Bright languages: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.


4 vowels and 8 consonants.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 66px; " |
! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
|-
! Sonorant
| l r
| n m
|-
! Non-Sonorant
| s d
| f b
|}
 
The
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 66px; " |
! style="width: 66px; " |Front
! style="width: 66px; " |Center
|-
!
| i ɛ
| a ae̯
|}


===Sound Laws===
===Sound Laws===
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*Voicing: consonants between vowels are voiced.
*Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
*Devoicing: initial and final consonants are voiceless.
*Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
*Lenition: if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alf, alber'' and ''elbi'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
EX: The Adamic or Babelic forms ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''alp'' and ''elbë'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alp'' instead of ''*palp''].<br>
*Assimilation:
*Assimilation:
alba-alp > albabelë; silma-alp > silmemalë; ...
*Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
*Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
*Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
*Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
r/l + p -lb [extension of l]<br>
r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
r/l + t -rd [extension of r]<br>
r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
*/t/ can only happen before /a/ and/or /ə/.
*/s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
EX: The hypothetical ''iridin'' becomes ''eren''
*Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.
 
This bright tongue calls those processes ''car'' and ''fabel''
 
 
alba "people" [alf, elbi]
arda "things" [arc, irida]
alma "high faculties" [a, elmi]
arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni]
amba "time" [amf, embi]
anda "space" [anc, inida]
-
endar "land", arni "lands"
embal "celestial body", ambeli...
 
o
 
NA > ni [0], nae [1]
alba enir
ni, pe, ae
MA
NA
PA
TA
LA
RA
-
ALBA
ARDA
AMBA
ANDA
ALMA
ARNA
 
 
aia aio
 
nao aocar i
 
nua valár
 
ni erec alber
 
fla
alf
 
*analytic
*one article
*no declension
*context and syntax play important role
 
ni arc alber
ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf
ni irida alber
 
mi irida elbi
 
er alf, alber
 
er enc, endar
 
er ec, edar
 
mer endar
 
 
 
ird
iru er
 
ni, mi
ec, fe
al, ar
 
 
 
mi irida ilmini ec
 
iridin
 
elbi
 
ci
 
 
alber
 
Adamic verb
rā > ar
arú > erec
ārú > irida
 
ar ereC iriCV
 
 
 
nua sit, askút
ni eren
-
ísit ārú
ni irida ederen


Because final consonants are easily lost in Typology, /r/ /l/ /m/ and /n/ always mutate
sikt > ren
hil > ...


C̥VC̬VC̥


anë
L




[the dorsal column was deleted and the distinction of voice lost] ...plus, m and n are added and f and s lost
ciren
m, l, p, b
n, r, t, d


albabelë narni


nicae
ec
icae


anu/nua > ni
ani/nia > nae
ana/nā > na


Velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, therefore removed. Palatalization /ku/ for example has the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/ and /b/, whereas /ki/ will lead to /t͡ʃi/ and /ʃi/.
''Elbi irida ni indili'' = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''


Back vowels are totally erased, to contrast with dark tongues, plus to avoid the sound change /du/ > // > /b/
 
Ni irida ereden, ec cilma
Tua hícal, rī askút
 
hil > ciren?
-h-c-l- > indili
hácal > andal
 
 
 
 
ni irida andal
 
erec & irida > -c-
 
ni, idae
fe, ec
ae, cae
 
fe erec >  ec
ae erec > icae
 
indili (v), andal (p)
 
 
 
ciren (n), ederen (v)
cilba (n), indili (v)
 
-s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë
h/q > n
s/z > c
k/g > r
-
t/d > nd
h/q>
z >
g > l
d > mb


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.
ni irida eren...
From one root, many stems are forged
ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...


ALMA > ELEME
eldar (alba-endar)
erbal (arda-elbar)
arbelë
ilben, ilbini
eleben, af
lef, felin
ilmen, ilmini
elemen, am
lem, melin


irdem, irdimi
eredem, erc
rec, cerin


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 03:19, 14 November 2024

Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance.


Introduction

Phonology

The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.

Coronal Labial
Sonorant l r n m
Non-Sonorant s d f b

The

Front Center
i ɛ a ae̯

Sound Laws

  • Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
  • Lenition: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.

EX: Adamic vāl "person" and vār "people" become alf, alber and elbi respectively in the Bright Tongue [alf instead of *falf].

  • Assimilation:
  • Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]
  • Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.

m/n + p -mb [extension of p]
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]
r/l + f -lb [extension of l]
r/l + c -rd [extension of r]
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]

  • /s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.

EX: The hypothetical iridin becomes eren

  • Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.

This bright tongue calls those processes car and fabel


alba "people" [alf, elbi] arda "things" [arc, irida] alma "high faculties" [a, elmi] arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni] amba "time" [amf, embi] anda "space" [anc, inida] - endar "land", arni "lands" embal "celestial body", ambeli...

o

NA > ni [0], nae [1] alba enir ni, pe, ae MA NA PA TA LA RA - ALBA ARDA AMBA ANDA ALMA ARNA


aia aio

nao aocar i

nua valár

ni erec alber

fla alf

  • analytic
  • one article
  • no declension
  • context and syntax play important role

ni arc alber ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf ni irida alber

mi irida elbi

er alf, alber

er enc, endar

er ec, edar

mer endar


ird iru er

ni, mi ec, fe al, ar


mi irida ilmini ec

iridin

elbi

ci


alber

Adamic verb rā > ar arú > erec ārú > irida

ar ereC iriCV


nua sit, askút ni eren - ísit ārú ni irida ederen

sikt > ren hil > ...


L


ciren


nicae ec icae

anu/nua > ni ani/nia > nae ana/nā > na

Elbi irida ni indili = Ara avâla ana ahalâ


Ni irida ereden, ec cilma Tua hícal, rī askút

hil > ciren? -h-c-l- > indili hácal > andal



ni irida andal

erec & irida > -c-

ni, idae fe, ec ae, cae

fe erec > ec ae erec > icae

indili (v), andal (p)


ciren (n), ederen (v) cilba (n), indili (v)

-s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë h/q > n s/z > c k/g > r - t/d > nd h/q> z > g > l d > mb

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.

ni irida eren...

From one root, many stems are forged

ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...

ALMA > ELEME eldar (alba-endar) erbal (arda-elbar) arbelë ilben, ilbini eleben, af lef, felin ilmen, ilmini elemen, am lem, melin

irdem, irdimi eredem, erc rec, cerin

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources