Sekhulla: Difference between revisions

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|familycolor      = Wasc
|familycolor      = Wasc
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|creator          = Dillon Hartwig
|era              = -2400 to -1700 MT
|era              = -2400 to -1500 MT
|map              = {fill later}
|map              = {fill later}
|mapsize          = {fill later}
|mapsize          = {fill later}
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'''Sekhulla''' /ˈsoʊkʊl/ (<small>Sekhulla:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[səkʰulːa]</span>) is a [[Wasc languages|Wasc language]] spoken in far western Septentria and Pulsuria and in the far eastern Knrawi Isles, and the common ancestor of the [[Sekhulla languages]].
'''Sekhulla''' /səˈkulə/ (<small>Sekhulla:&nbsp;</small><span class="nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" style="font-family:Gentium,'DejaVu Sans','Segoe UI',sans-serif">[səkʰulːa]</span>) is a [[Wasc languages|Wasc language]] spoken in far western Septentria and Pulsuria and in the far eastern Knrawi Isles, and the common ancestor of the [[Sekhulla languages]].


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
Line 62: Line 62:


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is variably final, penultimate, or antipenultimate.
Stress is penultimate.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Line 83: Line 83:
|-
|-
! {{gcl|2}}
! {{gcl|2}}
| ənəh || aəːh
| nəh || aəːh
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| əŋːan || aəɣan
| ŋːan || aəɣan
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL2}}
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| ala || ənil || aəla
| ala || nil || aəla
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| aɬ || ənuɬ || aəɬ
| aɬ || nuɬ || aəɬ
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| aːdi || əniad || aəad
| aːdi || niad || aəad
|}
|}


*Nouns with suppletive plural forms do not use plural particles, and plural particles are not used on nouns modified by numerators.
Plural nouns are marked either by suppletion or a preceding particle ''əzːə''.


====Pronouns====
====Pronouns====
Line 127: Line 127:
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| ajːuːsə- || ajːuːɣʷə- || ajːu- || ajːuːp- || ajːuːwin- || ajːuːwan- || ajːuːuː-
| jːuːsə- || jːuːɣʷə- || ajːu- || jːuːp- || jːuːwin- || jːuːwan- || jːuːuː-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL2}}
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| ina- || inaɣʷ- || iɬjːuː- || inalː- || inaɬ- || inɮə- || nu-
| ina- || naɣʷ- || iɬjːuː- || nalː- || naɬ- || inɮə- || nu-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| ansə- || aŋʷːə- || aŋːajːu- || aŋːip- || aŋːi- || aŋːin- || rowspan="2" | u-
| ansə- || ŋʷːə- || ŋːajːu- || ŋːip- || aŋːi- || ŋːin- || rowspan="2" | u-
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| us- || uɣʷ- || uwajːu- || uba- || uwiɬ- || uwaŋːi-
| us- || uɣʷ- || uwajːu- || ba- || uwiɬ- || uwaŋːi-
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL1}}
! {{gcl|CL1}}
| ajːuːsəɣən || ajːuːɣʷəzən || ajːuːən || ajːuːbaən || ajːuːwinən || ajːuːwanən || ajːuːuːən
| jːuːsəɣən || jːuːɣʷəzən || ajːuːən || jːuːbaən || jːuːwinən || jːuːwanən || jːuːuːən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL2}}
! {{gcl|CL2}}
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|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL3}}
! {{gcl|CL3}}
| inasən || inaɣʷə:n || inaɮjːuːən || inaplaən || inaɮən || inaɮanən || nuən
| nasən || naɣʷəːn || naɮjːuːən || naplaən || naɮən || naɮanən || nuən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL4}}
! {{gcl|CL4}}
| ansəɣən || aŋʷːəːn || aŋːajːuːən || aŋːibaən || aŋːinən || aŋːiən || rowspan="2" | uən
| ansəɣən || ŋʷːəːn || ŋːajːuːən || ŋːibaən || aŋːinən || ŋːiən || rowspan="2" | uən
|-
|-
! {{gcl|CL5}}
! {{gcl|CL5}}
| usəːn || uɣʷəːn || uwajːuːən || ubaən || uwinaɮən || uwaŋːiən
| səːn || ɣʷəːn || wajːuːən || baən || winaɮən || uwaŋːiən
|}
|}


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! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12
|-
|-
| əzaːl || əːh || əda || əam || əɣʷi || ɬi
| zaːl || əːh || da || əam || ɣʷi || ɬi
|-
|-
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
! 13 !! 24 !! 144 !! 1,728 !! 20,736 !! 248,832
|-
|-
| ɬi haːl || əh ɬi || əsʰi || ɬiɣan || əsʰiɣan || ɬi əsʰiɣan
| ɬi haːl || əh ɬi || sʰi || ɬiɣan || sʰiɣan || ɬi sʰiɣan
|}
|}


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====Reduplication====
====Reduplication====
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
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===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relativizer ''aːaːə-''.
Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relative particle ''aːaːə''.


