Linguifex

Galega: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
 
(33 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Galega''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Galega''; <small>Galega:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Galega|[gaˈlega&#93;]]</span>), also called as '''Galá''' by neibouring [[w:Galician|Galician]] speakers, is a Insular Celtic language which evolved under strong influence of vulgar Latin. Galega has official status along with [[w:Spanish|Spanish]], and speakers of Gaglega are basically bilingual with [[w:Galician|Galician]]. Although the area of this language is mainly restricted to [[w:Galicia|Galicia]] inside the Iberian peninsular, there are several oversea Galego communities which are established by the immigrants to Middle and South America.
 
<!--{{construction|date=15:14, 9 September 2020 (UTC)}}-->
{{Infobox language
|image            = Flag of Galanha.jpg
|imagesize        = 185px
|imagecaption      = Flag of Galanha
|name              = Galega
|nativename        = Galega
|pronunciation    = gaˈlega
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Galega
|state            = Galanha
|setting          = Alt-history [[w:Europe|Europe]], [[w:Galicia|Galicia]]
|created          = 2023
|familycolor      = Indo-European
|fam2              = [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic]]
|fam3              = [[w:Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]]
|fam4              = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}''&nbsp;[[w:Brythonic|Brythonic]]
|ancestor          = Old Galega
|creator          = Ethan Delanche
|dia1              = Pontevedrian (''Brèvasega'')
|dia2              = Nedovreian (''Nẽdovrèvega'')
|dia3              = Biscayan (''Biscaega'')
|stand1            = Standard Galega
|script1          = Latin
|nation            = Galanha Autonomy
|agency            =
|map              = Locator Map Galanha.png
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapcaption        = Borders of Galanha
|notice            = IPA
}}
 
'''Galega''' ([[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Galega''; <small>Galega:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Galega|[gaˈlega&#93;]]</span>), also called as '''Galá''' by neibouring [[w:Galician|Galician]] speakers, is a Insular Celtic language which evolved under strong influence of vulgar Latin. Galega has official status along with [[w:Spanish|Spanish]], and speakers of Galega are basically bilingual with [[w:Galician|Galician]]. Although the area of this language is mainly restricted to [[w:Galicia|Galicia]] inside the Iberian peninsular, there are several oversea Galego communities which are established by the immigrants to Middle and South America.
Basically, Galega is a Brythonic language with Celtic lexicon and Iberian Latin featured sound changes, its grammar also shifts from Celtic languages to resemble its Latin neibours.
Basically, Galega is a Brythonic language with Celtic lexicon and Iberian Latin featured sound changes, its grammar also shifts from Celtic languages to resemble its Latin neibours.


Line 89: Line 121:
|e̝
|e̝
|ɛ
|ɛ
|
|meli
|
|mele
|
|mè
|"" m.
|"" m.
|
|mel
|
|mêl
|-
|-
|rowspan=2|a
|rowspan=2|a
Line 112: Line 144:
|mantī
|mantī
|menti
|menti
|mènti
|mènçe
|"size, quantity" f.
|"size, quantity" f.
|ment
|ment
Line 202: Line 234:
|rūnā
|rūnā
|ryna
|ryna
|riña
|rinha
|"secret, mystery" f.
|"secret, mystery" f.
|''rin''
|''rin''
Line 272: Line 304:


