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|imagecaption      = Flag of the Natalician Republic
|imagecaption      = Flag of the Natalician Republic
|name              = Natalician
|name              = Natalician
|nativename        = Nataldha
|nativename        = Natal retti
|pronunciation    = na.ta.ld.ja
|pronunciation    = na.tal re.tːi
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Natalician
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Natalician
|states            = Natalicia; Firenia and the Kontamchian Islands
|states            = Natalicia; Firenia and the Kontamchian Islands
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|familycolor      = Tinarian
|familycolor      = Tinarian
|fam2              = Kasenian
|fam2              = Kasenian
|fam3              = Upper Kasenian
|fam3              = Natalo-Kesperic
|fam4              = Natalo-Kesperian
|fam4              = High Kesperic
|fam5              = Old Natalician
|fam5              = Old Natalician
|dia1              = Celician Natalician (''Selis Nataldha'')
|dia1              = Celician Natalician (''Selis Natal'')
|dia2              = Northern Natalician (''Köpreh Nataldha'')
|dia2              = Northern Natalician (''Köpreli Natal'')
|dia3              = Firenic Natalician (''Firen Nataldha'')
|dia3              = Firenic Natalician (''Firen Natal'')
|stand1            = Standard Central Natalician (''Kieneh Rasah Nataldha'')
|stand1            = Standard Central Natalician (''Durgum Raskaznol Natal'')
|creator          = User:Hazer
|creator          = User:Hazer
|script1          = Latin
|script1          = Latin
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|ancestor          = Old Natalician
|ancestor          = Old Natalician
}}
}}
'''Natalician''' ({{IPA|/nəˈtɑlɪʃən/}}; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Nataldha'' {{IPA|[na.ta.ld.ja]}} or ''Natal Rettive'' {{IPA|/na.tal re.tːive/}}) is a North Kasenian language predominantly spoken in Central East Tinaria, specifically in Natalicia, Firenia, and North-East Nirania. Beyond Natalicia, it holds official status in Budernie, Nirania, and Kannamie, and is recognized as a minority language in East Espidon and within the Dogostanian community in Eastern Amarania. Natalician shares a close linguistic relationship with other North Kasenian languages, such as Espidan and Niranian.
'''Natalician''' ({{IPA|/nəˈtɑlɪʃən/}}; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Natal'' {{IPA|[na.tal]}} or ''Natal Rettive'' {{IPA|/na.tal re.tːive/}}) is a North Kasenian language predominantly spoken in Central East Tinaria, specifically in Natalicia, Firenia, and North-East Nirania. Beyond Natalicia, it holds official status in Budernie, Nirania, and Kannamie, and is recognized as a minority language in East Espidon and within the Dogostanian community in Eastern Amarania. Natalician shares a close linguistic relationship with other North Kasenian languages, such as Espidan and Niranian.


Modern Natalician evolved from Old Natalician, which itself descended from an extinct, unnamed language spoken by the Natalo-Kesperian tribes. Today, Natalician stands as one of the world's most significant languages, boasting the highest number of speakers among the Kasenian languages, both as a native and a second language. Approximately 65 million people worldwide speak Natalician, including 37 million native speakers.
Modern Natalician evolved from Old Natalician, which itself descended from an extinct, unnamed language spoken by the Natalo-Kesperian tribes. Today, Natalician stands as one of the world's most significant languages, boasting the highest number of speakers among the Kasenian languages, both as a native and a second language. Approximately 65 million people worldwide speak Natalician, including 37 million native speakers.
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| From ''haša'' "to come"
| From ''haša'' "to come"
|-
|-
| '''gik-'''
| '''gel-'''
| ''gikdönšetet'' || "uncleaned"
| ''gelsincetet'' || "decomposed"
| From ''dönšetet'' "cleaned"
| From ''since'' "compose"
|}
|}


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#'''[[verb]]''' (''öhker'' from Amaranian '''eiyiker''', or ''dirzik'' "action");
#'''[[verb]]''' (''öhker'' from Amaranian '''eiyiker''', or ''dirzik'' "action");
#'''[[adverb]]''' (''randara'');
#'''[[adverb]]''' (''randara'');
#'''[[postposition]]''' (''hasah eřči'' "later addition");
#'''[[postposition]]''' (''hasla eř'' "later addition");
#'''[[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]]''' (''sedlek übeřre'' "sentence link");
#'''[[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]]''' (''sedlek übeřre'' "sentence link");
#'''[[Grammatical particle|particle]]''' (''meres'');
#'''[[Grammatical particle|particle]]''' (''meres'');
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:''danah'' – "happy"
:''danah'' – "happy"
:''danah danah'' – "happily"
:''danah danah'' – "happily"


