Natalician: Difference between revisions

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|imagecaption = Flag of the Natalician Republic

|name = Natalician

|nativename = ~~Nataldha~~

|nativename = Natal retti

|pronunciation = na.ta.~~ld.ja~~

|pronunciation = na.tal re.tːi

|pronunciation_key = IPA for Natalician

|states = Natalicia; Firenia and the Kontamchian Islands

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|familycolor = Tinarian

|fam2 = Kasenian

|fam3 = ~~Upper Kasenian~~

|fam3 = Natalo-Kesperic

|fam4 = ~~Natalo-Kesperian~~

|fam4 = High Kesperic

|fam5 = Old Natalician

|dia1 = Celician Natalician (''Selis ~~Nataldha~~'')

|dia1 = Celician Natalician (''Selis Natal'')

|dia2 = Northern Natalician (''~~Köpreh Nataldha~~'')

|dia2 = Northern Natalician (''Köpreli Natal'')

|dia3 = Firenic Natalician (''Firen ~~Nataldha~~'')

|dia3 = Firenic Natalician (''Firen Natal'')

|stand1 = Standard Central Natalician (''~~Kieneh Rasah Nataldha~~'')

|stand1 = Standard Central Natalician (''Durgum Raskaznol Natal'')

|creator = User:Hazer

|script1 = Latin

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|ancestor = Old Natalician

}}

'''Natalician''' ({{IPA|/nəˈtɑlɪʃən/}}; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''~~Nataldha~~'' {{IPA|[na.~~ta.ld.ja~~]}} or ''Natal Rettive'' {{IPA|/na.tal re.tːive/}}) is a North Kasenian language predominantly spoken in Central East Tinaria, specifically in Natalicia, Firenia, and North-East Nirania. Beyond Natalicia, it holds official status in Budernie, Nirania, and Kannamie, and is recognized as a minority language in East Espidon and within the Dogostanian community in Eastern Amarania. Natalician shares a close linguistic relationship with other North Kasenian languages, such as Espidan and Niranian.

'''Natalician''' ({{IPA|/nəˈtɑlɪʃən/}}; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Natal'' {{IPA|[na.tal]}} or ''Natal Rettive'' {{IPA|/na.tal re.tːive/}}) is a North Kasenian language predominantly spoken in Central East Tinaria, specifically in Natalicia, Firenia, and North-East Nirania. Beyond Natalicia, it holds official status in Budernie, Nirania, and Kannamie, and is recognized as a minority language in East Espidon and within the Dogostanian community in Eastern Amarania. Natalician shares a close linguistic relationship with other North Kasenian languages, such as Espidan and Niranian.

Modern Natalician evolved from Old Natalician, which itself descended from an extinct, unnamed language spoken by the Natalo-Kesperian tribes. Today, Natalician stands as one of the world's most significant languages, boasting the highest number of speakers among the Kasenian languages, both as a native and a second language. Approximately 65 million people worldwide speak Natalician, including 37 million native speakers.

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With the dawn of the Killistic era, the Natalese tribes gained access to invaluable knowledge, brought by the ascension of their proclaimed king, '''Ribel Zömeri'''. This period marked a significant rise in literacy rates within the nascent and unified ~~Natale~~ monarchy, which spanned from 1203 to 1834. During this era, the Natalician language saw its first instances of written records and experienced a flourishing of printed works.

With the dawn of the Killistic era, the Natalese tribes gained access to invaluable knowledge, brought by the ascension of their proclaimed king, '''Ribel Zömeri'''. This period marked a significant rise in literacy rates within the nascent and unified Natalese monarchy, which spanned from 1203 to 1834. During this era, the Natalician language saw its first instances of written records and experienced a flourishing of printed works.

The earliest known book containing written evidence of the Natalician language is titled "Natåltïå kočåculaï orūnza" (Natalician Guide Book). This seminal work was authored and published by the late Ulun Cilesli Irkete in the year 1210. Subsequently, numerous documents have been preserved through generations and are now treasured artifacts housed in the '''Natalician Grand Museum of Literature and Artifacts''' in Celicia.

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|salign=right

|quote=''Ťenałr tanakavsai der garla. Ťenałr nameš tanakavsai der ünete.'' “History is written by the victor. Our history is written by the people.”

|source= Zafel Sörät Fortla, ~~father~~ of the ~~Natales~~

|source= Zafel Sörät Fortla, founder of the republic

}}

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Natalician is spoken in the Natalician republic, the kingdom of Firenia, the northwestern camps of the Nirenian republic and as a minority language in Espidon and Amarania. The popularity of Natalician has increased following the Natalician Dispora program, resulting in an increase of demand for the language to be taught as a foreign language in most of Tinaria and the other three continents.

An exact global number of Natalician speakers is a matter of difference due to the several varieties of Natalician status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including certain forms of Kasperian and Rufeic Natalician. With the inclusion or exclusion of said varieties, the estimate is approximately 40 million people who speak Natalician as a ~~[[w:~~first language]], 5 to 15 million speak it as a ~~[[w:~~second language]], and 40 to 50 million as a ~~[[w:~~foreign language]]. This would imply approximately 85 to 105 million Natalician speakers worldwide.

An exact global number of Natalician speakers is a matter of difference due to the several varieties of Natalician status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including certain forms of Kasperian and Rufeic Natalician. With the inclusion or exclusion of said varieties, the estimate is approximately 40 million people who speak Natalician as a first language, 5 to 15 million speak it as a second language, and 40 to 50 million as a foreign language. This would imply approximately 85 to 105 million Natalician speakers worldwide.

Natalician sociolinguist Mezred Siförtah estimated a number of 150 million Natalician foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker.

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Natalician is a recognised minority language in the following countries:

* Espidon (in the provinces of Zafur and Iktišek)

* East of the ~~federal~~ Dogostanian ~~republic~~ in Amarania

* East of the Federal Dogostanian Republic in Amarania

== Phonology ==

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# The phoneme /ʒ/ is usually realised as /dʒ/ in many dialects. In the island dialects, it is replaced with /d͡ʒ/ when it occurs word-initially.

# /l/ can undergo delateralisation in most dialects if preceeded by /i/ - for example, ''senil'' ("problem") is pronounced /se.nij/ rather than /se.nil/.

~~===Consonant harmony===~~

Natalician orthography reflects voice sandhi voicing, a form of consonant mutation with two consonants that meet, and the second is voiced and the first is unvoiced. The first unvoiced consonant {{IPA|[p t f ʃ t͡ʃ θ k s]}} is voiced to {{IPA|[b d v ʒ d͡ʒ ð ɡ z]}}, but the orthography remains unchanged:

* 'Kütdüs' (you drink) realises the /t/ as a /d/ due to the voiced consonant that follows. Hence, it will be /kydː.ys/.

===Vowels===

[[file:Natalician_vh_chart.png]]

[[file:Natalician_vh_chart.png|border|600px]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

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==Orthography==

===Alphabet===

Natalician has a straightforward orthography, meaning regular spelling with (almost) no diphthong or digraph or anything of the sort. In linguistic terms, the writing system is a phonemic orthography. ~~The following are exceptions:~~

Natalician has a straightforward orthography, meaning regular spelling with (almost) no diphthong or digraph or anything of the sort. In linguistic terms, the writing system is a phonemic orthography.

* The letter that is called ''Girbit El'' ("Silent L"), written {{angbr|Ł}} in Natalician orthography, represents vowel lengthening. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, always follows a vowel and always preceeds a consonant. The vowel that preceeds it is lengthened.

* The letter {{angbr|H}} in Natalician orthography represents two sounds: The /h/ sound, and the /j/ sound. If the letter {{angbr|H}} is located at the beginning of the word, it takes the /h/ sound, otherwise it takes the /j/ sound. (e.g. ''Hiloh'' /hi.loj/'' "Hello", ''Konah /ko.naj/'' "Beautiful", ''Haz /haz/ "This")

====Standard Natalician alphabet====

[[File:~~Natalician_keeb_1~~.png|thumb|A Natalician ~~AZERTÖ~~ computer keyboard layout.]]

[[File:Natalician_qwerty.png|thumb|A Natalician QWERTY computer keyboard layout.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! Letter !! Name !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]

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|-

|}

* The letter that is called ''Girbit El'' ("Silent L"), written {{angbr|Ł}} in Natalician orthography, represents vowel lengthening. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, always follows a vowel and always preceeds a consonant. The vowel that preceeds it is lengthened.

