '''Bretonado''' that time, but eventually they came to accept this exonym as their endonym in order to distinguish with the local British people.


==History==
==External History==


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 31: Line 63:
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || ò || {{lang|gl|mòro "big"}}
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}} || ò || {{lang|gl|mòro "big"}}
|-
|-
| {{IPA|/u/}} || u || {{lang|gl|durno "fist"}}
| {{IPA|/u/}} || u || {{lang|gl|useio "high"}}
|}
|}


==Phonology history==
==Internal history==
Galanego undergone a mixture of both Celtic and Vulgar Latin sound changes. While its lexicon evolved from their nominative forms, not oblique form as its Latin neibours.
Galanego undergone a mixture of both Celtic and Vulgar Latin sound changes. While its lexicon evolved from their nominative forms, not oblique form as its Latin neibours.
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 54: Line 86:
!Late Welsh
!Late Welsh
|-
|-
 
|rowspan=2|i
|normally
|ɪ
|e
|ɸritus
|rido
|redo
|"ford" m.
|red
|rhyd
|-
|final a affection
|e̝
|ɛ
|ɸlikkā
|leca
|lèca
|"slate" f.
|lec'h
|llech
|-
|rowspan=2|e
|normally
|e
|e
|kwennom
|penno
|peno
|"head" m.
|penn
|pen
|-
|final i affection
|e̝
|ɛ
|meli
|mele
|mè
|"" m.
|mel
|mêl
|-
|rowspan=2|a
|normally
|a
|a
|markos
|marco
|marco
|"horse" m.
|marc'h
|march
|-
|final i affection
|e̝
|ɛ
|mantī
|menti
|mènçe
|"size, quantity" f.
|ment
|maint
|-
|rowspan=2|o
|normally
|o
|o
|dolā
|dola
|doa
|"meadow" f.
|dol
|dol
|-
|final i affection
|ɵ
|u
|
|
|
|"" .
|
|
|-
|rowspan=3|u
|normally
|u
|o
|
|
|
|"" f.
|
|
|-
|final a affection
|o
|o
|kumbā
|comba
|comba
|"valley" f.
|komm
|cwm
|-
|final i affection
|ü
|i
|
|
|
|"" .
|
|
|}
|}


Line 75: Line 220:
|-
|-
|ī
|ī
|all places
|rowspan="8" |all places
|i
|i
|rowspan="4" |i
|rowspan="2" |i
|līwos
|līwos
|liwo
|liwo
Line 84: Line 229:
|liv
|liv
|lliw
|lliw
|-
|ū
|ü
|rūnā
|ryna
|rinha
|"secret, mystery" f.
|''rin''
|rhin
|-
|ou
|rowspan="2" |ʉ
|rowspan="2" |u
|toutā
|tuda
|tuda
|"people, tribe" f.
|tud
|tud
|-
|oi
|oinos
|unho
|ũ
|"one" adv.
|un
|un
|-
|ā
|rowspan="2" |o̜
|rowspan="2" |ɔ
|māros
|moro
|mòro
|"big" adj.
|meur
|mawr
|-
|au
|auberos
|over
|òvero
|"vain, futile" adj.
|euver
|ofer
|-
|ai
|e̝
|ɛ
|kaitos
|cedo
|cèdo
|"forest" m.
|koad
|coed
|-
|ei
|e
|e
|skeitos
|scedo
|escedo
|"shield" m.
|skoed
|ysgwyt
|}
|}