====Palatalisation====
====Palatalisation====
Similar to all West romance languages, palatalisation happens when /k/ & /t/ are followed by /i/,/e/,/ɛ/ and semivowel /j/, they became /ts/ by middle Galega, and eventually /θ/:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|/k/+/i/,/e/,/ɛ/,/j/
|rowspan=2|/ts/
|rowspan=2|/θ/
|kīkos > cigo /ˈθiɣo/ "meat" m.
|-
|/t/+/i/,/e/,/ɛ/,/j/
|anatlā > ança /ˈɑ̃θa/ "breath" f.
|}
====Lenition====
====Lenition====
Consonant cluster generally simplified in Galega as shown in the following list:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Clusters
! Condition
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|tt
|
|t /t/
|kattos > cato "cat" m.
|-
|kk
|
|c /k/
|brokkos > broco "badger" m.
|-
|ll
|
|l /l/
|tullos > tolo "hole" m.
|-
|nn
|
|n /n/
|kwennom > peno "head" m.
|-
|rr
|
|r /r/
|karros > caro "car" m.
|-
|-
|mm
|
|m /m/
|mammā > mama "mother, mam" f.
|-
|-
|mn
|
|l /l/
|
|-
|nm
|
|l /l/
|
|-
|-
|mr
|
|br /br/
|
|-
|-
|ml
|
|bl>br /br/
|
|-
|-
|xs
|
|s /s/
|rīxs > ris "king" m.
|-
|-
|xt
|
|it /it/
|noxtos > noito "bared" adj.
|-
|-
|wl
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|wr
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|zd
|
|t /t/
|nizdos >
|-
|-
|zg
|
|t /t/
|mezgos >
|-
|-
|sw
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sr
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|st
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sl
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sm
|
|t /t/
|
|-
|-
|sn
|
|n /n/
|snīs >
|-
|}
Note that intervocalic /b/, /d/ and /g/ will be voiced further to pronounce as //, // and //, but no change is made on orthography.
====Voicing====
====Voicing====
====Syncope====
====Syncope====
Line 280: Line 466:
Intervocalic /l/ and /n/ are eventually omitted in Galega, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules. While /n/ will cause nasalisation on the preceding vowel, see "vocalisation" for details:
Intervocalic /l/ and /n/ are eventually omitted in Galega, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules. While /n/ will cause nasalisation on the preceding vowel, see "vocalisation" for details:
* dolā > dola > doa "meadow" f. (without epenthesis)
* dolā > dola > doa "meadow" f. (without epenthesis)
* argantīnos > argantino > argançinho "silvern" adj. (without epenthesis)
* argantīnos > argantino > argancinho "silvern" adj. (without epenthesis)
* salēnos > saleno > saeio "salt" m. (with epenthesis)
* salēnos > saleno > saeio "salt" m. (with epenthesis)
* wēlos > welo > veio "modest" (with epenthesis)
* wēlos > welo > veio "modest" (with epenthesis)


# syncope of intervocalic /d/, /g/
* syncope of intervocalic /d/, /g/
Intervocalic /g/ first become /ɣ/ by vocalisation and then omitted, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules:
Intervocalic /g/ first become /ɣ/ by vocalisation and then omitted, either create new diphthongs or following epenthesis rules:
* togos > toɣo > too > to "roof, ceiling" m. (without epenthesis)
{| class="wikitable"
* brigā > bre̝ɣa > brɛa > brèia "hill" f. (with epenthesis)
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|V/g/V without epenthesis
|rowspan=2|/ɣ/
|/∅/
|togos > toɣo > too > to "roof, ceiling" m.
|-
|V/g/V with epenthesis
|/j/
|brigā > bre̝ɣa > brɛa > brèia "hill" f.
|}
Intervocalic /d/ follows similar rules:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|V/d/V without epenthesis
|rowspan=2|/ð/
|/∅/
|roudos > rʉðo > ruo > "red" adj.
|-
|V/d/V with epenthesis
|/j/
|
|}


====Nasalisation====
====Nasalisation====
====Epensis====
====Epensis====
====Celtic "s" to Galega "x"====
When middle vowels follow high vowels as a result of syncope or after normal sound changes, an /j/(written as /i/) will be inserted:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Condition
! Middle Galega
! Late Galega
! Examples
|-
|/e/+/a/;/o/;/ɔ/
|rowspan=2|VV
|rowspan=2|VjV
|senos > seo > seio /ˈsejo/ "old" adj.
|-
|/ɛ/+/a/;/o/;/ɔ/
|
|}
But this change doesn't take place for /o/ and /ɔ/, as abonā > avona > avoa "river" f.
 
====Liquid interchange====
====Liquid interchange====
Similar to Galician, Portuguese and Spanish, Galega also has liquid interchanges of /l/ and /r/ if they are present in following syllabes, but are basically regularised to the following two conditions:
Similar to Galician, Portuguese and Spanish, Galega also has liquid interchanges of /l/ and /r/ if they are present in following syllabes, but are basically regularised to the following two conditions:
* -lVl- > -lVr: mīlālos > miloro > miòro "bestial" adj. (without epenthesis)
{| class="wikitable"
* -rVr- > -rVl: eriros > erilo > ereio "eagle" m. (with epenthesis)
|-
! Condition
! Examples
|-
|VlVl > VlVr
|mīlālos > miloro > miòro "bestial" adj.
|-
|VrVr- > VrVl
|eriros > erilo > ereio "eagle" m.
|}
Note that all /l/ will be omitted following syncope rules(while in some cases epenthesis rules applies).
Note that all /l/ will be omitted following syncope rules(while in some cases epenthesis rules applies).
==Grammar==
===Nouns===
===Verbs===
===Adjective===
===Adverbs===
===Determiners===
===Prepositions===
===Conjunctions===
===Prefixes & Postfixes===
===Syntax===
==Dialect variations==
==Sample Texts==
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Galega"