Bright languages: Difference between revisions
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Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing and stable in utterance. | Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance. | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 66px; " | | |||
! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal | |||
! style="width: 66px; " |Labial | |||
|- | |||
! Sonorant | |||
| l r | |||
| n m | |||
|- | |||
! Non-Sonorant | |||
| s d | |||
| f b | |||
|} | |||
The | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 66px; " | | |||
! style="width: 66px; " |Front | |||
! style="width: 66px; " |Center | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
| i ɛ | |||
| a ae̯ | |||
|} | |||
===Sound Laws=== | ===Sound Laws=== | ||
*Voicing: consonants between vowels are voiced | |||
*Assimilation: | *Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless | ||
*Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a] | *Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br> | ||
EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alf, alber'' and ''elbi'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br> | |||
*Assimilation: | |||
*Mutation: | *Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br> | ||
*Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br> | |||
m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br> | m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br> | ||
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br> | m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br> | ||
r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br> | |||
r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br> | |||
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br> | r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br> | ||
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br> | r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br> | ||
*/ | */s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped. | ||
EX: The hypothetical ''iridin'' becomes ''eren'' | |||
*Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized. | |||
This bright tongue calls those processes ''car'' and ''fabel'' | |||
alba "people" [alf, elbi] | |||
arda "things" [arc, irida] | |||
alma "high faculties" [a, elmi] | |||
arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni] | |||
amba "time" [amf, embi] | |||
anda "space" [anc, inida] | |||
- | |||
endar "land", arni "lands" | |||
embal "celestial body", ambeli... | |||
o | |||
NA > ni [0], nae [1] | |||
alba enir | |||
ni, pe, ae | |||
MA | |||
NA | |||
PA | |||
TA | |||
LA | |||
RA | |||
- | |||
ALBA | |||
ARDA | |||
AMBA | |||
ANDA | |||
ALMA | |||
ARNA | |||
aia aio | |||
nao aocar i | |||
nua valár | |||
ni erec alber | |||
fla | |||
alf | |||
*analytic | |||
*one article | |||
*no declension | |||
*context and syntax play important role | |||
ni arc alber | |||
ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf | |||
ni irida alber | |||
mi irida elbi | |||
er alf, alber | |||
er enc, endar | |||
er ec, edar | |||
mer endar | |||
ird | |||
iru er | |||
ni, mi | |||
ec, fe | |||
al, ar | |||
mi irida ilmini ec | |||
iridin | |||
elbi | |||
ci | |||
alber | |||
Adamic verb | |||
rā > ar | |||
arú > erec | |||
ārú > irida | |||
ar ereC iriCV | |||
nua sit, askút | |||
ni eren | |||
- | |||
ísit ārú | |||
ni irida ederen | |||
sikt > ren | |||
hil > ... | |||
L | |||
ciren | |||
nicae | |||
ec | |||
icae | |||
anu/nua > ni | |||
ani/nia > nae | |||
ana/nā > na | |||
''Elbi irida ni indili'' = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ'' | |||
Ni irida ereden, ec cilma | |||
Tua hícal, rī askút | |||
hil > ciren? | |||
-h-c-l- > indili | |||
hácal > andal | |||
ni irida andal | |||
erec & irida > -c- | |||
ni, idae | |||
fe, ec | |||
ae, cae | |||
fe erec > ec | |||
ae erec > icae | |||
indili (v), andal (p) | |||
ciren (n), ederen (v) | |||
cilba (n), indili (v) | |||
-s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë | |||
h/q > n | |||
s/z > c | |||
k/g > r | |||
- | |||
t/d > nd | |||
h/q> | |||
z > | |||
g > l | |||
d > mb | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots. | |||
ni irida eren... | |||
From one root, many stems are forged | |||
ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)... | |||
ALMA > ELEME | |||
eldar (alba-endar) | |||
erbal (arda-elbar) | |||
arbelë | |||
ilben, ilbini | |||
eleben, af | |||
lef, felin | |||
ilmen, ilmini | |||
elemen, am | |||
lem, melin | |||
irdem, irdimi | |||
eredem, erc | |||
rec, cerin | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== |
Latest revision as of 03:19, 14 November 2024
Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance.
Introduction
Phonology
The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.
Coronal | Labial | |
---|---|---|
Sonorant | l r | n m |
Non-Sonorant | s d | f b |
The
Front | Center | |
---|---|---|
i ɛ | a ae̯ |
Sound Laws
- Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
- Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.
EX: Adamic vāl "person" and vār "people" become alf, alber and elbi respectively in the Bright Tongue [alf instead of *falf].
- Assimilation:
- Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]
- Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.
m/n + p -mb [extension of p]
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]
r/l + f -lb [extension of l]
r/l + c -rd [extension of r]
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]
- /s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
EX: The hypothetical iridin becomes eren
- Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.
This bright tongue calls those processes car and fabel
alba "people" [alf, elbi]
arda "things" [arc, irida]
alma "high faculties" [a, elmi]
arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni]
amba "time" [amf, embi]
anda "space" [anc, inida]
-
endar "land", arni "lands"
embal "celestial body", ambeli...
o
NA > ni [0], nae [1] alba enir ni, pe, ae MA NA PA TA LA RA - ALBA ARDA AMBA ANDA ALMA ARNA
aia aio
nao aocar i
nua valár
ni erec alber
fla alf
- analytic
- one article
- no declension
- context and syntax play important role
ni arc alber ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf ni irida alber
mi irida elbi
er alf, alber
er enc, endar
er ec, edar
mer endar
ird iru er
ni, mi ec, fe al, ar
mi irida ilmini ec
iridin
elbi
ci
alber
Adamic verb rā > ar arú > erec ārú > irida
ar ereC iriCV
nua sit, askút ni eren - ísit ārú ni irida ederen
sikt > ren hil > ...
L
ciren
nicae
ec
icae
anu/nua > ni ani/nia > nae ana/nā > na
Elbi irida ni indili = Ara avâla ana ahalâ
Ni irida ereden, ec cilma
Tua hícal, rī askút
hil > ciren? -h-c-l- > indili hácal > andal
ni irida andal
erec & irida > -c-
ni, idae fe, ec ae, cae
fe erec > ec ae erec > icae
indili (v), andal (p)
ciren (n), ederen (v) cilba (n), indili (v)
-s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë h/q > n s/z > c k/g > r - t/d > nd h/q> z > g > l d > mb
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.
ni irida eren...
From one root, many stems are forged
ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...
ALMA > ELEME eldar (alba-endar) erbal (arda-elbar) arbelë ilben, ilbini eleben, af lef, felin ilmen, ilmini elemen, am lem, melin
irdem, irdimi eredem, erc rec, cerin