* The letter {{angbr|H}} in Natalician orthography represents two sounds: The /h/ sound, and the /j/ sound. If the letter {{angbr|H}} is located at the beginning of the (non-compound) word, it takes the /h/ sound, otherwise it takes the /j/ sound. (e.g. ''Hiloh'' /hi.loj/'' "Hello", ''Konah /ko.naj/'' "Beautiful", ''Haz /haz/ "This")

==Grammar==

===Consonant harmony===

Natalician orthography reflects voice sandhi voicing, a form of consonant mutation with two consonants that meet, and the second is voiced and the first is unvoiced. The first unvoiced consonant {{IPA|[p t f ʃ t͡ʃ θ k s]}} is voiced to {{IPA|[b d v ʒ d͡ʒ ð ɡ z]}}, but the orthography remains unchanged.

* ''Kütdüs'' (you drink) realises the /t/ as a /d/ due to the voiced consonant that follows; hence, it becomes /kydː.ys/.

* ''Äzäpzik'' (announcement) realises the /p/ as a /b/; hence, it becomes /æ.zæb.zik/.

'''NOTE:''' The only time a voiced consonant gets devoiced is when the voiced-voiceless pairs meet and the voiced consonant preceeds the voiceless one, resulting in a gemination of the voiceless consonant: ''Lüzševi'' /lyʃː.e.vi/ - ''Özse'' /œsː.e/ - ''Kodtos'' /kotːos/

=== Vowel harmony ===

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Grammatical affixes have "a chameleon-like quality" and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony:

* '''Twofold (''-e/-o'')''': The article, for example, is ''-(v)e'' after front vowels and ''-(v)o'' after back vowels.

* '''Twofold ĕ (''-e/-o'')''': The article, for example, is ''-(v)e'' after front vowels and ''-(v)o'' after back vowels.

* '''Fourfold (''-i/-a/-ü/-u'')''': The verb infinitive suffix, for example, is ''-i'' or ''-a'' after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and ''-ü'' or ''-u'' after the corresponding rounded vowels.

* '''Fourfold ĭ (''-i/-a/-ü/-u'')''': The verb infinitive suffix, for example, is ''-i'' or ''-a'' after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and ''-ü'' or ''-u'' after the corresponding rounded vowels.

* '''Type & 'and'''': The adjectival passive voice suffix, for example, is ''-t&t'', the ''&'' being the same vowel as the previous one.

Practically, the twofold pattern (usually referred to as the type Ĕ) means that in the environment where the vowel in the word stem is formed in the front of the mouth, the suffix will take the '''e''' form, while if it is formed in the back it will take the '''o''' form. The fourfold pattern (also called the type Ĭ) accounts for rounding as well as for front/back. The type & pattern is the reppetition of the same last vowel.

The following examples, based on the ~~nominal~~ suffix ''-zĭk'', illustrate the principles of type Ĭ vowel harmony in practice: ''~~Čikel~~'''zik''''' ("~~Wellness~~"), ''Ok'''zuk''''' ("Knowledge"), ''Ian'''zak''''' ("~~Food~~"), ''Nör'''zük''''' ("Living").

The following examples, based on the verbal noun suffix ''-zĭk'', illustrate the principles of type Ĭ vowel harmony in practice: ''Ährä'''zik''''' ("Swimming"), ''Ok'''zuk''''' ("Knowledge"), ''Ian'''zak''''' ("Eating"), ''Nör'''zük''''' ("Living").

==== Exceptions to vowel harmony ====

These are four word-classes that are exceptions to the rules of vowel harmony:

# '''Native, non-compound words''', e.g. ''Ela'' "then", ''Čela'' "drink", ''~~Äga~~'' "by"

# '''Native, non-compound words''', e.g. ''Ela'' "then", ''Čela'' "drink", ''Ťehozuk'' "discussion"

# '''Native compound words''', e.g. ''Pave'' "for what"

# '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''Sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''~~Hospital~~''' (hospital), '''~~Komphuter~~''' (computer)

# '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''Sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''Hospitol''' (hospital), '''Kompiułter''' (computer)

# '''Invariable prefixes / suffixes:'''

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| From ''haša'' "to come"

|-

| '''~~gik~~-'''

| '''gel-'''

| ''~~gikögültüt~~'' || "~~unwanted~~"

| ''gelsincetet'' || "decomposed"

| From ''~~ögültüt~~'' "~~wanted~~"

| From ''since'' "compose"

|}

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* Every grammatical prefix disobeys the vowel harmony aswell.

===Parts of speech===

There are nine '''parts of speech''' (''kurzuk felev'') in Natalician.

#'''[[noun]]''' (''iztin'' "name");

#'''[[pronoun]]''' (''kahuče'' from Amaranian '''kayoûtshéy''', or ''reširnel iztinev'' "personal names");

#'''[[adjective]]''' (''oruvaš'' "quality");

#'''[[verb]]''' (''öhker'' from Amaranian '''eiyiker''', or ''dirzik'' "action");

#'''[[adverb]]''' (''randara'');

#'''[[postposition]]''' (''hasla eř'' "later addition");

#'''[[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]]''' (''sedlek übeřre'' "sentence link");

#'''[[Grammatical particle|particle]]''' (''meres'');

#'''[[interjection]]''' (''venzik rimizli'' "feeling manifester").

Only nouns and verbs are inflected in Natalician. An adjective can usually be treated as a noun, in which case it can also be inflected. Inflection can give a noun features of a verb such as person and tense. With inflection, a verb can become one of the following:

* '''verbal noun''' (''öhkernel iztin'');

* verbal adjective (''öhkernel oruvaš'');

* '''verbal adverb''' (''öhkernel randara'').

These have peculiarities not shared with other nouns, adjectives or adverbs.

For example, some participles take a ''person'' the way verbs do.

Also, a verbal noun or adverb can take a direct object.

There are two standards for listing verbs in dictionaries. Most dictionaries follow the tradition of spelling out the '''infinitive form''' of the verb as the [[headword]] of the entry, but others such as the Zeraltan Natalician-English Dictionary are more technical and spell out the '''stem''' of the verb instead, that is, they spell out a string of letters that is useful for producing all other verb forms through morphological rules. Similar to the latter, this article follows the stem-as-citeword standard.

* '''Infinitive''': ''oruvu'' ("to read")

* '''Stem''': ''oru-'' ("read")

In Natalician, the verbal stem is also the second-person singular imperative form. Example:

:''oru-'' (stem meaning "read")

:''Oru!'' ("Read!")

Many verbs are formed from nouns by addition of ''-še''. For example:

:''mar'' – "structure"

:''maršo'' – "build / construct"

Most adjectives can be treated as nouns or pronouns. For example, ''ďen'' can mean "young", "young person", or "the young person being referred to".

[[Comparison (grammar)|Comparison]] of adjectives is not done by inflecting adjectives or adverbs, but by other means (described [[#Comparison|below]]).

Adjectives can serve as adverbs, sometimes by means of repetition:

:''danah'' – "happy"

:''danah danah'' – "happily"

===Nouns===

====Inflection====

A Natalician noun has no gender.

There are seven regular inflectional affixes in Natalician.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Inflectional affixes in English

!Affix

!Grammatical category

!Mark

!Part of speech

|-

| -(v)ĕv

|Grammatical number|Number

|plural

|nouns

|-

| -'(ĭ)n

|Case

|genitive

|nouns and noun phrases, pronouns

|-

| -tĕs

|Aspect

|progressive

|gerunds or participles

|-

| -t&t

|[[Grammatical tense|Tense]]

|[[Past tense|past]] ([[Simple aspect|simple]])

|[[verb]]s

|-

| -(ĕ)m

|[[Degree of comparison]]

|[[comparative]]

|[[adjective]]s and [[adverbs]]

|-

| -mĕ

|[[Degree of comparison]]

|[[superlative]]

|[[adjective]]s and [[adverbs]]

|}

Through its presence or absence, the plural ending shows distinctions of [[Grammatical number|number]].

=====Number=====

A noun is made plural by addition of ''-(v)ev'' or ''-(v)ov'' (depending on the vowel harmony). When a numeral is used with a noun, however, the plural suffix is ''not'' used:

:{|

|-

| ''böšter'' || "table"

|-

| ''böšterev'' || "tables"

|-

| ''nav böšter'' || "four tables"

|}

The plural ending also allows a family (living in one house) to be designated by a single member:

:{|

|-

| ''ičedevev'' || "Ičede and his family / The Ičedes"

|}

====Verbal nouns====

The '''verbal noun''' is created by the addition of the suffix ''-zĭk'' and the '''root''' of the verb.

