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{{Construction}}
{{Construction}}


Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance.
Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable.
 


==Introduction==
==Introduction==


Bright Tongue vs Dark Tongue<br>
*lack of gutturals vs lack of labials ex. bel vs gog
*synthesis vs anathesis
*sounds don't repeat in the syllable ex. Bel
*diphthongs allowed vs diphthongs forbidden
*only sonorants as free coda vs only stops as free coda
*constraints...






Dark tongues may access /ɥ/


==Phonology==
ple pel lep elp
The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
tra tar rat art
! style="width: 66px; " |
! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
|-
! Sonorant
| l r
| n m
|-
! Non-Sonorant
| ʃ d
| f b
|}


The
āmps ambi abe bel ela ilba psā (amba alba)


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
ānts andi ade dar era irda tsā (anta arda)
! style="width: 66px; " |
! style="width: 66px; " |Front
! style="width: 66px; " |Center
|-
!
| i ɛ
| a ae̯
|}


===Sound Laws===
belep, bellat






*Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
K [associated with choking
*Lenition/Dissimilation: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
EX: Adamic  ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''al'' and ''elvi'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
*Assimilation:
*Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
*Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
*/s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
EX: The hypothetical ''iridin'' becomes ''eren''
*Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.


P [associated with kissing


/s/ > /h/ > /∅/
/d/ > /dʲ/ > /ʒ/
ni ere, ni irija


In Veno's Dark Tongue
''gog yoguguluk'' "X speaks"


alba "people" [alf, elbi]
''yo-'' "X" + ''-gu-'' [X] + ''-g-'' [X] +''-ul-'' [X] + ''-uk'' [X]
arda "things" [arc, irida]
alma "high faculties" [a, elmi]
arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni]
amba "time" [amf, embi]
anda "space" [anc, inida]
-
endar "land", arni "lands"
embal "celestial body", ambeli...


o


NA > ni [0], nae [1]
sebeze paddaen adres nirdasbar vs zhogodosh kaktatona atrosh nurtaskara
alba enir
ni, pe, ae
MA
NA
PA
TA
LA
RA
-
ALBA
ARDA
AMBA
ANDA
ALMA
ARNA


''ídrā naiaris'' "I was bitten by a serpent", ''siverae aebidis'' "I was bitten by a mosquito" ...


aia aio
nazil "flower", naevalla "sword"


nao aocar i
belep (nom) bellī (pl) albā (col)<br>
bel (acc) parabel (pl) ambī (col)<br>
elbī (gen) il (pl) pasadarvā (col)<br>
vs
gog, gog-nagog<br>
gogash, gog-nagogash<br>
gogu, gog-nagogu<br>


nua valár
*Belep vs gog
*Balardemea vs kalaradunga


ni erec alber


fla
Mixed Breed Dark Tongue:
alf
''gog yoguguluk dash'' /ɠɔɠ ɥoɠuɠuɠuluk daʃ/


*analytic
*one article
*no declension
*context and syntax play important role


ni arc alber
Pure Breed Dark Tongue:
ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf
''kꜣ̥k yꜣ̥kwkwlwk tsh'' /ƙħ̩ƙ ɥ̊ħ̩ƙʷƙʷlʷƙ tʃ/
ni irida alber


mi irida elbi
Vocabulary drawn from the Lovecraft Mythos, Tolkien's Legendarium  ...


er alf, alber
''rꜣlyẙh khlw̥hllw'' "city", ''kl̥ rꜣ̥k'' "demon", ''ns̥k kw̥l'' "ghost", ''shw̥k nw̥kwrth'' "goat"


er enc, endar


er ec, edar


mer endar


Laiberim
Ungrauzuru
Trizandir
Naevalla




ird
If without D-equilibrium:
iru er
*Language rich in consonants and no vowels
*Language rich in vowels and no consonants


ni, mi
*Language rich in intersegmentals and no metasegmentals
ec, fe
al, ar


''wl̥krꜣn'' /w̥l̩krħn̥/, ''kl̥x'' /kl̩ks/, ''wr̥l'' /w̥r̩l/, ''kr̥kt'' /kr̩kt/, ''tn̥c'' /tn̩ts/, ''tn̥k'' /tn̩k/ ''nẙx'' /n̥ĭks/, ''lw̥kwky'' /l̥ŭkʷkʲ/, ''sꜣ̥t'' /sʕ̩t/.




mi irida ilmini ec
/jɪee̞ɛæa īi̯/


iridin
īy ay "the man", ī īnain "the mountain"


elbi
A pure anathetic language would rather focus on the combinations of words than the words themselves (meaningless individually in this case): In Veno's Dark Tongue, associations strike as grammatical in zodrak hu "dog" versus hu zodrak "cat".


ci
A pure magis-synthetic language focuses instead on words of a variety of meanings. In Veno's Bright Tongue, elbī is a genitive of "person".




alber


Adamic verb
rā > ar
arú > erec
ārú > irida


ar ereC iriCV




Anathesis: In Portuguese, ''ca'' alone means nothing, as does ''sa'', yet ''casa'' means "house". Synthesis: In Latin, the particle ''-orum'' means not only [genitive], but also [plural] and [masculine]/[neuter]. Agglutination, on the other hand, is the neutral morphological nature.


nua sit, askút
degrees of purity
ni eren
-
ísit ārú
ni irida ederen


sikt > ren
important remark: anathesis is not that the components don't have meaning, but that the composition has a novel meaning because of them
hil > ...


