Makari: Difference between revisions
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'''Makari''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''Macári'', <small>Makari : </small>/macçɐ:ri/) is a language spoken in the province of '''Lincai''' (<small>Makari : </small>''Lićaí'' /liçaɪ:/). | '''Makari''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''Macári'', <small>Makari : </small>/macçɐ:ri/) is a language spoken in the province of '''Lincai''' (<small>Makari : </small>''Lićaí'' /liçaɪ:/). | ||
After the Kinavel language was brought to Lincai, the language | After the Kinavel language was brought to Lincai, the language underwent a small number of phonological changes, like the loss of the uvular sounds, and a fricatization of the plosives, that gave a fully-fledged affricate set, replacing the old Kinavel plosive set | ||
__TOC__ | __TOC__ | ||
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<center> | <center> | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 60em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;" | {| class="wikitable" style="width: 60em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;" | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="25" | Makari alphabet (in order) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Letter | |||
| Aa || Áá || Cc || Ćć || Ee || Pp || Ff || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Xx || Ll || Mm || Nn || Qq || Oo || Rr || Tt || Ss || Uu || Úú || Vv | | Aa || Áá || Cc || Ćć || Ee || Pp || Ff || Hh || Ii || Íí || Jj || Kk || Xx || Ll || Mm || Nn || Qq || Oo || Rr || Tt || Ss || Uu || Úú || Vv | ||
|- | |||
! IPA | |||
| ä || ɐ || cç || ç || ə || pɸ || ɸ || h || i || ɪ || j || kx || x || l || m || n || ŋ || ɒ || r || ts || s || u || ʊ || w | |||
|} | |} | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
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|} | |} | ||
</center> | </center> | ||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labials]] | |||
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolars]] | |||
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatals]]/<br>[[w:Velar consonant|Velars]] | |||
! [[w:Labial consonant|Glottals]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial affricate|pɸ]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|ts]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless palatal affricate|cç]], [[w:Voiceless velar affricate|kx]] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]], [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | |||
| ([[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]]) | |||
| [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]], [[w:Voiced labio-velar approximant|w]] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Notes : | |||
*/cç/ and /ç/ are pronounced /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ by some speakers | |||
*/kx/ and /x/ are pronounced /qχ/ and /χ/ after back vowels | |||
*Although the traditional pronounciation of <w> is /ʋ/, almost all speakers have shifted to /w/ or /β/ | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]] | |||
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]], [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]] | |||
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]], [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊː]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]] | |||
| colspan="2" | [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]], [[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐː]] | |||
|- | |||
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]] | |||
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|ä]] | |||
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|ɒ]] | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
*/ɪː/ and /ʊː/ are often realized as /i:/ and /u:/ in stressed syllables | |||
*/ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong | |||
*/ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers | |||
===Morphophonology=== | |||
====Apophony==== | |||
As we will talk about later, verbs in Makari have 2 stems, the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem. The apophonic stem, as its name implies, is a verbal stem where apophony occured on the two last syllables (apophony is stopped by stress). To know how to deduce that stem, here is a table of vowel alternation : | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ Vowel alternation | |||
|- | |||
! Initial !! After apophony | |||
|- | |||
| a || áu | |||
|- | |||
| e || i | |||
|- | |||
| i || ío | |||
|- | |||
| o || ú | |||
|- | |||
| u || o | |||
|- | |||
| á, í, ú || a, i, u | |||
|} | |||
===Phonotactics and Stress=== | |||
====Syllable Shape==== | |||
The maximum syllable shape of Makari is pretty strict, as it is (C)V(C) | |||
====Stress==== | |||
Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For example, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/ | |||
==Grammar== | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
====Cases==== | |||
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases : | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30em" | |||
|+ Makari case system | |||
|- | |||
! Case !! Usage | |||
|- | |||
| Nominative || Subject of a verb (+ predicate) | |||
|- | |||
| Genitive || Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience | |||
|- | |||
| Dative || Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «{{term|já}}»), lative case | |||
|- | |||
| Accusative || Direct object | |||
|- | |||
| Locative || Position in space, movement away from, derivation method | |||
|- | |||
| Vocative || Apostrophe | |||
|- | |||
| Prepositional || Objects of prepositions | |||