:{| class=wikitable

! Verb !! Noun

|-

| ''fas-'' "give" || ''faszak'' "giving / donation"

|-

| ''den-'' "let" || ''denzik'' "allowance"

|-

| ''kur-'' "speak" || ''kurzuk'' "speech"

|-

| ''dön-'' "ask" || ''dönzük'' "question"

|}

The verb ''et-'' "make, do" can be considered as an '''auxiliary verb''', since for example it is often used with verbal nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Arabic:

''kabul et-'' "accept" (''kabul'' "[an] accepting");

''reddet-'' "reject" (''ret'' "[a] rejecting");

''ziyaret et-'' "visit" (''ziyaret'' "[a] visiting").

Considered as units, these are transitive verbs; but the nouns in them can also, by themselves, take direct objects:

''Antalya'yı ziyaret'' "visit to Antalya".

What looks like an ablative gerund is usually an adverb; the ending ''-meden'' usually has the sense of "without".

See [[#Adverbs]] below.

An infinitive in the absolute case can be the object of a verb such as ''iste-'' "want":

{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2

| Kimi eğitime devam etmek, kimi de çalışmak istiyor.

| some-of-them towards-education continuation make some-of-them also work want

| Some want to continue their education, and some want to work"

(''source:'' ''Cumhuriyet Pazar Dergi'', 14 August 2005, p. 1.)}}

Note here that the compound verb ''devam et-'' "continue, last" does not take a direct object, but is complemented by a dative noun.

Another way to express obligation (besides with ''lâzım'' as in the [[#lazim|earlier example]]) is by means of ''zor'' "trouble, compulsion" and an infinitive:

''Gitmek zoru'' "Go compulsion",

''Gitmek zorundayız'' "We must go".

(''Source:'' same as the last example.)

Both an infinitive and a gerund are objects of the postposition ''için'' "for" in the third sentence of the quotation within the following quotation:

{{Verse translation|

{{lang|tr|

Tesis yetkilileri,

"Bölge insanları genelde tutucu.

Sahil kesimleri

yola yakın olduğu için

rahat bir şekilde göle giremiyorlar.

Biz de

hem yoldan geçenlerin görüş açısını '''kapatmak'''

hem de erkeklerin rahatsız '''etmemesi''' için

paravan kullanıyoruz"

dedi.

Ancak paravanın aralarından

çocukların karşı tarafı gözetlemeleri

engellenemedi.

}}

|

Facility its-authorities

"District its-people in-general conservative.

Shore its-sections

to-road near their-being for

comfortable a in-form to-lake they-cannot-enter.

We also

both from-road of-passers sight their-angle '''to-close'''

and men's uncomfortable '''their-not-making''' for

screen we-are-using"

they-said.

But curtain's from-its-gaps

children's other side their-spying

cannot-be-hindered.

|attr1=''Cumhuriyet,'' 9 August 2005, p. 1.}}

A free translation is:

The facility authorities said: "The people of this district [namely [[Edremit, Van]]] are generally conservative. They cannot enter [[Lake Van|the lake]] comfortably, because the shore areas are near the road. So we are using a screen, both '''to close off''' the view of passersby on the road, and so '''that''' men '''will not cause discomfort.'''" However, children cannot be prevented from spying on the other side through gaps in the screen.

</blockquote>

===Pronouns===

{| class=wikitable

!

|+ Natalician pronouns

!colspan=3|~~Singular~~

|-

!colspan=3|~~Plural~~

! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | personal pronouns

|-

! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|subjective]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|objective]]

|-

! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first person]] !! colspan=2 | singular

| {{term|nei}} || {{term|in}}

|- valign="top"

! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural

| {{term|namše}} || {{term|nameš}}

|-

! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second person]] !! colspan=2 | singular

| {{term|on}} || {{term|un}}

|- valign="top"

! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural

| {{term|daš}} || {{term|daša}}

|-

! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third person]] !! colspan=2 | singular

| {{term|sü}} || {{term|süs}}

|- valign="top"

! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural

| {{term|so}} || {{term|soz}}

|}

{| class=wikitable

|+ Natalician possessive pronouns

|-

! !!~~1st!!2nd!!3rd!!1st!!2nd!!3rd~~

! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | possessive pronouns

|-

!~~Personal Pronoun~~

! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|possessive determiner]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|possessive pronoun]]

|~~''Nei''~~ |~~|''On'' ||''Sü'' ||''Namše'' ||''Daš'' ||''So''~~

|-

!~~Object Pronoun / Possessive Determiner~~

! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first person]] !! colspan=2 | singular

|~~''(V)In''~~ ||~~''(V)Un''~~ ||~~''Süs''~~ ||~~''Nameš''~~ ||~~''Daša''~~ ||~~''Soz''~~

| {{term|in}} || {{term|ini}}

|- valign="top"

! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural

| {{term|nameš}} || {{term|nameše}}

|-

!~~Possessive Pronoun~~

! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second person]] !! colspan=2 | singular

|~~''(V)Ini''~~ ||~~''(V)Onu''~~ ||~~''Süzü''~~ ||~~''Nameše''~~ ||~~''Dašo''~~ ||~~''Sozun''~~

| {{term|un}} || {{term|onu}}

|- valign="top"

! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural

| {{term|daša}} || {{term|dašo}}

|-

! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third person]] !! colspan=2 | singular

| {{term|süs}} || {{term|süzü}}

|- valign="top"

! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural

| {{term|soz}} || {{term|sozun}}

|}

The ~~pronouns ''(V)In'', ''(V)Un'', ''(V)Ini'' and ''(V)Onu'' will use~~ the ~~V if~~ the ~~preceding noun ends with a vowel~~. ~~In a sentence, the~~ possessive ~~determiner will~~ always succeed the object. ~~The object pronoun usually comes after the verb:~~

The possessive determiners are the same as the objective personal pronouns. The possessive pronouns always succeed the subject/object.

* ''~~Haz ensei ert~~ '''in''''' ~~- This is~~ '''~~my'~~'' father

{| class="wikitable"

* ''~~Iantad ťimana~~ '''~~vin~~''''' ~~- You ate~~ ''~~'my''' grape~~

|+ Examples with ''teyze'' ("maternal aunt")

* ''~~Rimtiz~~ '''~~soz~~''' ~~kołru~~'' - ~~I saw~~ '''~~them~~''' ~~yesterday~~

|-

! Example !! Composition !! Translation

|-

| ''ert in'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''in'' "me" || "my father"

|-

| ''ert daša'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''daša'' "you (plural objective)" || "your father"

|-

| ''ertev süs'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''-ev'' (plural suffix) + ''süs'' "him/her (objective)" || "his/her fathers"

|}

===Verbs===

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**'''aorist inferential:''' ''Hašlozu'' "It seems I come";

**'''necessitative inferential:''' ''Ekin hašlozu'' "They say I must come."

=Vocabulary=

===Phrasebook===

Natalician common words and phrases useful for learners.

{|

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"

|+ '''Communication'''

! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 1

|-

! width="33%"|Natalician

! width="33%"|English

! width="33%"|IPA

|-

| Hiloh Sohon || Hello || [[IPA for Natalician#Standard_Natalician|[hi.loj]]] [[IPA for Natalician#Standard_Natalician|[so.jon]]]

|-

| Čikel anda || Good day || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl an.da]]]

|-

| Čikel sehan || Good morning || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl se.jan]]]

|-

| Čikel kehan || Good afternoon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl ke.han]]]

|-

| Čikel nuz || Good evening || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl nuz]]]

|-

| Nis iztenirdi? informal / s Nis iztenirdis? formal / pl || What is your name? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis iz.tɛ.nir.di]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis iz.tɛ.nir.dis]]]

|-

| Iztenirzi [...] || My name is [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[iz.tɛ.nir.zi ⸨...⸩]]]

|-

| Nenbu endei? informal / s Nenbu endaus? formal / pl|| Where are you from? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nɛnbu en.dɛj]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nɛnbu en.daws]]]

|-

| Enzei nen [...] || I am from [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[en.zɛj nɛn ⸨...⸩]]]

|-

| Čikel haša || Welcome || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl ha.ʃa]]]

|-

| Adelšetet pa rimcevi! || Pleased to meet you! || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a.dɛl.ʃɛ.tɛt pa rim.d͡ʒe.vi]]]

|-

| Nis endei? informal / s Nis endaus? formal / pl || How are you? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis en.dɛj]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis en.daws]]]

|-

| Čikel Denil || Good Bad || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[de.nil]]]

|-

| Nei teni || Me too || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nɛj te.ni]]]

|-

| Sunałh || Please || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj]]]

|-

| Azlakšov in informal / s Azlakšod in formal / pl || Excuse me || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃo vin]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃod in]]]

|-

| Büder || Thank you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[by.dɛr]]]

|-

| Del senil Äg dana || No problem You are welcome || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dɛl se.nil]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[æg da.na]]]

|-

| Eš gun gelnok || Likewise || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eʃ gun gel.nok]]]