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
{{see also|Turkish vocabulary#Nouns}}


====Inflection====
====Inflection====
A Turkish noun has no [[Grammatical gender|gender]].
A Natalician noun has no gender.
The dictionary-form of a noun can take up to four (kinds of) [[#Inflectional suffixes|inflectional suffixes]], generally in the following order:
There are seven regular inflectional affixes in Natalician.
# '''plural suffix''';
# '''suffix of [[Possession (linguistics)|possession]]''' (''iyelik eki'' from ''iye'' "owner");
# '''[[Declension|case]]-ending''';
# '''[[Grammatical person|personal]] suffix''' (''kişi eki'' from ''kişi'' "person").
Through its presence or absence, the plural ending shows distinctions of [[Grammatical number|number]].


=====Number=====
{| class="wikitable"
A noun is made plural by addition of ''-ler'' or ''-lar'' (depending on the vowel harmony). When a numeral is used with a noun, however, the plural suffix is usually ''not'' used:
|+Inflectional affixes in English
:{|
!Affix
|-
!Grammatical category
| ''baş'' || "head"
!Mark
|-
!Part of speech
| ''başlar'' || "[some] heads"
|-
|-
| ''beş baş'' || "five head(s)", but
| -(v)ĕv
|Grammatical number|Number
|plural
|nouns
|-
|-
| ''Beşevler'' || "Five Houses" (district of Bursa)
| -'(ĭ)n
|}
|Case
 
|genitive
The plural ending also allows a family (living in one house) to be designated by a single member:
|nouns and noun phrases, pronouns
:{|
|-
|-
| ''Aliler'' || "Ali and his family"
| -tĕs
|Aspect
|progressive
|gerunds or participles
|-
|-
| ''teyze'' || "maternal aunt"
| -t&t
|[[Grammatical tense|Tense]]
|[[Past tense|past]] ([[Simple aspect|simple]])
|[[verb]]s
|-
|-
| ''teyzem'' || "my maternal aunt"
| -(ĕ)m
|[[Degree of comparison]]
|[[comparative]]
|[[adjective]]s and [[adverbs]]
|-
|-
| ''teyzemler'' || "my maternal aunt and her family"
| -mĕ
|[[Degree of comparison]]
|[[superlative]]
|[[adjective]]s and [[adverbs]]
|}
|}
Through its presence or absence, the plural ending shows distinctions of [[Grammatical number|number]].


In the last example, the first-person singular suffix of possession comes ''before'' the plural ending; this is an exception to the order of suffixes given above. In the usual order, we have:
=====Number=====
:''teyzelerim'' "my maternal aunts"
A noun is made plural by addition of ''-(v)ev'' or ''-(v)ov'' (depending on the vowel harmony). When a numeral is used with a noun, however, the plural suffix is ''not'' used:  
 
:{|
Nouns are pluralized in standard temporal greetings.
: ''gün'' ("day") – ''İyi günler!'' ("Good day!")
: ''yıl'' ("year") – ''Mutlu yıllar!'' ("Happy new year!")
 
=====Possession=====
As noted earlier, the suffixes of possession give the [[Grammatical person|person]] (and number) of the ''possessor'' of what is named by the noun:
{| class="wikitable" style="min-width: 35%;"
|+ Suffixes of Possession (''iyelik ekleri'')
|-
|-
! !! 1st !! 2nd !! 3rd
| ''böšter'' || "table"
|-
|-
! singular
| ''böšterev'' || "tables"
| ''-(i)m'' || ''-(i)n'' ||  ''-(s)i''
|-
|-
! plural
| ''nav böšter'' || "four tables"
| ''-(i)miz'' || ''-(i)niz'' || ''-leri''
|}
|}


When a word takes one of the endings of possession, the word becomes the name of something ''possessed'', not possessing. The word for the possessor, if present, takes the genitive case ending.
The plural ending also allows a family (living in one house) to be designated by a single member:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples with ''teyze'' ("maternal aunt")
|-
! Example !! Composition !! Translation
|-
| ''teyzen'' || ''teyze'' "maternal aunt" + ''-n'' "belonging to you (singular)" || "your maternal aunt"
|-
| ''teyzeniz'' || ''teyze'' "maternal aunt" + ''-niz'' "belonging to you (plural)" || "your maternal aunt"
|-
| ''teyzelerin'' || ''teyze'' "maternal aunt" + ''-ler-'' (plural suffix) + ''-in'' "belonging to you (singular)" || "your maternal aunts"
|-
| ''teyzeleriniz'' || ''teyze'' "maternal aunt" + ''-ler-'' (plural suffix) + ''-iniz'' "belonging to you (plural)" || "your maternal aunts"
|}
 
