Ierumidd: Difference between revisions

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{{privatelang}}
 
{{Infobox language
<!--
|image= Dragon of Jerum.png
 
|imagesize= 250px
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
|name= Ierumidd
 
|nativename=''ierumidd''
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
|pronunciation= je.rɨ.mið
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Ierumidd
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|wfosøra]]
 
|region=[[w:Wales|Wales]]
-->
|fam1=ierum
|fam2=Urnfield
|fam3=Insular
|fam4=Welsh/High
|dia1=Formal
|dia2=Standard
|dia3=North
|dia4=South
|script=[[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]]
|-
|notice=IPA
}}


==Introduction==
==Introduction==
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
At the start, there was no 'goal' in mind, I knew nothing about linguistics, but as of now, I am going for a somewhat naturalistic lang, I am mostly doing this for fun.
At the start, there was no 'goal' in mind, I knew nothing about linguistics, but as of now, I am going for a somewhat naturalistic lang, I am mostly doing this for fun.


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I wouldn't exactly say there's anything 'peculiar' about it, but it does have some odd features, in the formal and archaic registers of the language, the perfect is marked through an affix separate from the tense markers, this has since shifted to an aux verb in most dialects, in a few minor southern dialects the marker merged with the tense markers to create three new, separate perfect tense markers.
I wouldn't exactly say there's anything 'peculiar' about it, but it does have some odd features, in the formal and archaic registers of the language, the perfect is marked through an affix separate from the tense markers, this has since shifted to an aux verb in most dialects, in a few minor southern dialects the marker merged with the tense markers to create three new, separate perfect tense markers.
<!-- Example categories/headings:
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
-->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
-->


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
|+ Orthography
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
|-
!
! Formal
! Standard
! North
! South
|-
! a/â
| /a, aː/
| /a, aː/
| /a, aː/
| /a, aː/
|-
! b
| /b/
| /b/
| /b/
| /b/
|-
! c
| /k/
| /k/
| /k/
| /k/
|-
! ci
| /c, ki/
| /c, ki/
|
|
|-
! gi
| /ɟ, gi/
| /ɟ, gi/
|
|
|-
! si
| /ç/
| /ç/
|
|
|-
! zi
| /ʝ/
| /ʝ/
|
|
|-
! d
| /d/
| /d/
| /d/
| /d/
|-
! dd
| /ð/
| /ð/
| /ð/
| /ð/
|-
! e/ê
| /e, eː/
| /e, eː/
| /ɛ, eː/
| /ɛ, eː/
|-
! f
| /v/
| /v/
| /v/
| /v/
|-
! ff
| /f/
| /f/
| /f/
| /f/
|-
! g
| /g/
| /g/
| /g/
| /g/
|-
! ng
| /ŋ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋ/
| /ŋ/
|-
! ngh
| /ŋ̊/
| /ŋ̊/
| /ŋ̊/
| /ŋ̊/
|-
! h
| /x/
| /x/
| /h/
| /h/
|-
! i/î
| /i, iː, j/
| /i, iː, j/
| /ɪ, iː, j/
| /ɪ, iː, j/
|-
! ni
| /ɲ/
| /ɲ/
|
|
|-
! nih
| /ɲ̊/
| /ɲ̊/
|
|
|-
! l
| /l/
| /l/
| /l/
| /l/
|-
! ll
| /ɬ/
| /ɬ/
| /ɬ/
| /ɬ/
|-
! m
| /m/
| /m/
| /m/
| /m/
|-
! mh
| /m̥/
| /m̥/
| /m̥/
| /m̥/
|-
! n
| /n/
| /n/
| /n/
| /n/
|-
! nh
| /n̥/
| /n̥/
| /n̥/
| /n̥/
|-
! o/ô
| /o, oː/
| /o, oː
| /ɔ, oː/
| /ɔ, oː/
|-
! p
| /p/
| /p/
| /p/
| /p/
|-
! r
| /r/
| /r/
| /r/
| /r/
|-
! rh
| /r̥/
| /r̥/
| /r̥/
| /r̥/
|-
! s
| /s/
| /s/
| /s/
| /s/
|-
! z
| /z/
| /z/
| /z/
| /z/
|-
! t
| /t/
| /t/
| /t/
| /t/
|-
! th
| /θ/
| /θ/
| /θ/
| /θ/
|-
! u/û
| -
| /ɨ, ɨː/
| /ɨ̞, ɨː/
| /ɪ, iː/
|-
! w/ŵ
| /u, uː, w/
| /u, uː, w/
| /ʊ, uː, w/
| /ʊ, uː, w/
|-
! y
| /ə/
| /ə/
| /ə/
| /ə/
|-
! q
| /ɢ/
| /ɢ/
| /q/
| /q/
|-
! qh
| /q/
| /q/
|
|
|-
! nq
| /ɴ/
| /ɴ/
|
|
|-
! nqh
| /ɴ̥/
| /ɴ̥/
|
|
|-
! x
| /ʁ/
| /ʁ/
|
|
|-
! xh
| /χ/
| /χ/
|
|
|-
! aw/ø
| /au̯/
| /ɔ/
|
|
|-
|}