|-

| A ačan kursui Natal? || Does anyone here speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a a.t͡ʃan kur.suj na.tald.ja]]]

|-

| A kurdui Natal?informal / s A kurdus Natal?formal / pl || Do you speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a kur.duj na.tald.ja]]]

|-

| Eha Ada / Mel Kelševsi|| Yes No Maybe || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.ja]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ada] [mɛl]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɛl.ʃɛv.si]]]

|-

| Nis lümekdi kel ha? || How do you pronounce this word? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis ly.mɛg.di kɛl ha]]]

|-

| Nis kelševi [...] eš Natal? || How to say [...] in Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis kɛl.ʃɛ.vi ⸨...⸩ eʃ na.tald.ja]]]

|-

| Kuzda nen rettivev kursui? || How many languages do you speak? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kuz.da nɛn re.tːi.vɛv kur.suj]]]

|-

| Sunałh, kur kortso || Please, speak slower || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj kur kort.so]]]

|-

| Sunałh, özše har || Please, repeat that || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj œ.ʃːe har]]]

|-

| Sunałh, tanak har || Please, write that down || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj ta.nak har]]]

|-

| A göndüi? informal / s A göndüs? formal / pl|| Do you understand? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a gœn.dyj]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a gœn.dys]]]

|-

| Gönzüi Gönzüide || I understand I don’t understand || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[gœn.zyj]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[gœn.zyj.de]]]

|-

| Del konru || No idea || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dɛl kon.ru]]]

|}

|

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"

|+ '''Emergencies'''

! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 2

|-

! width="33%"|Natalician

! width="33%"|English

! width="33%"|IPA

|-

| Artanzak || Help || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ar.tan.zak]]]

|-

| Ensei ďehoron || It is an emergency || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[en.sɛj ðe.jo.ron]]]ˈ

|-

| Kelirte kutzuk ödeke || Call the fire department || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te kud.zuk œdɛkɛ]]]

|-

| Kelirte polise || Call the police || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te po.lise]]]

|-

| Kelirte ämbieläns || Call an ambulance || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te æmb.jɛ.læns]]]

|}

|

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"

|+ '''Farewelling'''

! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 3

|-

! width="33%"|Natalician

! width="33%"|English

! width="33%"|IPA

|-

| Čikel nero || Good night || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl ne.ro]]]

|-

| Una danahso informal / s Unad danahso formal / pl || Sleep well || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[u.na da.naj.so]]]

|-

| Etel etel Zlerim || Bye || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.tɛl e.tɛl]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zle.rim]]]

|-

| Ze özrimcevi Özrimcevizis || See you soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ze œz.rim.d͡ʒe.vi]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[œz.rim.d͡ʒe.vi.zis]]]

|-

| Derne iuderenzikev|| Safe travels || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[der.ne ju.de.ren.zik.ɛv]]]

|}

{|

|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"

|+ '''Food'''

! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 4

|-

! width="33%"|Natalician

! width="33%"|English

! width="33%"|IPA

|-

| Sunałh, a förkzüi rimzi meniuvo? || Please, could I see the menu? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj a fœrg.zyj rimzi men.ju.vo]]]

|-

| Sunałh, a äg daša meniu eš Nataldha? || Please, do you have a menu in Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj a æg daʃa men.ju eʃ na.tald.ja]]]

|-

| A iantad? || Have you eaten? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a jan.tad]]]

|-

| Konah änemil || Bon appetit || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ko.naj æ.ne.mil]]]

|-

| Sunałh, lezez in fuzdovo || Please, pass the salt || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj le.zez in fuz.do.vo]]]

|-

| Im veganu m sg Im vegana f sg Ismos vegani m pl Ismos vegane f pl || I am vegan m sg I am vegan f sg We are vegans m pl We are vegans f pl || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im veˈɡa.nu]]] m sg [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im veˈɡa.nɐ]]] f sg [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈiz.mos veˈɡa.ni]]] m pl [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈiz.mos veˈɡa.ne]]] f pl

|-

| Aggio allergia || I am allergic || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈad.d͡ʒo ɐl.lerˈd͡ʒi.ɐ]]]

|}

|

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"

|+ '''Health'''

! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 5

|-

! width="33%"|Luthic

! width="33%"|English

! width="33%"|IPA

|-

| Stais betizu nu? m sg Stais betiza nu? f sg States betizi nu? m pl States betize nu? f pl || Are you feeling better? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstajs beˈtid.d͡zu nu]]] m sg [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstajs beˈtid.d͡zɐ nu]]] f sg [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.tes beˈtid.d͡zi nu]]] m pl [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.tes beˈtid.d͡ze nu]]] f pl

|-

| Betizâ preste || Get well soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[be.θidˈd͡za.p‿ˈprɛs.te]]]

|-

| Curâ sg Curate pl || Take care of yourself sg Take care of yourselves || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra]]] sg [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra.θe]]] pl

|-

| Veglio ganare al toeletta || I want to go to the toilet || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vɛʎ.ʎo ɡɐˈna.re ɐl to.ɛˈlɛt.tɐ]]]

|-

| Þaurvo aeno dottore || I need a doctor || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθɔr.βo ˈɛ.no dotˈto.re]]]

|}

|

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"

|+ '''Love'''

! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 6

|-

! width="33%"|Luthic

! width="33%"|English

! width="33%"|IPA

|-

| Köššezi vun || I like you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mis ˈpja.t͡ʃis]]]

|-

| Neršezi vun || I love you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfrɛ.d͡ʒo θux]]]

|-

| Piaceresti salire mis? || Would you like to go out with me? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[pjɐ.t͡ʃeˈres.ti sɐˈli.re mis]]]

|-

| Is ciaelibe? || Are you single? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ˈt͡ʃɛ.li.βe]]]

|-

| Is coniugatu? || Are you married? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ko.njuˈɡa.θu]]] m [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ko.njuˈɡa.θɐ]]] f

|-

| Is scaunu Is scauna || Would you like to marry me? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ˈsk̠ɔ.nu]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ˈsk̠ɔ.nɐ]]]

|}

|

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"

|+ '''Travel'''

! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 7

|-

! width="33%"|Luthic

! width="33%"|English

! width="33%"|IPA

|-

| Ce arrivo al loftoporto? || How do I get to the airport? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐl ˌlof.toˈpor.to]]]

|-

| Ce arrivo all’aütostazione? || How do I get to the bus station? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐlˈlɐw.θo.stɐtˈt͡sjo.ne]]]

|-

| Ce arrivo al ferroviaria || How do I get to the train station? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐl fer.ro.viˈa.rjɐ]]]

|-

| Canto þatha costat? || How much does it cost? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkan.to θɐ.tɐ ˈk̠os.tɐθ]]]

|-

| Stô fralosnatu m Stô fralosnata f || I am lost || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θu]]] m [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θɐ]]] f

|-

| Begio, al sinistra Begio, al destra || Please, turn left Please, turn right || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ɐl siˈnis.trɐ]]] [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ɐl ˈdes.trɐ]]]

|-

| Stoppau lo vagnio || Stop the car || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[stopˈpɔ.l‿lo ˈvaɲ.ɲo]]]

|-

| Car puosso begetare aeno hotele? || Where can I find a hotel? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.no oˈtɛ.le]]]

|-

| Car puosso begetare aena drogheria? || Where can I find a grocery store? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.nɐ droˈɡe.rjɐ]]]

