Proto-Ravenish: Difference between revisions
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{{privatelang}} | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image= Ravenish flag.png | |image= Ravenish flag.png | ||
|imagesize= 250px | |imagesize= 250px | ||
|name= Old Ravenish | |name= Old Ravenish | ||
|nativename='' | |nativename=''𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽'' | ||
|pronunciation= θiu̯.ðiʃ.koːn | |pronunciation= θiu̯.ðiʃ.koːn | ||
|pronunciation_key = Guide:IPA | |pronunciation_key = Guide:IPA | ||
| Line 11: | Line 12: | ||
|fam2=Germanic | |fam2=Germanic | ||
|script1= Latn | |script1= Latn | ||
|stand1=Traditional | |||
|stand2=Modernized | |||
|- | |- | ||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Old Ravenish''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''þiudiskōn''; <small>Ravenish: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Ravenish|[θiu̯.ðiʃ.koːn]]]</span>) is a [[w:Germanic language|Germanic language]]. | '''Old Ravenish''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''þiudiskōn''; <small>Ravenish: </small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Ravenish|[θiu̯.ðiʃ.koːn]]]</span>: [[Modern Ravenish]]: furaiþiudiskon) is a [[w:Germanic language|Germanic language]]. | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
| Line 33: | Line 36: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|+ Orthography | |+ Orthography | ||
! rowspan=2 | IPA | |||
! colspan="4" | Gothic | |||
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" | romaniz. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | Classic. | |||
! colspan="2" | | ! colspan="2" | Modern | ||
! colspan="2" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
! / | ! /ɑ, ɑː, ɑːː/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌰 || style="border-left: 0;" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌰, 𐌰̄, 𐌰̱ || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌰, 𐌰̄, 𐌰̱ || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | a, ā, â || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | a, ā, â || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /v/ | ! /v/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌱 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌱 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | b || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | b || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /ʁ/ | ! /ʁ/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌲 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌲 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | g || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | g || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /ð/ | ! /ð/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌳 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌳 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | d || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | d || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /e, eː, eːː/ | ! /e, eː, eːː/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌴 || style="border-left: 0;" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌴, 𐌴̄, 𐌴̱ || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌴, 𐌴̄, 𐌴̱ || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | e, ē, ê || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | e, ē, ê || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /kʷ/ | ! /kʷ/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌵 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌵 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | q || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | q || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /z, ʒ/ | ! /z, ʒ/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌶 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌶 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | z || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | z || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /χ/ | ! /χ/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌷 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌷 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | h || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | h || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /θ/ | ! /θ/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌸 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌸 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | þ || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | þ || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /i, iː/ | ! /i, iː/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌹 || style="border-left: 0;" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌹, 𐌹̄ || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌹, 𐌹̄ || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | i, ī || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | i, ī || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /k/ | ! /k/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌺 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌺 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | k || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | k || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /l/ | ! /l/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌻 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌻 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | l || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | l || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /l̥/ | ! /l̥/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌷𐌻 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌷𐌻 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | hl || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | hl || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /m/ | ! /m/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌼 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌼 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | m || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | m || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /n/ | ! /n/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌽 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌽 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | n || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | n || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /j/ | ! /j/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌾 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌾 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | j || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | j || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /u/ | ! /u/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌿 || style="border-left: 0;" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌿, 𐌿̄ || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌿, 𐌿̄ || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | u, ū || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | u, ū || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /p/ | ! /p/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍀 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍀 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | p || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | p || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /(æ), æː, æːː/ | ! /(æ), æː, æːː/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍁 || style="border-left: 0;" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | (𐍁) 𐍁̄ 𐍁̱ || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | (𐍁) 𐍁̄ 𐍁̱ || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | (ä) æ, ǣ || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | (ä) æ, ǣ || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /r/ | ! /r/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍂 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍂 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | r || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | r || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /r̥/ | ! /r̥/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌷𐍂 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐌷𐍂 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | hr || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | hr || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /s/ | ! /s/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍃 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍃 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | s || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | s || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /t/ | ! /t/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍄 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍄 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | t || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | t || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /w/ | ! /w/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍅 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍅 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | w || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | w || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /f/ | ! /f/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍆 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍆 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | f || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | f || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /χʷ/ | ! /χʷ/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍈 || style="border-left: 0;" | | | colspan=3 style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍈 || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | ƕ/hw || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | ƕ/hw || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! /(o), oː, oːː/ | ! /(o), oː, oːː/ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | 𐍉 || style="border-left: 0;" | | |||
| style="border-right: 0;" | (𐍉), 𐍉̄, 𐍉̱ || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | (𐍉), 𐍉̄, 𐍉̱ || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | (o), ō, ô || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | (o), ō, ô || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
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! colspan="2" | [[w:post-Alveolar consonant|post-<br/>alveolar]] | ! colspan="2" | [[w:post-Alveolar consonant|post-<br/>alveolar]] | ||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]] | ! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]] | ||
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | ! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]/</br>[[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | ||
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])¹, ŋʷ² | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])¹, ŋʷ² | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] | ! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]] | ||
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]], kʷ || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]], kʷ || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ||
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| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]] | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]])³ || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]])⁴ | | style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]])³ || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]])⁴ | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]], χʷ || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]], ʁʷ | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]], χʷ || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]], ʁʷ | ||
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| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 205: | Line 211: | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 212: | Line 217: | ||
# allophone of /s/ before velars and at word ends | # allophone of /s/ before velars and at word ends | ||
# allophone of /z/ before velars and at word ends | # allophone of /z/ before velars and at word ends | ||
====Sound Changes from PG==== | |||
ɛ>æ | |||
g>ɣ>ʁ, x>χ | |||
b>β>v, ɸ>f, d>ð | |||
Nasalization becomes /n/ after the vowel, PG '*þiudiskǭ' to Old Ravenish 'þiudiskōn' | |||
ɔ>ɑ before a fricative, ɔ>o elsewhere | |||
/s, z/ to /ʃ, ʒ/ before velars and at the end of words. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
| Line 241: | Line 259: | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eːː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|eːː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]]) || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oːː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|oːː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | ! [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | ([[w:Open front unrounded vowel|æː]]) || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|æː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|æː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|æːː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|æːː]] || style="border-left: 0;" | | ||
| Line 254: | Line 272: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Phonemes in parentheses are loan word only. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
| Line 383: | Line 403: | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Old Ravenish]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
Latest revision as of 21:54, 11 October 2024
 | This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
| Old Ravenish | |
|---|---|
| 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽 | |
 | |
| Pronunciation | [θiu̯.ðiʃ.koːn] |
| Created by | wfozøra |
Indo-European
| |
Standard forms | Traditional
Modernized
|
Old Ravenish (autoglossonym: þiudiskōn; Ravenish: [θiu̯.ðiʃ.koːn]: Modern Ravenish: furaiþiudiskon) is a Germanic language.
Introduction
Goals
- Fun
- Learn more Germanic
Inspiration
- Proto-Germanic
- My love for old Germanic languages
Etymology
The language name derives from the same source as German Deutsch, þiudiskaz. The English name is in reference to a cultural aspect of the people, their unusually large reverence for Ravens, they place an oddly high importance on Ravens even for a Germanic tribe.
