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Sekhulla: Difference between revisions

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Created page with "{{Infobox language |image = Soc'ul'.png |imagesize = 185px |imagecaption = ''Jul soc'ul''', "Soc'ul' language" in the Wacag script |name = Soc'ul' |nativename = soc'ul' |pronunciation = so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ |pronunciation_key = IPA for Soc'ul' |state = Knrawi Isles |setting = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena] |created = 2020 |fam1 = Wasc languages | Was..."
 
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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image            = Soc'ul'.png
|name              = Sekhulla
|imagesize        = 185px
|nativename        = səkʰulːa
|imagecaption      = ''Jul soc'ul''', "Soc'ul' language" in the Wacag script
|name              = Soc'ul'
|nativename        = soc'ul'
|pronunciation    = so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Soc'ul'
|state            = Knrawi Isles
|setting          = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena]
|setting          = [https://pollasena.fandom.com/wiki/Pollasena_Wiki Pollasena]
|created          = 2020
|created          = 2020
|fam1              = [[Wasc languages | Wasc]]
|fam1              = [[:Category:Wasc languages | Wasc]]
|fam2              = [[Sekhulla languages | Sekhulla]]
|familycolor      = Wasc
|familycolor      = Wasc
|ethnicity        = Cuoñ'o
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|era              = -1700 to -700 MT
|era              = -2400 to -1500 MT
|script            = Wacag
|map              = {fill later}
|nation            = Knrawi Empire
|mapsize          = {fill later}
|clcr              = qsc
|mapcaption        = {fill later}
|map              = PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png
|mapsize          = 280px
|mapcaption        = Range map of Soc'ul' (green) and [[Knrawi]] (pink), c. -1200 MT
|notice            = IPA
|notice            = IPA
}}
}}


'''Soc'ul'''' /ˈsoʊkʊl/ (<small>Soc'ul':&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[[IPA for Soc'ul'|[so̞˧kʷʰu˩lˀ&#93;]]</span>) is a [[Sekhulla languages|Sekhulla language]] spoken primarily by the Cuoñ'o people, with strong influence from [[Knrawi]] and other languages of the Knrawi Isles.
'''Sekhulla''' /səˈkulə/ (<small>Sekhulla:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[səkʰulːa]</span>) is a [[:Category:Wasc languages|Wasc language]] spoken in far western Septentria and Pulsuria and in the far eastern Knrawi Isles, and the common ancestor of the [[:Category:Sekhulla languages|Sekhulla languages]].


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
''Soc'ul''', the language's autonym, is inherited from the [[Sekhulla]] autonym ''səkʰulːa'', from [[Wascotl]] ''*(cek)-cek-sole-la'' "our tongue".
''Sekhulla'' is from the autonym ''səkʰulːa'', from [[Wascotl]] ''*(cek)-cek-sole-la'' "our tongue".
 
==Orthography==
Soc'ul' is written with the [[Appendix:Wacag Characters|Wacag logography]]. Its romanization is as follows.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Soc'ul' Romanization
|-
| A a || Á á || Ā ā || B b || B' b' || C c || C' c' || Cñ cñ || Cñ' cñ' || D d || D' d'
|-
| E e ||  É é ||  Ē ē || H h || I i || Í í || Ī ī || Ï ï || J j || L l || L' l'
|-
| M m || M' m' || N n || N' n' || Ñ ñ || Ñ' ñ' || O o || Ó ó || Ō ō || P p || Pf pf
|-
| Pm pm || Pm' pm' || R r || R' r' || S s || T t || Tn tn || Tn' tn' || Ts ts || Tx tx || T' t'
|-
| U u || Ú ú || Ū ū || Ü ü || V v || V' v' || X x || Y y || Ý ý || Z z || Z' z'
|}
 
This romanization matches IPA except
*⟨c⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨h⟩, ⟨j⟩, ⟨ñ⟩, ⟨x⟩, and ⟨y⟩ represent /k/, /ə/, /ʔ/, /x/, /ŋ/, /ʃ/, and /ɰ/
*⟨pm⟩, ⟨tn⟩, ⟨cñ⟩, ⟨pf⟩, ⟨ts⟩, and ⟨tx⟩ represent /ᵖm/, /ᵗn/, /ᵏŋ/, /p͡f/, /t͡s/, and /t͡ʃ/
*⟨ü⟩ and ⟨ï⟩ represent /u/ and /i/ when ⟨u⟩ and ⟨i⟩ would cause ambiguity
*⟨o⟩ represents /ə/ when realized as [o̞] except between a labialized consonant (except allophones of /u(ː)/) and a plain velar consonant (except /ɰˀ/)
*Apostrophes mark glottalization and aspiration.
*Acutes and macrons mark long and overlong vowels respectively, except in ⟨ý⟩ in which it marks glottalization.
*Labialization and palatalization are marked by surrounding vowel letters.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|-
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|High]]
! [[w:Close vowel|High]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] || || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || uː
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || iː || [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]] || ɨː || rowspan="2" | [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] || rowspan="2" | uː
|-
|-
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! [[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
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|}
|}