|} | |||
====Numbers==== | |||
In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) : | |||
* Singular | |||
* Paucal (Merged with the plural) | |||
* Plural | |||
====Paradigms==== | |||
{| class="multicol" | |||
|- | |||
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}} | |||
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=M|red1=to|red2=cá|V1=o|1=toká|2=toka|3=tocá}} | |||
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=C|red1=ak|red2=an|V1=a|1=akan|2=akán|3=akat|4=aka}} | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Verbs in Makari have 2 different stems : the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem (see [[Makari#Apophony]] for the stem rules). The apophonic stem is used for the perfect tense, and for the conditional. There are 13 main tenses and 4 compound tenses, 4 moods and 3 numbers. | |||
Certain verb forms use an augment, represented as «e» or «et» depending on the word | |||
Verbs are highly regular, expect for 4 verbs : the copula «ne», the locative copula «ita» , the possessive auxiliary «ru» and the negative auxiliary «á» | |||
{| class="multicol" | |||
|- | |||
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=V|fs=C|1=kira|2=kíoráu}} | |||
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=M|fs=V|1=ánicaúraí|2=ánicáuráu}} | |||
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=C|fs=V|1=eteran|2=etiráun}} | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Makari]] | [[Category:Makari]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
Latest revision as of 22:08, 1 November 2024
Makari | |
---|---|
Macári | |
Pronunciation | [macçɐ:ri] |
Created by | Aenil |
Date | 2024 |
Native to | Lincai (Lićaí) |
Language isolate
| |
Early form | Proto-Kinavel
|
Makari (autoglossonym: Macári, Makari : /macçɐ:ri/) is a language spoken in the province of Lincai (Makari : Lićaí /liçaɪ:/). After the Kinavel language was brought to Lincai, the language underwent a small number of phonological changes, like the loss of the uvular sounds, and a fricatization of the plosives, that gave a fully-fledged affricate set, replacing the old Kinavel plosive set
Etymology
The language name is derived from the Proto-Kinavel word *n¹qarí /ɳ̩qerɪː/ meaning "language, speech", which gave the Kinavel word nŭkeri /nuˑkeri/ meaning "communication"
Orthography
Alphabet
The Makari alphabet is composed of 24 letters (20 "base letters" and 4 "diacritic letters") :
Makari alphabet (in order) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Letter | Aa | Áá | Cc | Ćć | Ee | Pp | Ff | Hh | Ii | Íí | Jj | Kk | Xx | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Rr | Tt | Ss | Uu | Úú | Vv | |
IPA | ä | ɐ | cç | ç | ə | pɸ | ɸ | h | i | ɪ | j | kx | x | l | m | n | ŋ | ɒ | r | ts | s | u | ʊ | w |
Phoneme type
During the rest of the article, and especially in grammar, the letters C, V and M will be referring to different type of phonemes. Here's a table of correspondence :
Letter | Description |
---|---|
C | All consonants |
V | Non-diacritical vowels |
M | Diacritical vowels |
Phonology
Consonants
Labials | Alveolars | Palatals/ Velars |
Glottals | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
Affricate | pɸ | ts | cç, kx | |
Fricative | ɸ | s | ç, x | h |
Approximant | (w) | l | j, w | |
Trill | r |
Notes :
- /cç/ and /ç/ are pronounced /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ by some speakers
- /kx/ and /x/ are pronounced /qχ/ and /χ/ after back vowels
- Although the traditional pronounciation of <w> is /ʋ/, almost all speakers have shifted to /w/ or /β/
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i, ɪː | u, ʊː |
Mid | ə, ɐː | |
Open | ä | ɒ |
Notes:
- /ɪː/ and /ʊː/ are often realized as /i:/ and /u:/ in stressed syllables
- /ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong
- /ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers
Morphophonology
Apophony
As we will talk about later, verbs in Makari have 2 stems, the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem. The apophonic stem, as its name implies, is a verbal stem where apophony occured on the two last syllables (apophony is stopped by stress). To know how to deduce that stem, here is a table of vowel alternation :
Initial | After apophony |
---|---|
a | áu |
e | i |
i | ío |
o | ú |
u | o |
á, í, ú | a, i, u |
Phonotactics and Stress
Syllable Shape
The maximum syllable shape of Makari is pretty strict, as it is (C)V(C)
Stress
Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For example, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/
Grammar
Nouns
Cases
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :
Case | Usage |
---|---|
Nominative | Subject of a verb (+ predicate) |
Genitive | Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience |
Dative | Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «já»), lative case |
Accusative | Direct object |
Locative | Position in space, movement away from, derivation method |
Vocative | Apostrophe |
Prepositional | Objects of prepositions |
Numbers
In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) :
- Singular
- Paucal (Merged with the plural)
- Plural
Paradigms
|
|
|
Verbs
Verbs in Makari have 2 different stems : the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem (see Makari#Apophony for the stem rules). The apophonic stem is used for the perfect tense, and for the conditional. There are 13 main tenses and 4 compound tenses, 4 moods and 3 numbers.
Certain verb forms use an augment, represented as «e» or «et» depending on the word
Verbs are highly regular, expect for 4 verbs : the copula «ne», the locative copula «ita» , the possessive auxiliary «ru» and the negative auxiliary «á»
|
|
|