Vowel inventory
ø is a modern convention to avoid confusion, it only appears in the Modern Standard form.
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation


-->
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
Line 90: Line 338:
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular stop|ɢ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]) || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]])¹ || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
Line 111: Line 359:
|-
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]])²
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]])³
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|}
|}
Notes:
* 1: alophone of /t/, usually between a vowel and a fricative
* 2: non-vocalic allophone of /u/
* 3: non-vocalic allophone of /i/
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Modern Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan=1 | [[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=1 | [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! colspan=1 | [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial nasal|m̥]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| colspan=2 |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| colspan=1 |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar nasal|ŋ̊]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
|
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| colspan=1 |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]])¹
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
|
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]
| [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h~x]]
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]])²
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| ([[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]])³
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|
|
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=2 |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar trill|r̥]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=2 |
| colspan=1 |
| colspan=1 |
|}
Notes:
* 1: alophone of /t/, usually between a vowel and a fricative
* 2: non-vocalic allophone of /u/
* 3: non-vocalic allophone of /i/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 148: Line 470:
|-
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:|i]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:|iː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:|ɨ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:|ɨː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ̞]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
! [[w:mid vowel|mid]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:|e]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:|eː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:|w:]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:|ː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑː]]
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Closing
| style="border-right: 0;" | ai̯ || style="border-left: 0;" | ai̯ː
| style="border-right: 0;" | ou̯ || style="border-left: 0;" | ou̯ː
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Modern (North) Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|ɪ]], [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|iː]]
| [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ̞]], [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]
| [[w:near-Close near-back rounded vowel|ʊ]], [[w:Close back rounded vowel|uː]]
|-
! [[w:mid vowel|mid]]
| [[w:open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]], [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]]
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]
| [[w:open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔ]], [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan=6 | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]], [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|aː]]
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Diphthongs
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! Closing
| style="border-right: 0;" | ai̯ || style="border-left: 0;" | ai̯ː
| style="border-right: 0;" | ou̯ || style="border-left: 0;" | ou̯ː
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 169: Line 542:
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress is slightly odd in this language, it is always placed on the case markers in nouns and tense in verbs.
Unstressed vowel reduction does not occur (in standard and formal), so always pronounce vowels fully.
====Intonation====
====Intonation====


Line 175: Line 552:
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===


==Morphology==
==Grammar==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:-->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:-->
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
====Cases====
====Cases====
Line 207: Line 583:
! [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]
! [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | -joqh || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -joqh || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! Inessive
! Inessive
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -thaw || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | yn/muwn || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! Elative
! Elative
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -ide || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | oddi || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -llo || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | oddi || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -all || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | ar || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! Adessive
! Adessive
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -emh || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | ar || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! Abessive
! Abessive
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -co || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | heb || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Comitative
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -eqh || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | efo || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | -poq || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | - || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | drwu/efo || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
|-
|}
|}
In the modern forms, all but the main four cases (The first four) are lost, having been replaced with Welsh prepositions.
With the Vocative, the animacy of the person you're adressing was raised (em>anq), this is the only preserved aspect of the Vocative case, though it's being phased out in favor of honorifics, usually an honorific derived from the word for polite interjections, 'ahn', which is a general polite word used for 'Please, thank you, you're welcome', this would look like 'ahn john' or 'ahn mari'


