Makari: Difference between revisions

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*/ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong
*/ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong
*/ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers
*/ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers
===Morphophonology===
====Apophony====
As we will talk about later, verbs in Makari have 2 stems, the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem. The apophonic stem, as its name implies, is a verbal stem where apophony occured on the two last syllables (apophony is stopped by stress). To know how to deduce that stem, here is a table of vowel alternation :
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Vowel alternation
|-
! Initial !! After apophony
|-
| a || áu
|-
| e || i
|-
| i || ío
|-
| o || ú
|-
| u || o
|-
| á, í, ú || a, i, u
|}


===Phonotactics and Stress===
===Phonotactics and Stress===
Line 129: Line 151:


====Stress====
====Stress====
Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For exemple, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/
Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For example, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/
 


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Line 136: Line 157:
====Cases====
====Cases====
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :
Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :
=====Nominative=====
The nominative case in Makari is used to mark the subject of a sentence, or to mark both the subject and the predicate in copular sentences.
=====Genitive=====
The genitive case is used for alienable possession, and is used as the agent of verbs of experience.


For example: «Ćirát anícaúra» means "I am cold", and here, «ćirát» is the genitive form of «će»
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30em"
=====Dative=====
|+ Makari case system
The dative case is used to mark the indirect object of a sentence, the direct object of verbs of possession, is used with «{{term|já}}» to indicate inalienable possession and helps to convey the role of the [[w:Lative case|lative case]].
|-
=====Accusative=====
! Case !! Usage
The accusative case is used to indicate the direct object of a verb. It derived from the merging between the Accusative and the Partitive, loaned from the Kinavel case system
|-
=====Locative=====
| Nominative || Subject of a verb (+ predicate)
The locative case is used to indicate a position  in space, a motion away from a place, and can be used as a derivation method to derive names of places.
|-
| Genitive || Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience
|-
| Dative || Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «{{term|já}}»), lative case
|-
| Accusative || Direct object
|-
| Locative || Position in space, movement away from, derivation method
|-
| Vocative || Apostrophe
|-
| Prepositional || Objects of prepositions
|}
 
====Numbers====
In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) :  
* Singular
* Paucal (Merged with the plural)
* Plural
 
====Paradigms====
{| class="multicol"
|-
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}}
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=M|red1=to|red2=cá|V1=o|1=toká|2=toka|3=tocá}}
| {{template:Makari noun declension|class=C|red1=ak|red2=an|V1=a|1=akan|2=akán|3=akat|4=aka}}
|}
 
===Verbs===
Verbs in Makari have 2 different stems : the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem (see [[Makari#Apophony]] for the stem rules). The apophonic stem is used for the perfect tense, and for the conditional. There are 13 main tenses and 4 compound tenses, 4 moods and 3 numbers.


Ex: «heír» "tree" becomes «háritia» "forest"
Certain verb forms use an augment, represented as «e» or «et» depending on the word
=====Vocative=====
The vocative case is only used when doing a apostrophe to someone. It is slowly diseappearing, and is getting replaced by the nominative case


=====Prepositional=====
Verbs are highly regular, expect for 4 verbs : the copula «ne», the locative copula «ita» , the possessive auxiliary «ru» and the negative auxiliary «á»
The prepositional case is used after prepositions. This case is derived from an old usage of the Kinavel locative case, which is a reason for why it is declined using the locative stem


====Paradigms====
{| class="multicol"
{{template:Makari noun declension|class=V|red1=ár|red2=li|V1=á|1=ári|2=árí|3=áli}}
|-
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=V|fs=C|1=kira|2=kíoráu}}
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=M|fs=V|1=ánicaúraí|2=ánicáuráu}}
| {{template:Makari verb conjugation|class=C|fs=V|1=eteran|2=etiráun}}
|}


[[Category:Makari]]
[[Category:Makari]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 22:08, 1 November 2024

Makari
Macári
Makari.png
Pronunciation[macçɐ:ri]
Created byAenil
Date2024
Native toLincai (Lićaí)
Early form
Proto-Kinavel

Makari (autoglossonym: Macári, Makari : /macçɐ:ri/) is a language spoken in the province of Lincai (Makari : Lićaí /liçaɪ:/). After the Kinavel language was brought to Lincai, the language underwent a small number of phonological changes, like the loss of the uvular sounds, and a fricatization of the plosives, that gave a fully-fledged affricate set, replacing the old Kinavel plosive set

Etymology

The language name is derived from the Proto-Kinavel word *n¹qarí /ɳ̩qerɪː/ meaning "language, speech", which gave the Kinavel word nŭkeri /nuˑkeri/ meaning "communication"

Orthography

Alphabet

The Makari alphabet is composed of 24 letters (20 "base letters" and 4 "diacritic letters") :

Makari alphabet (in order)
Letter Aa Áá Cc Ćć Ee Pp Ff Hh Ii Íí Jj Kk Xx Ll Mm Nn Qq Oo Rr Tt Ss Uu Úú Vv
IPA ä ɐ cç ç ə pɸ ɸ h i ɪ j kx x l m n ŋ ɒ r ts s u ʊ w

Phoneme type

During the rest of the article, and especially in grammar, the letters C, V and M will be referring to different type of phonemes. Here's a table of correspondence :

Letter Description
C All consonants
V Non-diacritical vowels
M Diacritical vowels

Phonology

Consonants

Labials Alveolars Palatals/
Velars 		Glottals
Nasal m n ŋ
Affricate pɸ ts cç, kx
Fricative ɸ s ç, x h
Approximant (w) l j, w
Trill r

Notes :