The plural ending will not be attached twice to the same word; therefore ambiguity is possible:
:{|
:{|
|-
|-
| ''fikir'' || "idea"
| ''ičedevev'' || "Ičede and his family / The Ičedes"
|-
| ''fikirleri'' || "their idea" or "their ideas" or "his/her ideas"
|}
|}
Ambiguity can be resolved with [[#Pronouns|pronouns]].


====Verbal nouns====
====Verbal nouns====
The '''infinitive, '''formed with ''-mek'' as noted earlier, does not take a suffix of possession, or the genitive case-ending. It does take all other case-endings. In particular, the progressive characteristic given earlier is the infinitive ending with the locative ending:
:''Konuşmaktayız'' – "We are in (the act of) speaking."
:''Savaşmaktayız'' – "We are in warmaking", that is, "We are at war."
The '''verbal noun''' in ''-me'' is called a ''gerund'' above, since it corresponds roughly to the [[English gerund]].
:''bekle'' "wait" → ''bekleme'' "waiting": ''bekleme odası'' "waiting room"
The verbal noun can take a suffix of possession and any case-ending:
{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2
| Beklemeniz lâzım.
| your-waiting necessary
| "You have to wait."}}
{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2|glossing=link
| Sesini duymayı seviyorum.
| your-voice-ACC hearing-ACC I-love
| "I like to hear your voice."}}
The dative form of a Turkish gerund can correspond precisely to an English infinitive with ''to'':
{{interlinear|lang=tr|indent=2
| Ülkemizde nano teknolojik ürünler üretilmeye başlandı.
| In-our-country nano technological products to-be-produced began
| "Nano-technological products began to be produced in our country."<ref>''Cumhuriyet Bilim-Teknik'' 13 August 2005, p. 1</ref>}}


The suffix ''-iş'' can also be used to create verbal nouns:
The '''verbal noun''' is created by the addition of the suffix ''-zĭk'' and the '''root''' of the verb.
:{| class=wikitable
:{| class=wikitable
! Verb !! Noun
! Verb !! Noun
|-
|-
| ''yürü-'' "walk" || ''yürüyüş'' "walk, walking"
| ''fas-'' "give" || ''faszak'' "giving / donation"
|-
|-
| ''yağ-'' "rain" || ''yağış'' "rain"
| ''den-'' "let" || ''denzik'' "allowance"
|-
|-
| ''al-'' "take" + ''ver-'' "give/spend" || ''alışveriş'' "shopping"
| ''kur-'' "speak" || ''kurzuk'' "speech"
|-
|-
| ''yara-'' "be of use", ''yaratıl-'' "be created" || ''yaratılış'' "creation"
| ''dön-'' "ask" || ''dönzük'' "question"
|}
|}


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{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
!
|+ Natalician pronouns
!colspan=3|Singular
|-
!colspan=3|Plural
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | personal pronouns
|-
! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|subjective]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|objective]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|nei}} || {{term|in}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|namše}} || {{term|nameš}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|on}} || {{term|un}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|daš}} || {{term|daša}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|sü}} || {{term|süs}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|so}} || {{term|soz}}
|}
 
{| class=wikitable
|+ Natalician possessive pronouns
|-
|-
! !!1st!!2nd!!3rd!!1st!!2nd!!3rd
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | possessive pronouns
|-
|-
!Personal Pronoun
! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|possessive determiner]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|possessive pronoun]]
|''Nei''  ||''On''  ||''Sü'' ||''Namše''  ||''Daš''  ||''So''
|-
|-
!Object Pronoun / Possessive Determiner
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
|''In''  ||''Un''  ||''Süs''  ||''Nameš''  ||''Daša''  ||''Soz''
| {{term|in}} || {{term|ini}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|nameš}} || {{term|nameše}}
|-
|-
!Possessive Pronoun
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
|''Ini'' ||''Onu'' ||''Süzü'' ||''Nameše'' ||''Dašo'' ||''Sozun''
| {{term|un}} || {{term|onu}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|daša}} || {{term|dašo}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third<br>person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|süs}} || {{term|süzü}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|soz}} || {{term|sozun}}
|}
|}