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Line 249: Line 629:
===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===


==Syntax==
===Syntax===
===Constituent order===
====Word order====
===Noun phrase===
The base order is VSO, following Welsh, the more specific word order also follows Welsh, Preverbal particle — Verb — Subject — Direct object — Indirect object — Adverbials (prepositional phrase, adverb, etc.)
===Verb phrase===
 
===Sentence phrase===
====Noun phrase====
===Dependent clauses===
====Verb phrase====
====Sentence phrase====
====Dependent clauses====
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Dialects==
===Formal/Old===
The Formal register of the language, also called 'Old' because it's almost identical to Old Welsh Ierumidd, retaining many features lost in the modern and standard forms.
===Modern Standard===
Standard is what's used here, it's a compromise between Formal and Colloquial, it mostly retains Formal phonology (with a few changes to be more understandable, like Archaic /au̯/ being /ɔ/, and /ɨ/) and vocab but with the grammatical changes the modern forms have, this is what's taught to foreign learners so they have the best of both.
===North===
This is the most spoken dialect, making up about 83% of speakers (~16,600), it attains the vowels of Northern Welsh, meaning Archaic /au̯/ has merged with short o, which is now /ɔ/.
===South===
Attains the vowels of Northern ierum, the exception being the merge of /i(ː)/ and /ɨ(ː)/ to /ɪ, iː/


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===I can speak===
ffogwgaxhâqpiff (llafgäemarh) y ierumiddegeranqamh (I speak ierumidd)
* ffogwgaxhâqpif (llafgäemar) y ierumiddrëanqam (ierumidd)
* ffogwgaxhâqpif (llafgäemar) y seusnegrëanqam (English)
* ffogwgaxhâqpif (llafgäemar) y cymraigrëanqam (Welsh)
 
===Strength relieves fear===
* ciewbogixhâqpif draigrêmar y terwrêmam. (A dragon does not fear the wind)


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
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* [https://conworkshop.com/view_language.php?l=LOJRM ierumidd on Conworkshop]
* [[:Category:Ierumidd lemmas|Ierumidd in Contionary]]
* [https://www.tumblr.com/ierumidd ierumidd Tumblr blog]
* [https://conworkshop.com/view_language.php?l=LOJRM ierumidd on Conworkshop] (outdated some)


[[Category:Jerumidd]]
[[Category:Ierumidd]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 18:15, 15 November 2024


Ierumidd
ierumidd
Dragon of Jerum.png
Pronunciation[je.rɨ.mið]
Created bywfosøra
ierum
  • Urnfield
    • Insular
      • Welsh/High
        • Ierumidd
Dialects
  • Formal
  • Standard
  • North
  • South
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Introduction

At the start, there was no 'goal' in mind, I knew nothing about linguistics, but as of now, I am going for a somewhat naturalistic lang, I am mostly doing this for fun.

My inspiration comes from a wide range of languages, Sumerian for a lot of the Grammar, Welsh for grammar, spelling, sound changes, and there's certainly some Germanic influence.

List of ideas/wants:

  • Incorporate more Brythonic words (Proto-Brythonic and Welsh).
  • Incorporate more English (Old to New).
  • Translate a song.

This language is spoken by a population of about 20k in North Wales, with a small population in South Wales.

The earliest version of this conlang started on November 8th of 2023, there have been 3 complete redos, making the current version V4, it has changed completely since its birth, going from analytical, to fusional, and now to agglutinative.

I wouldn't exactly say there's anything 'peculiar' about it, but it does have some odd features, in the formal and archaic registers of the language, the perfect is marked through an affix separate from the tense markers, this has since shifted to an aux verb in most dialects, in a few minor southern dialects the marker merged with the tense markers to create three new, separate perfect tense markers.