|}

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 |imagecaption      = Flag of the Natalician Republic
 |name              = Natalician
-|nativename        = Nataldha
+|nativename        = Natal retti
-|pronunciation     = na.ta.ld.ja
+|pronunciation     = na.tal re.tːi
 |pronunciation_key = IPA for Natalician
 |states            = Natalicia; Firenia and the Kontamchian Islands
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 |familycolor       = Tinarian
 |fam2              = Kasenian
-|fam3              = Upper Kasenian
+|fam3              = Natalo-Kesperic
-|fam4              = Natalo-Kesperian
+|fam4              = High Kesperic
 |fam5              = Old Natalician
-|dia1              = Celician Natalician (''Selis Nataldha'')
+|dia1              = Celician Natalician (''Selis Natal'')
-|dia2              = Northern Natalician (''Köpreh Nataldha'')
+|dia2              = Northern Natalician (''Köpreli Natal'')
-|dia3              = Firenic Natalician (''Firen Nataldha'')
+|dia3              = Firenic Natalician (''Firen Natal'')
-|stand1            = Standard Central Natalician (''Kieneh Rasah Nataldha'')
+|stand1            = Standard Central Natalician (''Durgum Raskaznol Natal'')
 |creator           = User:Hazer
 |script1           = Latin
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 |ancestor          = Old Natalician
 }}
-'''Natalician''' ({{IPA|/nəˈtɑlɪʃən/}}; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Nataldha'' {{IPA|[na.ta.ld.ja]}} or ''Natal Rettive'' {{IPA|/na.tal re.tːive/}}) is a North Kasenian language predominantly spoken in Central East Tinaria, specifically in Natalicia, Firenia, and North-East Nirania. Beyond Natalicia, it holds official status in Budernie, Nirania, and Kannamie, and is recognized as a minority language in East Espidon and within the Dogostanian community in Eastern Amarania. Natalician shares a close linguistic relationship with other North Kasenian languages, such as Espidan and Niranian.
+'''Natalician''' ({{IPA|/nəˈtɑlɪʃən/}}; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Natal'' {{IPA|[na.tal]}} or ''Natal Rettive'' {{IPA|/na.tal re.tːive/}}) is a North Kasenian language predominantly spoken in Central East Tinaria, specifically in Natalicia, Firenia, and North-East Nirania. Beyond Natalicia, it holds official status in Budernie, Nirania, and Kannamie, and is recognized as a minority language in East Espidon and within the Dogostanian community in Eastern Amarania. Natalician shares a close linguistic relationship with other North Kasenian languages, such as Espidan and Niranian.
 Modern Natalician evolved from Old Natalician, which itself descended from an extinct, unnamed language spoken by the Natalo-Kesperian tribes. Today, Natalician stands as one of the world's most significant languages, boasting the highest number of speakers among the Kasenian languages, both as a native and a second language. Approximately 65 million people worldwide speak Natalician, including 37 million native speakers.
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
-With the dawn of the Killistic era, the Natalese tribes gained access to invaluable knowledge, brought by the ascension of their proclaimed king, '''Ribel Zömeri'''. This period marked a significant rise in literacy rates within the nascent and unified Natale monarchy, which spanned from 1203 to 1834. During this era, the Natalician language saw its first instances of written records and experienced a flourishing of printed works.
+With the dawn of the Killistic era, the Natalese tribes gained access to invaluable knowledge, brought by the ascension of their proclaimed king, '''Ribel Zömeri'''. This period marked a significant rise in literacy rates within the nascent and unified Natalese monarchy, which spanned from 1203 to 1834. During this era, the Natalician language saw its first instances of written records and experienced a flourishing of printed works.
 The earliest known book containing written evidence of the Natalician language is titled "Natåltïå kočåculaï orūnza" (Natalician Guide Book). This seminal work was authored and published by the late Ulun Cilesli Irkete in the year 1210. Subsequently, numerous documents have been preserved through generations and are now treasured artifacts housed in the '''Natalician Grand Museum of Literature and Artifacts''' in Celicia.
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 |salign=right
 |quote=''Ťenałr tanakavsai der garla. Ťenałr nameš tanakavsai der ünete.'' <br /> “History is written by the victor. Our history is written by the people.”
-|source= Zafel Sörät Fortla, father of the Natales
+|source= Zafel Sörät Fortla, founder of the republic
 }}
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 Natalician is spoken in the Natalician republic, the kingdom of Firenia, the northwestern camps of the Nirenian republic and as a minority language in Espidon and Amarania. The popularity of Natalician has increased following the Natalician Dispora program, resulting in an increase of demand for the language to be taught as a foreign language in most of Tinaria and the other three continents.
-An exact global number of Natalician speakers is a matter of difference due to the several varieties of Natalician status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including certain forms of Kasperian and Rufeic Natalician. With the inclusion or exclusion of said varieties, the estimate is approximately 40 million people who speak Natalician as a [[w:first language]], 5 to 15 million speak it as a [[w:second language]], and 40 to 50 million as a [[w:foreign language]]. This would imply approximately 85 to 105 million Natalician speakers worldwide.
+An exact global number of Natalician speakers is a matter of difference due to the several varieties of Natalician status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including certain forms of Kasperian and Rufeic Natalician. With the inclusion or exclusion of said varieties, the estimate is approximately 40 million people who speak Natalician as a first language, 5 to 15 million speak it as a second language, and 40 to 50 million as a foreign language. This would imply approximately 85 to 105 million Natalician speakers worldwide.
 Natalician sociolinguist Mezred Siförtah estimated a number of 150 million Natalician foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker.
@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 Natalician is a recognised minority language in the following countries:
 * Espidon (in the provinces of Zafur and Iktišek)
-* East of the federal Dogostanian republic in Amarania
+* East of the Federal Dogostanian Republic in Amarania
 == Phonology ==
@@ Line 219: / Line 219: @@
 # The phoneme /ʒ/ is usually realised as /dʒ/ in many dialects. In the island dialects, it is replaced with /d͡ʒ/ when it occurs word-initially.
 # /l/ can undergo delateralisation in most dialects if preceeded by /i/ - for example, ''senil'' ("problem") is pronounced /se.nij/ rather than /se.nil/.
-===Consonant harmony===
-Natalician orthography reflects voice sandhi voicing, a form of consonant mutation with two consonants that meet, and the second is voiced and the first is unvoiced. The first unvoiced consonant {{IPA|[p t f ʃ t͡ʃ θ k s]}} is voiced to {{IPA|[b d v ʒ d͡ʒ ð ɡ z]}}, but the orthography remains unchanged:
-* 'Kütdüs' (you drink) realises the /t/ as a /d/ due to the voiced consonant that follows. Hence, it will be /kydː.ys/.
 ===Vowels===
-[[file:Natalician_vh_chart.png]]
+[[file:Natalician_vh_chart.png|border|600px]]
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
@@ Line 266: / Line 262: @@
 ==Orthography==
 ===Alphabet===
-Natalician has a straightforward orthography, meaning regular spelling with (almost) no diphthong or digraph or anything of the sort. In linguistic terms, the writing system is a phonemic orthography. The following are exceptions:
+Natalician has a straightforward orthography, meaning regular spelling with (almost) no diphthong or digraph or anything of the sort. In linguistic terms, the writing system is a phonemic orthography.
-* The letter that is called ''Girbit El'' ("Silent L"), written {{angbr|Ł}} in Natalician orthography, represents vowel lengthening. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, always follows a vowel and always preceeds a consonant. The vowel that preceeds it is lengthened.
-* The letter {{angbr|H}} in Natalician orthography represents two sounds: The /h/ sound, and the /j/ sound. If the letter {{angbr|H}} is located at the beginning of the word, it takes the /h/ sound, otherwise it takes the /j/ sound. (e.g. ''Hiloh'' /hi.loj/'' "Hello", ''Konah /ko.naj/'' "Beautiful", ''Haz /haz/ "This")
 ====Standard Natalician alphabet====
-[[File:Natalician_keeb_1.png|thumb|A Natalician AZERTÖ computer keyboard layout.]]
+[[File:Natalician_qwerty.png|thumb|A Natalician QWERTY computer keyboard layout.]]
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 ! Letter !! Name !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
@@ Line 343: / Line 335: @@
 |-
 |}