Phonology
Orthography
| IPA | Gothic | romaniz. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Classic. | Modern | |||||
| /ɑ, ɑː, ɑːː/ | 𐌰 | 𐌰, 𐌰̄, 𐌰̱ | a, ā, â | |||
| /v/ | 𐌱 | b | ||||
| /ʁ/ | 𐌲 | g | ||||
| /ð/ | 𐌳 | d | ||||
| /e, eː, eːː/ | 𐌴 | 𐌴, 𐌴̄, 𐌴̱ | e, ē, ê | |||
| /kʷ/ | 𐌵 | q | ||||
| /z, ʒ/ | 𐌶 | z | ||||
| /χ/ | 𐌷 | h | ||||
| /θ/ | 𐌸 | þ | ||||
| /i, iː/ | 𐌹 | 𐌹, 𐌹̄ | i, ī | |||
| /k/ | 𐌺 | k | ||||
| /l/ | 𐌻 | l | ||||
| /l̥/ | 𐌷𐌻 | hl | ||||
| /m/ | 𐌼 | m | ||||
| /n/ | 𐌽 | n | ||||
| /j/ | 𐌾 | j | ||||
| /u/ | 𐌿 | 𐌿, 𐌿̄ | u, ū | |||
| /p/ | 𐍀 | p | ||||
| /(æ), æː, æːː/ | 𐍁 | (𐍁) 𐍁̄ 𐍁̱ | (ä) æ, ǣ | |||
| /r/ | 𐍂 | r | ||||
| /r̥/ | 𐌷𐍂 | hr | ||||
| /s/ | 𐍃 | s | ||||
| /t/ | 𐍄 | t | ||||
| /w/ | 𐍅 | w | ||||
| /f/ | 𐍆 | f | ||||
| /χʷ/ | 𐍈 | ƕ/hw | ||||
| /(o), oː, oːː/ | 𐍉 | (𐍉), 𐍉̄, 𐍉̱ | (o), ō, ô | |||
Consonants
Consonants have remained relatively close to Proto-Germanic, except for the few stops that had fricative allophones, these shifted fully to fricatives, the opposite of all other Germanic langs, the Velar fricatives also shifted to Uvular.
| Labial | Dental | alveolar | post- alveolar |
palatal | Velar/ Uvular | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ŋ)¹, ŋʷ² | |||||||||
| Stop | p | t | k, kʷ | |||||||||
| Fricative | f | v | θ | ð | s | z | (ʃ)³ | (ʒ)⁴ | χ, χʷ | ʁ, ʁʷ | ||
| Approximant | w | l̥ | l | j | ||||||||
| Trill | r̥ | r | ||||||||||
- allophone of /n/ before /k/
- allophone of /n/ before /kʷ/
- allophone of /s/ before velars and at word ends
- allophone of /z/ before velars and at word ends
Sound Changes from PG
ɛ>æ
g>ɣ>ʁ, x>χ
b>β>v, ɸ>f, d>ð
Nasalization becomes /n/ after the vowel, PG '*þiudiskǭ' to Old Ravenish 'þiudiskōn'
ɔ>ɑ before a fricative, ɔ>o elsewhere
/s, z/ to /ʃ, ʒ/ before velars and at the end of words.
Vowels
| Front | Back | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | overlong | short | long | overlong | |||||||
| Close | i | iː | u | uː | ||||||||
| mid | e | eː | eːː | (oː) | oː | oːː | ||||||
| Open | (æː) | æː | æːː | ɑ | ɑː | ɑːː | ||||||
Phonemes in parentheses are loan word only.
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Closing | ai̯ | ai̯ː | ou̯ | ou̯ː |
Prosody
Stress
Stress, like in PG, still lies solely on the first syllable unless prefixed, where stress moves with the root word.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Pronouns
Needs lots of updating.
| Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first person |
singular | 𐌹𐌺 | 𐌼𐌹𐌺 | 𐌼𐌹̄𐌽𐌰𐌶 | 𐌼𐌹𐌶 | |
| dual | 𐍅𐌹𐍄 | 𐌿𐌽𐌺 | 𐌿𐌽𐌺𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌶 | 𐌿𐌽𐌺𐌹𐌶 | ||
| plural | 𐍅𐌹𐌶 | 𐌿𐌽𐍃 | 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌴𐍂𐌰𐌶 | 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌹𐌶 | ||
| second person |
singular | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |
| dual | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||
| plural | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||
| third person |
singular | masculine | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] |
| feminine | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||
| neuter | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||
| plural | masculine | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | |
| feminine | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||
| neuter | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||
| reflexive | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | [Term?] | ||
Syntax
Constituent order
The word order is mostly free, the base order is SOV, but this is subject to change when importance needs to be stressed on one word.
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Beowulf Sentence 1
Gothic
𐍈𐌰𐍄! 𐍅𐌹𐌶 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌾𐍉𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴𐍂𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌶 𐌸𐌴𐌿𐌳𐍉𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍉𐌽 𐌸𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌴𐌲𐌿𐌽, 𐍈𐍉 𐌸𐍉 𐌰𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌰𐌶 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽.