Line 90: Line 300:
* Galanego once has /y/, also written as "y" before 9th century, but this vowel finally merged with /i/.
* Galanego once has /y/, also written as "y" before 9th century, but this vowel finally merged with /i/.
* Only final a & i vowel affection are affective in Galanego compared to modern Celtic languages.
* Only final a & i vowel affection are affective in Galanego compared to modern Celtic languages.
===Consonants===
====Palatalisation====
Similar to all West romance languages, palatalisation happens when /k/ & /t/ are followed by /i/,/e/,/ɛ/ and semivowel /j/, they became /ts/ by middle Galega, and eventually /θ/:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|/k/+/i/,/e/,/ɛ/,/j/
|rowspan=2|/ts/
|rowspan=2|/θ/
|kīkos > cigo /ˈθiɣo/ "meat" m.
|-
|/t/+/i/,/e/,/ɛ/,/j/
|anatlā > ança /ˈɑ̃θa/ "breath" f.
|}
====Lenition====
Consonant cluster generally simplified in Galega as shown in the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Clusters
! Condition
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|tt
|
|t /t/
|kattos > cato "cat" m.
|-
|kk
|
|c /k/
|brokkos > broco "badger" m.
|-
|ll
|
|l /l/
|tullos > tolo "hole" m.
|-
|nn
|
|n /n/
|kwennom > peno "head" m.
|-
|rr
|
|r /r/
|karros > caro "car" m.
|-
|-
|mm
|
|m /m/
|mammā > mama "mother, mam" f.
|-
|-
|mn
|
|l /l/
|
|-
|nm
|
|l /l/
|
|-
|-
|mr
|
|br /br/
|
|-
|-
|ml
|
|bl>br /br/
|
|-
|-
|xs
|
|s /s/
|rīxs > ris "king" m.
|-
|-
|xt
|
|it /it/
|noxtos > noito "bared" adj.
|-
|-
|wl
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|wr
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|zd
|
|t /t/
|nizdos >
|-
|-
|zg
|
|t /t/
|mezgos >
|-
|-
|sw
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sr
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|st
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sl
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sm
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sn
|
|n /n/
|snīs >
|-
|}
Note that intervocalic /b/, /d/ and /g/ will be voiced further to pronounce as //, // and //, but no change is made on orthography.
====Voicing====
====Syncope====
# common syncope shared with Iberian-Romance
# intervocalic /l/ and /n/
Intervocalic /l/ and /n/ are eventually omitted in Galega, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules. While /n/ will cause nasalisation on the preceding vowel, see "vocalisation" for details:
* dolā > dola > doa "meadow" f. (without epenthesis)
* argantīnos > argantino > argancinho "silvern" adj. (without epenthesis)
* salēnos > saleno > saeio "salt" m. (with epenthesis)
* wēlos > welo > veio "modest" (with epenthesis)
* syncope of intervocalic /d/, /g/
Intervocalic /g/ first become /ɣ/ by vocalisation and then omitted, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|V/g/V without epenthesis
|rowspan=2|/ɣ/
|/∅/
|togos > toɣo > too > to "roof, ceiling" m.
|-
|V/g/V with epenthesis
|/j/
|brigā > bre̝ɣa > brɛa > brèia "hill" f.
|}
Intervocalic /d/ follows similar rules:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|V/d/V without epenthesis
|rowspan=2|/ð/
|/∅/
|roudos > rʉðo > ruo > "red" adj.
|-
|V/d/V with epenthesis
|/j/
|
|}
====Nasalisation====
====Epensis====
When middle vowels follow high vowels as a result of syncope or after normal sound changes, an /j/(written as /i/) will be inserted:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|/e/+/a/;/o/;/ɔ/
|rowspan=2|VV
|rowspan=2|VjV
|senos > seo > seio /ˈsejo/ "old" adj.
|-
|/ɛ/+/a/;/o/;/ɔ/
|
|}
But this change doesn't take place for /o/ and /ɔ/, as abonā > avona > avoa "river" f.
====Liquid interchange====
Similar to Galician, Portuguese and Spanish, Galega also has liquid interchanges of /l/ and /r/ if they are present in following syllabes, but are basically regularised to the following two conditions:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Examples
|-
|VlVl > VlVr
|mīlālos > miloro > miòro "bestial" adj.
|-
|VrVr- > VrVl
|eriros > erilo > ereio "eagle" m.
|}
Note that all /l/ will be omitted following syncope rules(while in some cases epenthesis rules applies).
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
===Verbs===
===Adjective===
===Adverbs===
===Determiners===
===Prepositions===
===Conjunctions===
===Prefixes & Postfixes===
===Syntax===
==Dialect variations==
==Sample Texts==