+* The letter that is called ''Girbit El'' ("Silent L"), written {{angbr|Ł}} in Natalician orthography, represents vowel lengthening. It never occurs at the beginning of a word or a syllable, always follows a vowel and always preceeds a consonant. The vowel that preceeds it is lengthened.
+* The letter {{angbr|H}} in Natalician orthography represents two sounds: The /h/ sound, and the /j/ sound. If the letter {{angbr|H}} is located at the beginning of the (non-compound) word, it takes the /h/ sound, otherwise it takes the /j/ sound. (e.g. ''Hiloh'' /hi.loj/'' "Hello", ''Konah /ko.naj/'' "Beautiful", ''Haz /haz/ "This")
 ==Grammar==
+===Consonant harmony===
+Natalician orthography reflects voice sandhi voicing, a form of consonant mutation with two consonants that meet, and the second is voiced and the first is unvoiced. The first unvoiced consonant {{IPA|[p t f ʃ t͡ʃ θ k s]}} is voiced to {{IPA|[b d v ʒ d͡ʒ ð ɡ z]}}, but the orthography remains unchanged.
+* ''Kütdüs'' (you drink) realises the /t/ as a /d/ due to the voiced consonant that follows; hence, it becomes /kydː.ys/.
+* ''Äzäpzik'' (announcement) realises the /p/ as a /b/; hence, it becomes /æ.zæb.zik/.
+'''NOTE:''' The only time a voiced consonant gets devoiced is when the voiced-voiceless pairs meet and the voiced consonant preceeds the voiceless one, resulting in a gemination of the voiceless consonant: ''Lüzševi'' /lyʃː.e.vi/ - ''Özse'' /œsː.e/ - ''Kodtos'' /kotːos/
 === Vowel harmony ===
@@ Line 374: / Line 376: @@
 Grammatical affixes have "a chameleon-like quality" and obey one of the following patterns of vowel harmony:
-* '''Twofold (''-e/-o'')''': The article, for example, is ''-(v)e'' after front vowels and ''-(v)o'' after back vowels.
+* '''Twofold ĕ (''-e/-o'')''': The article, for example, is ''-(v)e'' after front vowels and ''-(v)o'' after back vowels.
-* '''Fourfold (''-i/-a/-ü/-u'')''': The verb infinitive suffix, for example, is ''-i'' or ''-a'' after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and ''-ü'' or ''-u'' after the corresponding rounded vowels.
+* '''Fourfold ĭ (''-i/-a/-ü/-u'')''': The verb infinitive suffix, for example, is ''-i'' or ''-a'' after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and ''-ü'' or ''-u'' after the corresponding rounded vowels.
 * '''Type & 'and'''': The adjectival passive voice suffix, for example, is ''-t&t'', the ''&'' being the same vowel as the previous one.
 Practically, the twofold pattern (usually referred to as the type Ĕ) means that in the environment where the vowel in the word stem is formed in the front of the mouth, the suffix will take the '''e''' form, while if it is formed in the back it will take the '''o''' form. The fourfold pattern (also called the type Ĭ) accounts for rounding as well as for front/back. The type & pattern is the reppetition of the same last vowel.
-The following examples, based on the nominal suffix ''-zĭk'', illustrate the principles of type Ĭ vowel harmony in practice: ''Čikel'''zik''''' ("Wellness"), ''Ok'''zuk''''' ("Knowledge"), ''Ian'''zak''''' ("Food"), ''Nör'''zük''''' ("Living").
+The following examples, based on the verbal noun suffix ''-zĭk'', illustrate the principles of type Ĭ vowel harmony in practice: ''Ährä'''zik''''' ("Swimming"), ''Ok'''zuk''''' ("Knowledge"), ''Ian'''zak''''' ("Eating"), ''Nör'''zük''''' ("Living").
 ==== Exceptions to vowel harmony ====
 These are four word-classes that are exceptions to the rules of vowel harmony:
-# '''Native, non-compound words''', e.g. ''Ela'' "then", ''Čela'' "drink", ''Äga'' "by"
+# '''Native, non-compound words''', e.g. ''Ela'' "then", ''Čela'' "drink", ''Ťehozuk'' "discussion"
 # '''Native compound words''', e.g. ''Pave'' "for what"
-# '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''Sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''Hospital''' (hospital), '''Komphuter''' (computer)
+# '''Foreign words''', e.g. many English loanwords such as '''Sertifikäht''' (certificate), '''Hospitol''' (hospital), '''Kompiułter''' (computer)
 # '''Invariable prefixes / suffixes:'''
@@ Line 403: / Line 405: @@
 | From ''haša'' "to come"
 |-
-| '''gik-'''
+| '''gel-'''
-| ''gikögültüt'' || "unwanted"
+| ''gelsincetet'' || "decomposed"
-| From ''ögültüt'' "wanted"
+| From ''since'' "compose"
 |}
@@ Line 413: / Line 415: @@
 * Every grammatical prefix disobeys the vowel harmony aswell.
+===Parts of speech===
+There are nine '''parts of speech''' (''kurzuk felev'') in Natalician.
+#'''[[noun]]''' (''iztin'' "name");
+#'''[[pronoun]]''' (''kahuče'' from Amaranian '''kayoûtshéy''', or ''reširnel iztinev'' "personal names");
+#'''[[adjective]]''' (''oruvaš'' "quality");
+#'''[[verb]]''' (''öhker'' from Amaranian '''eiyiker''', or ''dirzik'' "action");
+#'''[[adverb]]''' (''randara'');
+#'''[[postposition]]''' (''hasla eř'' "later addition");
+#'''[[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]]''' (''sedlek übeřre'' "sentence link");
+#'''[[Grammatical particle|particle]]''' (''meres'');
+#'''[[interjection]]''' (''venzik rimizli'' "feeling manifester").
+Only nouns and verbs are inflected in Natalician. An adjective can usually be treated as a noun, in which case it can also be inflected. Inflection can give a noun features of a verb such as person and tense. With inflection, a verb can become one of the following:
+* '''verbal noun''' (''öhkernel iztin'');
+* verbal adjective (''öhkernel oruvaš'');
+* '''verbal adverb''' (''öhkernel randara'').
+These have peculiarities not shared with other nouns, adjectives or adverbs.
+For example, some participles take a ''person'' the way verbs do.
+Also, a verbal noun or adverb can take a direct object.
+There are two standards for listing verbs in dictionaries. Most dictionaries follow the tradition of spelling out the '''infinitive form''' of the verb as the [[headword]] of the entry, but others such as the Zeraltan Natalician-English Dictionary are more technical and spell out the '''stem''' of the verb instead, that is, they spell out a string of letters that is useful for producing all other verb forms through morphological rules. Similar to the latter, this article follows the stem-as-citeword standard.
+* '''Infinitive''': ''oruvu'' ("to read")
+* '''Stem''': ''oru-'' ("read")
+In Natalician, the verbal stem is also the second-person singular imperative form. Example:
+:''oru-'' (stem meaning "read")
+:''Oru!'' ("Read!")
+Many verbs are formed from nouns by addition of ''-še''. For example:
+:''mar'' – "structure"
+:''maršo'' – "build / construct"
+Most adjectives can be treated as nouns or pronouns. For example, ''ďen'' can mean "young", "young person", or "the young person being referred to".
+[[Comparison (grammar)|Comparison]] of adjectives is not done by inflecting adjectives or adverbs, but by other means (described [[#Comparison|below]]).
+Adjectives can serve as adverbs, sometimes by means of repetition:
+:''danah'' – "happy"
+:''danah danah'' – "happily"
+===Nouns===
+====Inflection====
+A Natalician noun has no gender.
+There are seven regular inflectional affixes in Natalician.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+Inflectional affixes in English
+!Affix
+!Grammatical category
+!Mark
+!Part of speech
+|-
+| -(v)ĕv
+|Grammatical number|Number
+|plural
+|nouns
+|-
+| -'(ĭ)n
+|Case
+|genitive
+|nouns and noun phrases, pronouns
+|-
+| -tĕs
+|Aspect
+|progressive
+|gerunds or participles
+|-
+| -t&t
+|[[Grammatical tense|Tense]]
+|[[Past tense|past]] ([[Simple aspect|simple]])
+|[[verb]]s
+|-
+| -(ĕ)m
+|[[Degree of comparison]]
+|[[comparative]]
+|[[adjective]]s and [[adverbs]]
+|-
+| -mĕ
+|[[Degree of comparison]]
+|[[superlative]]
+|[[adjective]]s and [[adverbs]]
+|}
+Through its presence or absence, the plural ending shows distinctions of [[Grammatical number|number]].
+=====Number=====
+A noun is made plural by addition of ''-(v)ev'' or ''-(v)ov'' (depending on the vowel harmony). When a numeral is used with a noun, however, the plural suffix is ''not'' used:
+:{|
+|-
+| ''böšter'' || "table"
+|-
+| ''böšterev'' || "tables"
+|-
+| ''nav böšter'' || "four tables"
+|}
+The plural ending also allows a family (living in one house) to be designated by a single member:
+:{|
+|-
+| ''ičedevev'' || "Ičede and his family / The Ičedes"
+|}
+====Verbal nouns====
+The '''verbal noun''' is created by the addition of the suffix ''-zĭk'' and the '''root''' of the verb.
+:{| class=wikitable
+! Verb !! Noun
+|-
+| ''fas-'' "give" || ''faszak'' "giving / donation"
+|-
+| ''den-'' "let" || ''denzik'' "allowance"
+|-
+| ''kur-'' "speak" || ''kurzuk'' "speech"
+|-
+| ''dön-'' "ask" || ''dönzük'' "question"
+|}
+The verb ''et-'' "make, do" can be considered as an '''auxiliary verb''', since for example it is often used with verbal nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Arabic:
+ ''kabul et-'' "accept" (''kabul'' "[an] accepting");
+ ''reddet-'' "reject" (''ret'' "[a] rejecting");
+ ''ziyaret et-'' "visit"  (''ziyaret'' "[a] visiting").
+Considered as units, these are transitive verbs; but the nouns in them can also, by themselves, take direct objects:
+ ''Antalya'yı ziyaret'' "visit to Antalya".
+What looks like an ablative gerund is usually an adverb; the ending ''-meden'' usually has the sense of "without".