*/ɨ/ only occurs postvocalically.
*/u(ː)/ is in free variation with [o(ː)]


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is variably final, penultimate, or antipenultimate.
Stress is penultimate.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
====Alignment====
====Alignment====
Sekhulla has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.
Sekhulla has fluid active–stative morphosyntactic alignment.


===Nouns and pronouns===
===Nouns and pronouns===
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|+ Noun particles
|+ Noun particles
|-
|-
! !! {{gcl|ACC}} !! {{gcl|POSS|possessive}} !! {{gcl|PL}} !! {{gcl|LOC}}
! !! {{gcl|ACC}}/{{gcl|ERG}} !! {{gcl|POSS|possessive}} !! {{gcl|LOC}}
|-
|-
! {{gcl|1}}
! {{gcl|1}}
| rowspan="3" | a || en || rowspan="3" | ez' || he
| rowspan="4" | a || ən || aə
|-
|-
! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|2}}
| nej || hej
| nəh || aəːh
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}/{{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| nu || hé
| ŋːan || aəɣan
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
| ənə(ɣʷ) || aəː
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| al || nil || rowspan="3" | ez'e || hel
| ala || nil || aəla
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| ax || nux || hex
| aɬ || nuɬ || aəɬ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| ád || nid' || hed'
| aːdi || niad || aəad
|}
|}


*Nouns with suppletive plural forms do not use plural particles, and plural particles are not used on nouns modified by numerators.
Plural nouns are marked either by suppletion or a preceding particle ''əzːə''.


====Pronouns====
====Pronouns====
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Sekhulla#Possession|Possession]]); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.
Pronouns do not exist independently (except see [[Sekhulla#Possession|Possession]]); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.


The demonstrative ''haːl'' can also be used as a pronoun.
====Possession====


====Possession====
===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Aspect====
====Aspect====
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|1}}
! {{gcl|1}}
| sec- || soc- || seic- || seh- || setn- || rowspan="2" | cu-
| sək- || səkʷ- || səkju- || səp- || sətna- || su-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|2}}
| cor- || coz- || cor- || coh- || cox-
| kʷər- || kʷəzə- || kʷərju- || kʷəp- || kʷəriɬ- || kʷu-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| íús- || íúy- || aí- || íúh- || íún- || íū-
| jːuːsə- || jːuːɣʷə- || ajːu- || jːuːp- || jːuːwin- || jːuːuː-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL2}}
| har- || hau- || z'ai- || ∅- || han- || hu-
| parə- || paɣʷ- || pazajːu- || pah- || parin- || pu-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| in- || nau- || ixú- || nal'- || iy- || nu-
| ina- || naɣʷ- || iɬjːuː- || nalː- || inɮə- || nu-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| an'- || ñ'o- || ñ'ai- || ñ'ih- || añ'- || rowspan="2" | u-
| ansə- || ŋʷːə- || ŋːajːu- || ŋːip- || aŋːi- || rowspan="2" | u-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| us- || úu- || úi- || ba- || úx-
| us- || uɣʷ- || uwajːu- || ba- || uwiɬ-
|}
|}


*Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.
*Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.
**In western Sekhulla, ''pah-'' may be omitted; in eastern Sekhulla, ''u-'' may be omitted with class-5 patients.


====Copula====
====Copula====
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|1}}
! {{gcl|1}}
| syen || suén || syíún' || sehan' || setnayn || sun'
| səɣən || səɣʷəːn || səɣajːuːən || səpaən || sətnaɮən || suən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|2}}
| coren || cozen || coríún' || coban' || coriyn || cun'
| kʷərən || kʷəzən || kʷərajːuːən || kʷəbaən || kʷəriɮən || kʷuən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| íúsyen || íúzen || aíún' || íúban' || íúnen || íún'
| jːuːsəɣən || jːuːɣʷəzən || ajːuːən || jːuːbaən || jːuːwinən || jːuːuːən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL2}}
| haryen || huén || hazíún' || hazen || harin' || hun'
| parəɣən || paɣʷəːn || pazajːuːən || pazən || parinən || puən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| nasen || nuén || naíún' || nahlan' || nayn || nun'
| nasən || naɣʷəːn || naɮjːuːən || naplaən || naɮən || nuən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| an'yen || ñ'ón || ñ'aíún' || ñ'iban' || ñ'in' || rowspan="2" | un'
| ansəɣən || ŋʷːəːn || ŋːajːuːən || ŋːibaən || ŋːiən || rowspan="2" | uən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| sén || uén || uaíún' || ban' || uinayn
| səːn || ɣʷəːn || wajːuːən || baən || winaɮən
|}
|}


===Adjectives and adverbs===
===Adjectives and adverbs===
===Adpositions===
===Prepositions===
 
===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Sekhulla uses base-12 numerals.
Sekhulla uses base-12 numerals which agree in class with their head noun.