Latest revision as of 11:17, 24 June 2024

Galega
Galega
Flag of Galanha.jpg
Flag of Galanha
Pronunciation[gaˈlega]
Created byEthan Delanche
Date2023
SettingAlt-history Europe, Galicia
Native toGalanha
Early form
Old Galega
Standard form
Standard Galega
Dialects
  • Pontevedrian (Brèvasega)
  • Nedovreian (Nẽdovrèvega)
  • Biscayan (Biscaega)
Official status
Official language in
Galanha Autonomy
File:Locator Map Galanha.png
Borders of Galanha
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Galega (endonym: Galega; Galega: [gaˈlega]), also called as Galá by neibouring Galician speakers, is a Insular Celtic language which evolved under strong influence of vulgar Latin. Galega has official status along with Spanish, and speakers of Galega are basically bilingual with Galician. Although the area of this language is mainly restricted to Galicia inside the Iberian peninsular, there are several oversea Galego communities which are established by the immigrants to Middle and South America. Basically, Galega is a Brythonic language with Celtic lexicon and Iberian Latin featured sound changes, its grammar also shifts from Celtic languages to resemble its Latin neibours.

Etymology

The name Galega is the language of Galanha, this term comes from the endonym Gallania, which is used to distinct the Brythonic speakers that immigrated to Galicia around 6BC by local Vulgar Latin speakers, as they mistaken these people come from Gallia(Modern day France). While the Galega speakers called themselves as Bretonado that time, but eventually they came to accept this exonym as their endonym in order to distinguish with the local British people.

External History

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Similar to its neibour Galician, Galanego also has seven vowels, but use grave marks to distinct close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels:

Vowels
Phoneme (IPA) Grapheme Examples
/a/ a mabo "son"
/e/ e bedo "world"
/ɛ/ è cèdo "forest"
/i/ i cigo "meat"
/o/ o rodo "red"
/ɔ/ ò mòro "big"
/u/ u useio "high"

Internal history

Galanego undergone a mixture of both Celtic and Vulgar Latin sound changes. While its lexicon evolved from their nominative forms, not oblique form as its Latin neibours.

Vowels

Short vowels

Proto-Celtic Condition Old Galega Late Galega Example
Proto-Celtic Old Galega Late Galega Translation Late Breton Late Welsh
i normally ɪ e ɸritus rido redo "ford" m. red rhyd
final a affection e̝ ɛ ɸlikkā leca lèca "slate" f. lec'h llech
e normally e e kwennom penno peno "head" m. penn pen
final i affection e̝ ɛ meli mele mè "" m. mel mêl
a normally a a markos marco marco "horse" m. marc'h march
final i affection e̝ ɛ mantī menti mènçe "size, quantity" f. ment maint
o normally o o dolā dola doa "meadow" f. dol dol
final i affection ɵ u "" .
u normally u o "" f.
final a affection o o kumbā comba comba "valley" f. komm cwm
final i affection ü i "" .

Long vowels and dipthongs

Proto-Celtic Condition Old Galega Late Galega Example
Proto-Celtic Old Galega Late Galega Translation Late Breton Late Welsh
ī all places i i līwos liwo livo "colour" m. liv lliw
ū ü rūnā ryna rinha "secret, mystery" f. rin rhin
ou ʉ u toutā tuda tuda "people, tribe" f. tud tud
oi oinos unho ũ "one" adv. un un
ā o̜ ɔ māros moro mòro "big" adj. meur mawr
au auberos over òvero "vain, futile" adj. euver ofer
ai e̝ ɛ kaitos cedo cèdo "forest" m. koad coed
ei e e skeitos scedo escedo "shield" m. skoed ysgwyt

Galanego vowels presents following features:

  • Galanego doesn't have diphthongization in open and closed syllables as in Portuguese and Catalan.
  • Galanego once has /y/, also written as "y" before 9th century, but this vowel finally merged with /i/.
  • Only final a & i vowel affection are affective in Galanego compared to modern Celtic languages.

Consonants

Palatalisation

Similar to all West romance languages, palatalisation happens when /k/ & /t/ are followed by /i/,/e/,/ɛ/ and semivowel /j/, they became /ts/ by middle Galega, and eventually /θ/:

Condition Middle Galega Late Galega Examples
/k/+/i/,/e/,/ɛ/,/j/ /ts/ /θ/ kīkos > cigo /ˈθiɣo/ "meat" m.
/t/+/i/,/e/,/ɛ/,/j/ anatlā > ança /ˈɑ̃θa/ "breath" f.

Lenition

Consonant cluster generally simplified in Galega as shown in the following list:

Clusters Condition Late Galega Examples
tt t /t/ kattos > cato "cat" m.
kk c /k/ brokkos > broco "badger" m.
ll l /l/ tullos > tolo "hole" m.
nn n /n/ kwennom > peno "head" m.
rr r /r/ karros > caro "car" m.
mm m /m/ mammā > mama "mother, mam" f.
mn l /l/
nm l /l/
mr br /br/
ml bl>br /br/
xs s /s/ rīxs > ris "king" m.
xt it /it/ noxtos > noito "bared" adj.
wl t /t/
wr t /t/
zd t /t/ nizdos >
zg t /t/ mezgos >
sw t /t/
sr t /t/
st t /t/
sl t /t/
sm t /t/
sn n /n/ snīs >

Note that intervocalic /b/, /d/ and /g/ will be voiced further to pronounce as //, // and //, but no change is made on orthography.

Voicing

Syncope

  1. common syncope shared with Iberian-Romance
  1. intervocalic /l/ and /n/

Intervocalic /l/ and /n/ are eventually omitted in Galega, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules. While /n/ will cause nasalisation on the preceding vowel, see "vocalisation" for details:

  • dolā > dola > doa "meadow" f. (without epenthesis)
  • argantīnos > argantino > argancinho "silvern" adj. (without epenthesis)
  • salēnos > saleno > saeio "salt" m. (with epenthesis)
  • wēlos > welo > veio "modest" (with epenthesis)
  • syncope of intervocalic /d/, /g/

Intervocalic /g/ first become /ɣ/ by vocalisation and then omitted, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules:

Condition Middle Galega Late Galega Examples
V/g/V without epenthesis /ɣ/ /∅/ togos > toɣo > too > to "roof, ceiling" m.
V/g/V with epenthesis /j/ brigā > bre̝ɣa > brɛa > brèia "hill" f.

Intervocalic /d/ follows similar rules:

Condition Middle Galega Late Galega Examples
V/d/V without epenthesis /ð/ /∅/ roudos > rʉðo > ruo > "red" adj.
V/d/V with epenthesis /j/

Nasalisation

Epensis

When middle vowels follow high vowels as a result of syncope or after normal sound changes, an /j/(written as /i/) will be inserted:

Condition Middle Galega Late Galega Examples
/e/+/a/;/o/;/ɔ/ VV VjV senos > seo > seio /ˈsejo/ "old" adj.
/ɛ/+/a/;/o/;/ɔ/

But this change doesn't take place for /o/ and /ɔ/, as abonā > avona > avoa "river" f.

Liquid interchange

Similar to Galician, Portuguese and Spanish, Galega also has liquid interchanges of /l/ and /r/ if they are present in following syllabes, but are basically regularised to the following two conditions:

Condition Examples
VlVl > VlVr mīlālos > miloro > miòro "bestial" adj.
VrVr- > VrVl eriros > erilo > ereio "eagle" m.

Note that all /l/ will be omitted following syncope rules(while in some cases epenthesis rules applies).

Grammar

Nouns

Verbs

Adjective

Adverbs

Determiners

Prepositions

Conjunctions

Prefixes & Postfixes

Syntax

Dialect variations

Sample Texts

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