+See [[#Adverbs]] below.
+An infinitive in the absolute case can be the object of a verb such as ''iste-'' "want":
+{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2
+| Kimi eğitime devam etmek, kimi de çalışmak istiyor.
+| some-of-them towards-education continuation make some-of-them also work want
+| Some want to continue their education, and some want to work"
+(''source:'' ''Cumhuriyet Pazar Dergi'', 14 August 2005, p.&nbsp;1.)}}
+Note here that the compound verb ''devam et-'' "continue, last" does not take a direct object, but is complemented by a dative noun.
+Another way to express obligation (besides with ''lâzım'' as in the [[#lazim|earlier example]]) is by means of ''zor'' "trouble, compulsion" and an infinitive:
+ ''Gitmek zoru'' "Go compulsion",
+ ''Gitmek zorundayız'' "We must go".
+(''Source:'' same as the last example.)
+Both an infinitive and a gerund are objects of the postposition ''için'' "for" in the third sentence of the quotation within the following quotation:
+{{Verse translation|
+{{lang|tr|
+Tesis yetkilileri,
+"Bölge insanları genelde tutucu.
+Sahil kesimleri
+yola yakın olduğu için
+rahat bir şekilde göle giremiyorlar.
+Biz de
+hem yoldan geçenlerin görüş açısını '''kapatmak'''
+hem de erkeklerin rahatsız '''etmemesi''' için
+paravan kullanıyoruz"
+dedi.
+Ancak paravanın aralarından
+çocukların karşı tarafı gözetlemeleri
+engellenemedi.
+}}
+|
+Facility its-authorities
+"District its-people in-general conservative.
+Shore its-sections
+to-road near their-being for
+comfortable a in-form to-lake they-cannot-enter.
+We also
+both from-road of-passers sight their-angle '''to-close'''
+and men's uncomfortable '''their-not-making''' for
+screen we-are-using"
+they-said.
+But curtain's from-its-gaps
+children's other side their-spying
+cannot-be-hindered.
+|attr1=''Cumhuriyet,'' 9 August 2005, p.&nbsp;1.}}
+A free translation is:
+<blockquote>
+The facility authorities said: "The people of this district [namely [[Edremit, Van]]] are generally conservative.  They cannot enter [[Lake Van|the lake]] comfortably, because the shore areas are near the road.  So we are using a screen, both '''to close off''' the view of passersby on the road, and so '''that''' men '''will not cause discomfort.'''"  However, children cannot be prevented from spying on the other side through gaps in the screen.
+</blockquote>
 ===Pronouns===
 {| class=wikitable
-!
+|+ Natalician pronouns
-!colspan=3|Singular
+|-
-!colspan=3|Plural
+! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | personal pronouns
+|-
+! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|subjective]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|objective]]
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
+| {{term|nei}} || {{term|in}}
+|- valign="top"
+! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
+| {{term|namše}} || {{term|nameš}}
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
+| {{term|on}} || {{term|un}}
+|- valign="top"
+! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
+| {{term|daš}} || {{term|daša}}
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
+| {{term|sü}} || {{term|süs}}
+|- valign="top"
+! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
+| {{term|so}} || {{term|soz}}
+|}
+{| class=wikitable
+|+ Natalician possessive pronouns
 |-
-! !!1st!!2nd!!3rd!!1st!!2nd!!3rd
+! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | possessive pronouns
 |-
-!Personal Pronoun
+! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|possessive determiner]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|possessive pronoun]]
-|''Nei''   ||''On''   ||''Sü'' ||''Namše''   ||''Daš''   ||''So''
 |-
-!Object Pronoun / Possessive Determiner
+! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
-|''(V)In''  ||''(V)Un''  ||''Süs''  ||''Nameš''  ||''Daša''  ||''Soz''
+| {{term|in}} || {{term|ini}}
+|- valign="top"
+! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
+| {{term|nameš}} || {{term|nameše}}
 |-
-!Possessive Pronoun
+! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
-|''(V)Ini'' ||''(V)Onu'' ||''Süzü'' ||''Nameše'' ||''Dašo'' ||''Sozun''
+| {{term|un}} || {{term|onu}}
+|- valign="top"
+! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
+| {{term|daša}} || {{term|dašo}}
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
+| {{term|süs}} || {{term|süzü}}
+|- valign="top"
+! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
+| {{term|soz}} || {{term|sozun}}
 |}
-The pronouns ''(V)In'', ''(V)Un'', ''(V)Ini'' and ''(V)Onu'' will use the V if the preceding noun ends with a vowel. In a sentence, the possessive determiner will always succeed the object. The object pronoun usually comes after the verb:
+The possessive determiners are the same as the objective personal pronouns. The possessive pronouns always succeed the subject/object.
-* ''Haz ensei ert '''in''''' - This is '''my''' father
+{| class="wikitable"
-* ''Iantad ťimana '''vin''''' - You ate '''my''' grape
+|+ Examples with ''teyze'' ("maternal aunt")
-* ''Rimtiz '''soz''' kołru'' - I saw '''them''' yesterday
+|-
+! Example !! Composition !! Translation
+|-
+| ''ert in'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''in'' "me" || "my father"
+|-
+| ''ert daša'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''daša'' "you (plural objective)" || "your father"
+|-
+| ''ertev süs'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''-ev'' (plural suffix) + ''süs'' "him/her (objective)" || "his/her fathers"
+|}
 ===Verbs===
@@ Line 544: / Line 769: @@
 **'''aorist inferential:''' ''Hašlozu'' "It seems I come";
 **'''necessitative inferential:''' ''Ekin hašlozu'' "They say I must come."
+=Vocabulary=
+===Phrasebook===
+Natalician common words and phrases useful for learners.
+{|
+|- style="vertical-align: top;"
+|
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"  style="text-align: center;"
+|+ '''Communication'''
+! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 1
+|-
+! width="33%"|Natalician
+! width="33%"|English
+! width="33%"|IPA
+|-
+| Hiloh <br> Sohon || Hello || [[IPA for Natalician#Standard_Natalician|[hi.loj]]] <br> [[IPA for Natalician#Standard_Natalician|[so.jon]]]
+|-
+| Čikel anda || Good day || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl an.da]]]
+|-
+| Čikel sehan || Good morning || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl se.jan]]]
+|-
+| Čikel kehan || Good afternoon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl ke.han]]]
+|-
+| Čikel nuz || Good evening || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl nuz]]]
+|-
+| Nis iztenirdi? <sup>informal / s</sup> <br >Nis iztenirdis? <sup>formal / pl</sup> || What is your name? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis iz.tɛ.nir.di]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis iz.tɛ.nir.dis]]]
+|-
+| Iztenirzi [...] || My name is [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[iz.tɛ.nir.zi ⸨...⸩]]]
+|-
+| Nenbu endei? <sup>informal / s</sup> <br >Nenbu endaus? <sup>formal / pl</sup>|| Where are you from? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nɛnbu en.dɛj]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nɛnbu en.daws]]]
+|-
+| Enzei nen [...] || I am from [...] || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[en.zɛj nɛn ⸨...⸩]]]
+|-
+| Čikel haša || Welcome || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl ha.ʃa]]]
+|-
+| Adelšetet pa rimcevi! || Pleased to meet you! || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a.dɛl.ʃɛ.tɛt pa rim.d͡ʒe.vi]]]
+|-
+| Nis endei? <sup>informal / s</sup> <br >Nis endaus? <sup>formal / pl</sup> || How are you? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis en.dɛj]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis en.daws]]]
+|-
+| Čikel <br >Denil || Good <br >Bad || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[de.nil]]]
+|-
+| Nei teni || Me too || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nɛj te.ni]]]
+|-
+| Sunałh || Please || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj]]]
+|-
+| Azlakšov in <sup>informal / s</sup> <br >Azlakšod in <sup>formal / pl</sup> || Excuse me || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃo vin]]]<br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃod in]]]
+|-
+| Büder || Thank you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[by.dɛr]]]
+|-
+| Del senil <br >Äg dana || No problem <br >You are welcome || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dɛl se.nil]]]<br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[æg da.na]]]
+|-
+| Eš gun gelnok || Likewise || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eʃ gun gel.nok]]]
+|-
+| A ačan kursui Natal? || Does anyone here speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a a.t͡ʃan kur.suj na.tald.ja]]]
+|-
+| A kurdui Natal?<sup>informal / s</sup> <br >A kurdus Natal?<sup>formal / pl</sup> || Do you speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a kur.duj na.tald.ja]]]
+|-
+| Eha <br >Ada / Mel <br >Kelševsi|| Yes <br >No <br >Maybe || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.ja]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ada] [mɛl]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɛl.ʃɛv.si]]]