  • /cç/ and /ç/ are pronounced /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ by some speakers
  • /kx/ and /x/ are pronounced /qχ/ and /χ/ after back vowels
  • Although the traditional pronounciation of <w> is /ʋ/, almost all speakers have shifted to /w/ or /β/

Vowels

Front Back
Close i, ɪː u, ʊː
Mid ə, ɐː
Open ä ɒ

Notes:

  • /ɪː/ and /ʊː/ are often realized as /i:/ and /u:/ in stressed syllables
  • /ə/ can be lengthened if it is the first component of a diphthong
  • /ɒ/ is raised to /ɔ/ by some speakers

Morphophonology

Apophony

As we will talk about later, verbs in Makari have 2 stems, the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem. The apophonic stem, as its name implies, is a verbal stem where apophony occured on the two last syllables (apophony is stopped by stress). To know how to deduce that stem, here is a table of vowel alternation :

Vowel alternation
Initial After apophony
a áu
e i
i ío
o ú
u o
á, í, ú a, i, u

Phonotactics and Stress

Syllable Shape

The maximum syllable shape of Makari is pretty strict, as it is (C)V(C)

Stress

Stress falls on the third-to-last syllable (or first syllable is the word has less than three syllables). For example, "tocája" is pronounced /ˈtɒcçɐjä/

Grammar

Nouns

Cases

Nouns in Makari are inflected using 7 cases :

Makari case system
Case Usage
Nominative Subject of a verb (+ predicate)
Genitive Alienable possession, subject of verbs of experience
Dative Indirect object, direct object of verbs of possession, inalienable possession (with «já»), lative case
Accusative Direct object
Locative Position in space, movement away from, derivation method
Vocative Apostrophe
Prepositional Objects of prepositions

Numbers

In Makari, nouns are inflected using two numbers (or three depending on when the word was loaned) :

  • Singular
  • Paucal (Merged with the plural)
  • Plural

Paradigms

Declension of ári (V class)
Singular Plural
Nominative ári
Genitive árin árí
Dative árári áriqa
Accusative árić
Locative áli álitía
Vocative árin
Prepositional áliná álili
Declension of toká (M class)
Singular Plural
Nominative toká
Genitive tokán toka
Dative totoká tokáqa
Accusative tokáć
Locative tocá tocátía
Vocative tokán
Prepositional tocáno tocácá
Declension of akan (C class)
Singular Plural
Nominative akan
Genitive akanin akán
Dative akakan akana
Accusative akaneć
Locative akat akatía
Vocative aka
Prepositional akata akatan

Verbs

Verbs in Makari have 2 different stems : the "normal" stem and the "apophonic" stem (see Makari#Apophony for the stem rules). The apophonic stem is used for the perfect tense, and for the conditional. There are 13 main tenses and 4 compound tenses, 4 moods and 3 numbers.

Certain verb forms use an augment, represented as «e» or «et» depending on the word

Verbs are highly regular, expect for 4 verbs : the copula «ne», the locative copula «ita» , the possessive auxiliary «ru» and the negative auxiliary «á»

Conjugation of kira, kíoráu (V class)
Tenses Forms
Participles
Active Passive
Past kiranire kiranaíre
Future kiranoje kiranoíje
Singular Paucal Plural
Indicative Past kirako kirakoíte kiraki
Present kira kiranete kirate
Future kiranú kirasoú kiraso
Perfect kíoráuko kíoráukoíte kíoráuki
Subjunctive
Past ekirana ekirara ekiraje
Non-Past ekiraná ekirase
Conditional
Past kíoráuca kíoráuqase kíoráusa
Present kíoráuví kíoráurío kíoráujo
Future kíoráuxú kíoráuhońu kíoráuno
Presumptive
Past ekiranía ekiramísa
Non-Past ekirajeta
Jussive ekira ekirafá
Conjugation of ánicaúraí, ánicáuráu (M class)
Tenses Forms
Participles
Active Passive
Past ánicaúraínire ánicaúraínaíre
Future ánicaúraínoje ánicaúraínoíje
Singular Paucal Plural
Indicative Past ánicaúraíko ánicaúraíkoíte ánicaúraíki
Present ánicaúraí ánicaúraínete ánicaúraíte
Future ánicaúraínú ánicaúraísoú ánicaúraíso
Perfect ánicáuráuko ánicáuráukoíte ánicáuráuki
Subjunctive
Past etánicaúraína etánicaúraíra etánicaúraíje
Non-Past etánicaúraíná etánicaúraíse
Conditional
Past ánicáuráuca ánicáuráuqase ánicáuráusa
Present ánicáuráuví ánicáuráurío ánicáuráujo
Future ánicáuráuxú ánicáuráuhońu ánicáuráuno
Presumptive
Past etánicaúraínía etánicaúraímísa
Non-Past etánicaúraíjeta
Jussive etánicaúraí etánicaúraífá
Conjugation of eteran, etiráun (C class)
Tenses Forms
Participles
Active Passive
Past eteranire eteranaíre
Future eteranoje eteranoíje
Singular Paucal Plural
Indicative Past eteranko eterankoíte eteranki
Present eteran eteranete eterane
Future eterannú eteransoú eteranso
Perfect etiráunko etiráunkoíte etiráunki
Subjunctive
Past eteteranna eteteranra eteteranje
Non-Past eteteranná eteteranse
Conditional
Past etiráunca etiráunqase etiráunsa
Present etiráunví etiráunrío etiráunjo
Future etiráunxú etiráunhońu etiráunno
Presumptive
Past eteterannía eteteranmísa
Non-Past eteteranjeta
Jussive eteteran eteteranfá
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