==Phonology==


L




ciren
===Sound Laws===
 
 
nicae
ec
icae
 
anu/nua > ni
ani/nia > nae
ana/nā > na
 
''Elbi irida ni indili'' = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''
 
 
Ni irida ereden, ec cilma
Tua hícal, rī askút
 
hil > ciren?
-h-c-l- > indili
hácal > andal
 
 
 
 
ni irida andal
 
erec & irida > -c-
 
ni, idae
fe, ec
ae, cae
 
fe erec >  ec
ae erec > icae
 
indili (v), andal (p)
 
 
 
ciren (n), ederen (v)
cilba (n), indili (v)
 
-s-k-t- > ciren, cirendë
h/q > n
s/z > c
k/g > r
-
t/d > nd
h/q>
z >
g > l
d > mb
 
 
Canon Sound Changes:
 
/g/ > /z/ when next to /i/
Ex: gīg > zīl "giant"
 
/g/ > /Q/ when next to /u/
Ex:
 
/k/ > /s/ when next to /i/
Ex: saíkat > sezal (*sesal)
 
/k/ > /h/ when next to /u/
Ex: kun > hul "dog"
 
/t/ > /ts/ when next to /i/
Ex: daítas > eal (*ecal)
 
/t/ > /l/ when next to /u/
Ex: tu > lu
 
/d/ > /ʔ/ when next to /i/
Ex: dîts > īl
 
/d/ > /r/ when nex to /u/
Ex: dûts > rūl
 
/p/ > /f/ when next to /u/
Ex:
 
/p/ > /n/ when next to /i/
Ex:
 
/b/ > /v/ when next to /u/
Ex: bûl > vūl
 
/b/ > /m/ when next to /i/
Ex: bîbl > mīl
 
 
 
 
datasyú > dasyl, daítas > eal
 
avâla > vāl > al
 
hu,
 
 
 
sēqur
 
===Consonants===
 
 
===Vowels===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
 
==Morphology==
The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.
 
ni irida eren...
 
From one root, many stems are forged
 
ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...
 
ALMA > ELEME
eldar (alba-endar)
erbal (arda-elbar)
arbelë
ilben, ilbini
eleben, af
lef, felin
ilmen, ilmini
elemen, am
lem, melin
 
irdem, irdimi
eredem, erc
rec, cerin


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 13:39, 29 April 2026


Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable.

Introduction

Bright Tongue vs Dark Tongue

  • lack of gutturals vs lack of labials ex. bel vs gog
  • synthesis vs anathesis
  • sounds don't repeat in the syllable ex. Bel
  • diphthongs allowed vs diphthongs forbidden
  • only sonorants as free coda vs only stops as free coda
  • constraints...


Dark tongues may access /ɥ/

ple pel lep elp

tra tar rat art

āmps ambi abe bel ela ilba psā (amba alba)

ānts andi ade dar era irda tsā (anta arda)

belep, bellat


K [associated with choking

P [associated with kissing


In Veno's Dark Tongue gog yoguguluk "X speaks"

yo- "X" + -gu- [X] + -g- [X] +-ul- [X] + -uk [X]


sebeze paddaen adres nirdasbar vs zhogodosh kaktatona atrosh nurtaskara

ídrā naiaris "I was bitten by a serpent", siverae aebidis "I was bitten by a mosquito" ...

nazil "flower", naevalla "sword"

belep (nom) bellī (pl) albā (col)
bel (acc) parabel (pl) ambī (col)
elbī (gen) il (pl) pasadarvā (col)
vs gog, gog-nagog
gogash, gog-nagogash
gogu, gog-nagogu

  • Belep vs gog
  • Balardemea vs kalaradunga


Mixed Breed Dark Tongue: gog yoguguluk dash /ɠɔɠ ɥoɠuɠuɠuluk daʃ/


Pure Breed Dark Tongue: kꜣ̥k yꜣ̥kwkwlwk tsh /ƙħ̩ƙ ɥ̊ħ̩ƙʷƙʷlʷƙ tʃ/

Vocabulary drawn from the Lovecraft Mythos, Tolkien's Legendarium ...

rꜣlyẙh khlw̥hllw "city", kl̥ rꜣ̥k "demon", ns̥k kw̥l "ghost", shw̥k nw̥kwrth "goat"



Laiberim Ungrauzuru Trizandir Naevalla


If without D-equilibrium:

  • Language rich in consonants and no vowels
  • Language rich in vowels and no consonants
  • Language rich in intersegmentals and no metasegmentals

wl̥krꜣn /w̥l̩krħn̥/, kl̥x /kl̩ks/, wr̥l /w̥r̩l/, kr̥kt /kr̩kt/, tn̥c /tn̩ts/, tn̥k /tn̩k/ nẙx /n̥ĭks/, lw̥kwky /l̥ŭkʷkʲ/, sꜣ̥t /sʕ̩t/.


/jɪee̞ɛæa īi̯/

īy ay "the man", ī īnain "the mountain"

A pure anathetic language would rather focus on the combinations of words than the words themselves (meaningless individually in this case): In Veno's Dark Tongue, associations strike as grammatical in zodrak hu "dog" versus hu zodrak "cat".

A pure magis-synthetic language focuses instead on words of a variety of meanings. In Veno's Bright Tongue, elbī is a genitive of "person".




Anathesis: In Portuguese, ca alone means nothing, as does sa, yet casa means "house". Synthesis: In Latin, the particle -orum means not only [genitive], but also [plural] and [masculine]/[neuter]. Agglutination, on the other hand, is the neutral morphological nature.

degrees of purity

important remark: anathesis is not that the components don't have meaning, but that the composition has a novel meaning because of them

Phonology

Sound Laws

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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