In a sentence, the possessive determiner will always succeed the object. The object pronoun usually comes after the verb (''Haz ensei ert '''in''''' - This is '''my''' father).
The possessive determiners are the same as the objective personal pronouns. The possessive pronouns always succeed the subject/object.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples with ''teyze'' ("maternal aunt")
|-
! Example !! Composition !! Translation
|-
| ''ert in'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''in'' "me" || "my father"
|-
| ''ert daša'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''daša'' "you (plural objective)" || "your father"
|-
| ''ertev süs'' || ''ert'' "father" + ''-ev'' (plural suffix) + ''süs'' "him/her (objective)" || "his/her fathers"
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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| Sunałh || Please || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj]]]
| Sunałh || Please || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj]]]
|-
|-
| Azlakšo vin <sup>informal / s</sup> <br >Azlakšod in <sup>formal / pl</sup> || Excuse me || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃo vin]]]<br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃod in]]]
| Azlakšov in <sup>informal / s</sup> <br >Azlakšod in <sup>formal / pl</sup> || Excuse me || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃo vin]]]<br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[az.lak.ʃod in]]]
|-
|-
| Büder || Thank you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[by.dɛr]]]
| Büder || Thank you || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[by.dɛr]]]
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| Eš gun gelnok || Likewise || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eʃ gun gel.nok]]]
| Eš gun gelnok || Likewise || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[eʃ gun gel.nok]]]
|-
|-
| A ačan kursui Nataldha? || Does anyone here speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a a.t͡ʃan kur.suj na.tald.ja]]]
| A ačan kursui Natal? || Does anyone here speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a a.t͡ʃan kur.suj na.tald.ja]]]
|-
|-
| A kurdui Nataldha? || Do you speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a kur.duj na.tald.ja]]]
| A kurdui Natal?<sup>informal / s</sup> <br >A kurdus Natal?<sup>formal / pl</sup> || Do you speak Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[a kur.duj na.tald.ja]]]
|-
|-
| Eha <br >Ada / Mel <br >Kelševsi|| Yes <br >No <br >Maybe || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.ja]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ada] [mɛl]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɛl.ʃɛv.si]]]
| Eha <br >Ada / Mel <br >Kelševsi|| Yes <br >No <br >Maybe || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[e.ja]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ada] [mɛl]]] <br >[[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kɛl.ʃɛv.si]]]
Line 832: Line 831:
| Nis lümekdi kel ha? || How do you pronounce this word? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis ly.mɛg.di kɛl ha]]]
| Nis lümekdi kel ha? || How do you pronounce this word? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis ly.mɛg.di kɛl ha]]]
|-
|-
| Nis kelševi [...] eš Nataldha? || How to say [...] in Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis kɛl.ʃɛ.vi ⸨...⸩ eʃ na.tald.ja]]]
| Nis kelševi [...] eš Natal? || How to say [...] in Natalician? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[nis kɛl.ʃɛ.vi ⸨...⸩ eʃ na.tald.ja]]]
|-
|-
| Kuzda nen rettivev kursui? || How many languages do you speak? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kuz.da nɛn re.tːi.vɛv kur.suj]]]
| Kuzda nen rettivev kursui? || How many languages do you speak? || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[kuz.da nɛn re.tːi.vɛv kur.suj]]]
|-
|-
| Sunałh, kur kortom || Please, speak slower || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj kur kor.tom]]]
| Sunałh, kur kortso || Please, speak slower || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj kur kort.so]]]
|-
|-
| Sunałh, özše har || Please, repeat that || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj œ.ʃːe har]]]
| Sunałh, özše har || Please, repeat that || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[su.naːj œ.ʃːe har]]]
Line 861: Line 860:
| Ensei ďehoron || It is an emergency || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[en.sɛj ðe.jo.ron]]]ˈ
| Ensei ďehoron || It is an emergency || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[en.sɛj ðe.jo.ron]]]ˈ
|-
|-
| Kelirte kutzuk ödek || Call the fire department || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te kud.zuk œdɛk]]]
| Kelirte kutzuk ödeke || Call the fire department || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te kud.zuk œdɛkɛ]]]
|-
|-
| Kelirte polise || Call the police || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te po.lise]]]
| Kelirte polise || Call the police || [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ke.lir.te po.lise]]]
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