{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Numerals
|+ Classless Numerals
|-
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
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! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
|-
| əzaːl || əːh || əda || əam || əɣʷi || ɬi
| zaːl || əːh || əda || əam || ɣʷi || ɬi
|-
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
|-
| ɬi haːl || əh ɬi || əsʰi || ɬiɣan || əsʰiɣan || ɬi əsʰiɣan
| ɬi haːl || əh ɬi || sʰi || ɬiɣan || sʰiɣan || ɬi sʰiɣan
|}
|}
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-1 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlkan || əkʰan || taɣan || aŋʷːan || kʷiɣan || kuːɣan
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlkan || əːkʰan || ədaɣan || əaŋʷːan || əɣʷiɣan || ɬiɣan
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlkan || əh ɬiɣan || sʰiɣan || ɬiɣaŋːan || sʰiɣaŋːan || ɬi sʰiɣaŋːan
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-2 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlə || əzə || taə || amə || kʷiə || kuːə
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlə || əːzə || ədaə || əamə || əɣʷiə || ɬiə
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlə || əh ɬiə || sʰiə || ɬiɣanə || sʰiɣanə || ɬi sʰiɣanə
|}
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-3 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlːa || əlːa || tala || amla || kʷila || kuːla
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlːa || əːlːa || ədala || əamla || əɣʷila || ɬila
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlːa || əh ɬila || sʰila || ɬiɣanla || sʰiɣanla || ɬi sʰiɣanla
|}
|}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-4 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːlː || əɬʰ || taɬ || amɬə || kʷiɬ || kuːɬ
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːlː || əːɬʰ || ədaɬ || əamɬə || əɣʷiɬ || ɬiɬ
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːlː || əh ɬiə || sʰiɬ || ɬiɣanɬə || sʰiɣanɬə || ɬi sʰiɣanɬə
|}
| valign="top" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Class-5 Numerals
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6
|-
| haːladi || əzadi || taːdi || amadi || kʷiadi || kuːadi
|-
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
| zaːladi || əːzadi || ədaːdi || əamadi || əɣʷiadi || ɬiadi
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
| ɬi haːladi || əh ɬiadi || sʰiadi || ɬiɣanadi || sʰiɣanadi || ɬi sʰiɣanadi
|}
|}
In East Sekhulla, ''ɬiɣan'' "1,728" and ''sʰiɣan'' "20,736" (as opposed to class-1 ''ɬiɣan'' "12" and ''sʰiɣan'' "144") may be replaced by indeclinable ''saːaːt'' and ''saːsaː'' respectively.
Classless numerals are used when modifying a non-noun, including when non-final in multiword numerals, when numerating an agreement-marked first- or second-person argument, and when numerating a possessive particle. Classless numerals are also variably used in counting regardless of the thing counted, and classed numerals are used when themselves functioning as nouns.


Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.
Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.
====Questions====
Questions are marked by dipping intonation.


===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
====Part-of-speech modifiers====
====Part-of-speech modifiers====
====-aʃ====
====aʃ====
The causative suffix ''-aʃ'' can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.
The causative enclitic ''aʃ'' can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.


====-suʃ====
====-suʃ====
Line 238: Line 303:


====Reduplication====
====Reduplication====
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
SVO or VSO order is most common, but word order is flexible.
SVO order is most common, but word order is flexible and VSO is also common in western Sekhulla.


===Noun and verb phrases===
===Noun and verb phrases===
All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs and the demonstrative ''haːl'' precedes nouns. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.
All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.


===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relativizer ''aːaːə-''.
Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relative particle ''aːaːə''.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
Line 259: Line 325:


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[https://cals.info/language/sekhulla/ CALS]
*[https://cals.info/language/sekhulla/ CALS]
*[[Sekhulla/Swadesh]]


[[Category:Sekhulla language]]
[[Category:Sekhulla language]]
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[[Category:Wasc languages]]
[[Category:Wasc languages]]
[[Category:Sekhulla languages]]
[[Category:Sekhulla languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Pollasena]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Sekhulla"