+|-
+| Nis lümekdi kel ha? || How do you pronounce this word? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis ly.mɛg.di kɛl ha]]]
+|-
+| Nis kelševi [...] eš Natal? || How to say [...] in Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis kɛl.ʃɛ.vi ⸨...⸩ eʃ na.tald.ja]]]
+|-
+| Kuzda nen rettivev kursui? || How many languages do you speak? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kuz.da nɛn re.tːi.vɛv kur.suj]]]
+|-
+| Sunałh, kur kortso || Please, speak slower || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj kur kort.so]]]
+|-
+| Sunałh, özše har || Please, repeat that || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj œ.ʃːe har]]]
+|-
+| Sunałh, tanak har || Please, write that down || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj ta.nak har]]]
+|-
+| A göndüi? <sup>informal / s</sup> <br >A göndüs? <sup>formal / pl</sup>|| Do you understand? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a gœn.dyj]]]<br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a gœn.dys]]]
+|-
+| Gönzüi <br >Gönzüide || I understand <br >I don’t understand || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[gœn.zyj]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[gœn.zyj.de]]]
+|-
+| Del konru || No idea || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[dɛl kon.ru]]]
+|}
+|
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"  style="text-align: center;"
+|+ '''Emergencies'''
+! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 2
+|-
+! width="33%"|Natalician
+! width="33%"|English
+! width="33%"|IPA
+|-
+| Artanzak || Help || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ar.tan.zak]]]
+|-
+| Ensei ďehoron || It is an emergency || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[en.sɛj ðe.jo.ron]]]ˈ
+|-
+| Kelirte kutzuk ödeke || Call the fire department || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te kud.zuk œdɛkɛ]]]
+|-
+| Kelirte polise || Call the police || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te po.lise]]]
+|-
+| Kelirte ämbieläns || Call an ambulance || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te æmb.jɛ.læns]]]
+|}
+|
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"  style="text-align: center;"
+|+ '''Farewelling'''
+! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 3
+|-
+! width="33%"|Natalician
+! width="33%"|English
+! width="33%"|IPA
+|-
+| Čikel nero || Good night || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃi.kɛl ne.ro]]]
+|-
+| Una danahso <sup>informal / s</sup> <br >Unad danahso <sup>formal / pl</sup> || Sleep well || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[u.na da.naj.so]]]
+|-
+| Etel etel <br >Zlerim || Bye || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.tɛl e.tɛl]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[zle.rim]]]
+|-
+| Ze özrimcevi <br >Özrimcevizis || See you soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ze œz.rim.d͡ʒe.vi]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[œz.rim.d͡ʒe.vi.zis]]]
+|-
+| Derne iuderenzikev|| Safe travels || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[der.ne ju.de.ren.zik.ɛv]]]
+|}
+|}
+{|
+|- style="vertical-align: top;"
+|
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"  style="text-align: center;"
+|+ '''Food'''
+! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 4
+|-
+! width="33%"|Natalician
+! width="33%"|English
+! width="33%"|IPA
+|-
+| Sunałh, a förkzüi rimzi meniuvo? || Please, could I see the menu? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj a fœrg.zyj rimzi men.ju.vo]]]
+|-
+| Sunałh, a äg daša meniu eš Nataldha? || Please, do you have a menu in Luthic? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj a æg daʃa men.ju eʃ na.tald.ja]]]
+|-
+| A iantad? || Have you eaten? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a jan.tad]]]
+|-
+| Konah änemil || Bon appetit || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ko.naj æ.ne.mil]]]
+|-
+| Sunałh, lezez in fuzdovo || Please, pass the salt || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj le.zez in fuz.do.vo]]]
+|-
+| Im veganu <sup>m sg</sup> <br> Im vegana <sup>f sg</sup> <br> Ismos vegani <sup>m pl</sup> <br> Ismos vegane <sup>f pl</sup> || I am vegan <sup>m sg</sup> <br> I am vegan <sup>f sg</sup> <br> We are vegans <sup>m pl</sup> <br> We are vegans <sup>f pl</sup> || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im veˈɡa.nu]]] <sup>m sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[im veˈɡa.nɐ]]] <sup>f sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈiz.mos veˈɡa.ni]]] <sup>m pl</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈiz.mos veˈɡa.ne]]] <sup>f pl</sup>
+|-
+| Aggio allergia || I am allergic || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈad.d͡ʒo ɐl.lerˈd͡ʒi.ɐ]]]
+|}
+|
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"  style="text-align: center;"
+|+ '''Health'''
+! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 5
+|-
+! width="33%"|Luthic
+! width="33%"|English
+! width="33%"|IPA
+|-
+| Stais betizu nu? <sup>m sg</sup> <br> Stais betiza nu? <sup>f sg</sup> <br> States betizi nu? <sup>m pl</sup> <br> States betize nu? <sup>f pl</sup> || Are you feeling better? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstajs beˈtid.d͡zu nu]]] <sup>m sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈstajs beˈtid.d͡zɐ nu]]] <sup>f sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.tes beˈtid.d͡zi nu]]] <sup>m pl</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsta.tes beˈtid.d͡ze nu]]] <sup>f pl</sup>
+|-
+| Betizâ preste || Get well soon || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[be.θidˈd͡za.p‿ˈprɛs.te]]]
+|-
+| Curâ <sup>sg</sup> <br> Curate <sup>pl</sup> || Take care of yourself <sup>sg</sup> <br> Take care of yourselves || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra]]] <sup>sg</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[k̠uˈra.θe]]] <sup>pl</sup>
+|-
+| Veglio ganare al toeletta || I want to go to the toilet || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[vɛʎ.ʎo ɡɐˈna.re ɐl to.ɛˈlɛt.tɐ]]]
+|-
+| Þaurvo aeno dottore || I need a doctor || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈθɔr.βo ˈɛ.no dotˈto.re]]]
+|}
+|
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"  style="text-align: center;"
+|+ '''Love'''
+! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 6
+|-
+! width="33%"|Luthic
+! width="33%"|English
+! width="33%"|IPA
+|-
+| Köššezi vun || I like you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[mis ˈpja.t͡ʃis]]]
+|-
+| Neršezi vun || I love you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈfrɛ.d͡ʒo θux]]]
+|-
+| Piaceresti salire mis? || Would you like to go out with me? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[pjɐ.t͡ʃeˈres.ti sɐˈli.re mis]]]
+|-
+| Is ciaelibe? || Are you single? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ˈt͡ʃɛ.li.βe]]]
+|-
+| Is coniugatu? || Are you married? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ko.njuˈɡa.θu]]] <sup>m</sup> <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ko.njuˈɡa.θɐ]]] <sup>f</sup>
+|-
+| Is scaunu <br> Is scauna || Would you like to marry me? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ˈsk̠ɔ.nu]]] <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[is ˈsk̠ɔ.nɐ]]]
+|}
+|
+{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"  style="text-align: center;"
+|+ '''Travel'''
+! colspan="3"|Phrasebook 7
+|-
+! width="33%"|Luthic
+! width="33%"|English
+! width="33%"|IPA
+|-
+| Ce arrivo al loftoporto? || How do I get to the airport? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐl ˌlof.toˈpor.to]]]
+|-
+| Ce arrivo all’aütostazione? || How do I get to the bus station? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐlˈlɐw.θo.stɐtˈt͡sjo.ne]]]
+|-
+| Ce arrivo al ferroviaria || How do I get to the train station? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[t͡ʃe ɐrˈri.βo ɐl fer.ro.viˈa.rjɐ]]]
+|-
+| Canto þatha costat? || How much does it cost? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈkan.to θɐ.tɐ ˈk̠os.tɐθ]]]
+|-
+| Stô fralosnatu <sup>m</sup> <br> Stô fralosnata <sup>f</sup> || I am lost || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θu]]] <sup>m</sup> <br>  [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsto frɐ.lozˈna.θɐ]]] <sup>f</sup>
+|-
+| Begio, al sinistra <br> Begio, al destra || Please, turn left <br> Please, turn right || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ɐl siˈnis.trɐ]]] <br> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈbe.d͡ʒo｜ɐl ˈdes.trɐ]]]
+|-
+| Stoppau lo vagnio || Stop the car || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[stopˈpɔ.l‿lo ˈvaɲ.ɲo]]]
+|-
+| Car puosso begetare aeno hotele? || Where can I find a hotel? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.no oˈtɛ.le]]]
+|-
+| Car puosso begetare aena drogheria? || Where can I find a grocery store? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɐr ˈpwɔs.so be.d͡ʒeˈta.re ˈɛ.nɐ droˈɡe.rjɐ]]]
+|}