==Example texts==
==Example texts==

Latest revision as of 10:44, 30 November 2024

Sekhulla
səkʰulːa
Created byDillon Hartwig
Date2020
SettingPollasena
Era-2400 to -1500 MT
Wasc
  • Sekhulla
[[File:{fill later}|{fill later}|center]]
{fill later}
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Sekhulla /səˈkulə/ (Sekhulla: [səkʰulːa]) is a Wasc language spoken in far western Septentria and Pulsuria and in the far eastern Knrawi Isles, and the common ancestor of the Sekhulla languages.

Etymology

Sekhulla is from the autonym səkʰulːa, from Wascotl *(cek)-cek-sole-la "our tongue".

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar palatal Velar Labialized velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ ŋʷ
Stop p pʰ b t tʰ d k kʰ kʷ kʷʰ
Fricative fʰ v s ɬ sʰ ɬʰ z ɮ ʃ ʃʰ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ h
Approximant r l j w
  • All voiced consonants can be geminated

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
High i iː ɨ u uː
Mid ə əː
Low a aː
  • /ɨ/ only occurs postvocalically.
  • /u(ː)/ is in free variation with [o(ː)]

Stress

Stress is penultimate.

Phonotactics

Syllables are at most (C)V(C).

Morphology

Alignment

Sekhulla has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.

Nouns and pronouns

Nouns are marked for class, number, case, and possession by particles before the noun as follows.

Noun particles
ACC POSS PL LOC
1 a ən əzːə aə
2 nəh aəːh
CL1 ŋːan aəɣan
CL2 ənə(ɣʷ) aəː
CL3 ala nil aəla
CL4 aɬ nuɬ aəɬ
CL5 aːdi niad aəad

Plural nouns are marked either by suppletion or a preceding particle əzːə.

Pronouns

Pronouns do not exist independently (except see Possession); the person and class of dropped nouns are instead only shown through verb agreement.

The demonstrative haːl can also be used as a pronoun.

Possession

Verbs

Aspect

Agreement

Verbs agree with the person and class of their agent and patient as follows.

Verb agreement prefixes
>1 >2 >CL1 >CL2 >CL3 >CL4 >CL5
1 sək- səkʷ- səkju- səp- sətna- saŋːi- su-
2 kʷər- kʷəzə- kʷərju- kʷəp- kʷəriɬ- kʷəran- kʷu-
CL1 jːuːsə- jːuːɣʷə- ajːu- jːuːp- jːuːwin- jːuːwan- jːuːuː-
CL2 parə- paɣʷ- pazajːu- pah- parin- paŋːi- pu-
CL3 ina- naɣʷ- iɬjːuː- nalː- naɬ- inɮə- nu-
CL4 ansə- ŋʷːə- ŋːajːu- ŋːip- aŋːi- ŋːin- u-
CL5 us- uɣʷ- uwajːu- ba- uwiɬ- uwaŋːi-
  • Intransitive verbs are marked with patient agreement of the agent's class, and impersonal verbs are unmarked.

Copula

The copula pazən inflects as follows.

Copulae
>1 >2 >CL1 >CL2 >CL3 >CL4 >CL5
1 səɣən səɣʷəːn səɣajːuːən səpaən sətnaɮən saŋːiən suən
2 kʷərən kʷəzən kʷərajːuːən kʷəbaən kʷəriɮən kʷəranən kʷuən
CL1 jːuːsəɣən jːuːɣʷəzən ajːuːən jːuːbaən jːuːwinən jːuːwanən jːuːuːən
CL2 parəɣən paɣʷəːn pazajːuːən pazən parinən paŋːiən puən
CL3 nasən naɣʷəːn naɮjːuːən naplaən naɮən naɮanən nuən
CL4 ansəɣən ŋʷːəːn ŋːajːuːən ŋːibaən aŋːinən ŋːiən uən
CL5 səːn ɣʷəːn wajːuːən baən winaɮən uwaŋːiən

Adjectives and adverbs

Adpositions

Numerals

Sekhulla uses base-12 numerals.

Numerals
1 2 3 4 5 6
haːl əh ta am kʷi kuː
7 8 9 10 11 12
zaːl əːh da əam ɣʷi ɬi
13 24 144 1,728 20,736 248,832
ɬi haːl əh ɬi sʰi ɬiɣan sʰiɣan ɬi sʰiɣan

Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.

Derivational morphology

Part-of-speech modifiers

-aʃ

The causative suffix -aʃ can be used productively on any verb, as well as being used nonproductively on some verbs deriving verbs of new meanings.

-suʃ

-suʃ can be used productively to derive adjectives.

Reduplication

Syntax

Constituent order

SVO or VSO order is most common, but word order is flexible.

Noun and verb phrases

All modifiers follow their head noun or verb, except aspect-mood particles precede verbs and the demonstrative haːl precedes nouns. Generally numerators follow adjectives and possessors follow all other modifiers, but otherwise modifier order is flexible.

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and are usually marked with a relative particle aːaːə.

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1

Linguifex-hosted translations

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

Other resources

CALS

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