Classical
Modern
𐍈𐌰𐍄! 𐍅𐌹𐌶 𐌲𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌾𐍉̱𐌽 𐌹𐌽 𐌾𐌴̄𐍂𐍉̱𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌶 𐌸𐌴𐌿𐌳𐍉̄𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍉̱𐌽 𐌸𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌰𐍆𐍂𐌴̄𐌲𐌿𐌽, 𐍈𐍉̄ 𐌸𐍉̄ 𐌰𐌸𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌽𐌲𐌰̄𐌶 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍉̄ 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌴̄𐌳𐌿𐌽.
Romanization
(ƕat! wiz gaizadanjôn in jērôndagamaz þeudōkuningôn þrumjan gafrēgun, ƕō þō aþulingāz aljanō framidēdun.)
IPA
/χʷɑt wiʒ ʁɑi̯.zɑ.ðɑn.joːːn in jeː.roːːn.ðɑ.ʁɑ.mɑʒ θeu̯.ðoː.ku.nin.ʁoːːn θrum.jɑn ʁɑ.freː.ʁun χʷoː θoː ɑ.θu.lin.ʁɑːʒ ɑl.jɑ.noː frɑ.mi.ðeː.ðun/
Universal Germanic Dialogue
Gothic
Classical
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌶 𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹 𐌽𐍁𐍈, 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐍂𐍉 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌰𐌹. 𐌵𐌴𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌶 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍉 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌶, 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌶 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽𐌳𐌶. 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌵𐌴𐌼𐍉. 𐌵𐌴𐌼 𐌷𐌴𐍂, 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐍈 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺, 𐌴𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐍈 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌺. 𐍃𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌶 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐍉𐌽. 𐍅𐌹𐌶 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌶 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉𐍂, 𐌱𐌴𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐍈 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌺𐌿. 𐍉, 𐌾𐌰𐍈 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌶 𐍃𐌿𐍀𐍉.
Modern
𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍉̱ 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐌶 𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹 𐌽𐍁̄𐍈, 𐍃𐌺𐌿̄𐍂𐍉̄ 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻 𐌵𐌴𐌼𐌰𐌹. 𐌵𐌴𐌼 𐌹𐌽 𐌼𐌹̄𐌽𐌰𐌶 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍉̱ 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌶, 𐌼𐌹̄𐌽𐌰𐌶 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐌾𐍉̄𐌽𐌳𐌶. 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌵𐌴𐌼𐍉̱. 𐌵𐌴𐌼 𐌷𐌴̄𐍂, 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌲𐍅 𐌾𐌰𐍈 𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌺, 𐌴𐍄 𐌾𐌰𐍈 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌺. 𐍃𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌹 𐌼𐌹̄𐌽𐌰𐌶 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐍉̄𐌽. 𐍅𐌹𐌶 𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌶 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉̄𐍂, 𐌱𐌴𐌿𐌶𐌰𐌽, 𐌾𐌰𐍈 𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 𐍆𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉̄𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌺𐌿̄. 𐍉, 𐌾𐌰𐍈 𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌰𐌶 𐍃𐌿𐍀𐍉̱.
Romanization
kaldô wintruz isti næƕ, skūrō skal qemai. qem in mīnaz warmô haimaz, mīnaz frijōndz. wiljaqemô. qem hēr, singw jaƕ laik, et jaƕ drink. sa isti mīnaz sijōn. wiz habjamaz watōr, beuzan, jaƕ meluks friskōn fram kū. o, jaƕ warmaz supô.
IPA
/kɑl.ðoːː win.truʒ is.ti næːχʷ ʃkuː.roː ʃkɑl kʷe.mɑi̯ | kʷem in miː.nɑʒ wɑr.moːː χɑi̯.mɑʒ miː.nɑʒ fri.joːnd͡ʒ | wil.jɑ.kʷe.moːː | kʷem χeːr sinʁʷ jɑχʷ lɑi̯k et jɑχʷ ðriŋk | sɑ is.ti miː.nɑʒ si.joːn | wiʒ χɑv.jɑ.mɑʒ wɑ.toːr veu̯.zɑn jɑχʷ me.luks friʃ.koːn frɑm kuː | o jɑχʷ wɑr.mɑʒ su.poːː/