Phonology

ø is a modern convention to avoid confusion, it only appears in the Modern Standard form.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental alveolar palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m̥ m n̥ n ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ
Stop p b t d c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ (ʔ)¹
Affricate p͡ɸ b͡β t͡s d͡z c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ k͡x q͡χ ɢ͡ʁ
Fricative f v θ ð s z ç ʝ x χ ʁ
Approximant (w)² (j)³
Lateral ɬ l
Trill r̥ r

Notes:

  • 1: alophone of /t/, usually between a vowel and a fricative
  • 2: non-vocalic allophone of /u/
  • 3: non-vocalic allophone of /i/
Modern Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental alveolar palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m̥ m n̥ n ŋ̊ ŋ
Stop p b t d k ɡ q (ʔ)¹
Fricative f v θ ð s z χ h~x
Approximant (w)² (j)³
Lateral ɬ l
Trill r̥ r

Notes:

  • 1: alophone of /t/, usually between a vowel and a fricative
  • 2: non-vocalic allophone of /u/
  • 3: non-vocalic allophone of /i/

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i iː ɨ̞ ɨː u uː
mid e eː ə o oː
Open-mid ɔ ɔː
Open a aː ɑ ɑː
Diphthongs
Front Back
Closing ai̯ ai̯ː ou̯ ou̯ː
Modern (North) Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close ɪ, iː ɨ̞, ɨː ʊ, uː
mid ɛ, eː ə ɔ, oː
Open a, aː
Diphthongs
Front Back
Closing ai̯ ai̯ː ou̯ ou̯ː

Prosody

Stress

Stress is slightly odd in this language, it is always placed on the case markers in nouns and tense in verbs.

Unstressed vowel reduction does not occur (in standard and formal), so always pronounce vowels fully.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Grammar

Nouns

Cases

Case markers
Archaic/Formal Modern
Nominative -arh -ar
Accusative -amh -am
Genitive -as -az
Dative -imh -im
Vocative -joqh -
Inessive -thaw yn/muwn
Elative -ide oddi
Ablative -llo oddi
Allative -all ar
Adessive -emh ar
Abessive -co heb
Comitative -eqh efo
Instrumental -poq drwu/efo

In the modern forms, all but the main four cases (The first four) are lost, having been replaced with Welsh prepositions.

With the Vocative, the animacy of the person you're adressing was raised (em>anq), this is the only preserved aspect of the Vocative case, though it's being phased out in favor of honorifics, usually an honorific derived from the word for polite interjections, 'ahn', which is a general polite word used for 'Please, thank you, you're welcome', this would look like 'ahn john' or 'ahn mari'

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs

Particles

Derivational morphology

Syntax

Word order

The base order is VSO, following Welsh, the more specific word order also follows Welsh, Preverbal particle — Verb — Subject — Direct object — Indirect object — Adverbials (prepositional phrase, adverb, etc.)

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Dialects

Formal/Old

The Formal register of the language, also called 'Old' because it's almost identical to Old Welsh Ierumidd, retaining many features lost in the modern and standard forms.

Modern Standard

Standard is what's used here, it's a compromise between Formal and Colloquial, it mostly retains Formal phonology (with a few changes to be more understandable, like Archaic /au̯/ being /ɔ/, and /ɨ/) and vocab but with the grammatical changes the modern forms have, this is what's taught to foreign learners so they have the best of both.

North

This is the most spoken dialect, making up about 83% of speakers (~16,600), it attains the vowels of Northern Welsh, meaning Archaic /au̯/ has merged with short o, which is now /ɔ/.

South

Attains the vowels of Northern ierum, the exception being the merge of /i(ː)/ and /ɨ(ː)/ to /ɪ, iː/

Example texts

I can speak

  • ffogwgaxhâqpif (llafgäemar) y ierumiddrëanqam (ierumidd)
  • ffogwgaxhâqpif (llafgäemar) y seusnegrëanqam (English)
  • ffogwgaxhâqpif (llafgäemar) y cymraigrëanqam (Welsh)

Strength relieves fear

  • ciewbogixhâqpif draigrêmar y terwrêmam. (A dragon does not fear the wind)

Other resources

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