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| {{Construction}} | | {{Construction}} |
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| Bright languages are constructed languages intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and stable in utterance. | | Bright languages are constructed languages often intended to be aesthetically pleasing, predictable, and phonologically stable. Examples are the elvish languages from J R. R. Tolkien's [[w:Middle-earth|Middle-earth]]. |
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| The bright version of Adamic has 3 vowels (4 with the diphthong) and 8 consonants, with the reason being that as a bright language strives to contain the most stable and distinct phonetic features, many possibilities are consciously deleted (mostly dorsal ones). For example, velar stops such as /k/ are problematic, as forms akin to /ku/ and /ki/ have the tendence to inevitably change to /kʷ/~/b/ or /kʲ/~/t͡ʃ/. Likewise, back vowels are totally erased, not only to contrast with dark tongues (which do not accept front vowels), but to avoid the sound change /du/ > /dʷ/~/b/.
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 396px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Coronal
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Labial
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| |-
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| ! Sonorant
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| | l r
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| | n m
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| |-
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| ! Non-Sonorant
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| | ʃ d
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| | f b
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| |}
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| The
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 198px; text-align:center;"
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 66px; " |Center
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| |-
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| !
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| | i ɛ
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| | a ae̯
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| |}
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| ===Sound Laws=== | | ===Sound Laws=== |
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| Accurate Elvish
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| *Voicing [C̥VC̬VC̥]: due the influence of vocalic weight, consonants between vowels are voiced while initial and final consonants are voiceless
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| *Lenition/Dissimilation: due the displeasure of mimesis, if two bordering syllables/syllable portions possess the same consonant, the consonant of the weakest syllable (portion) disappears.<br>
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| EX: Adamic ''vāl'' "person" and ''vār'' "people" become ''al'' and ''elvi'' respectively in the Bright Tongue [''alf'' instead of ''*falf''].<br>
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| *Assimilation:
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| *Harmony: [a > e > i] or [i > e > a]<br>
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| *Mutation: consonants extend grade until there is only one.<br>
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| m/n + p -mb [extension of p]<br>
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| m/n + t -nd [extension of t]<br>
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| r/l + f -lb [extension of l]<br>
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| r/l + c -rd [extension of r]<br>
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| r/l + m = -lm [extension of m]<br>
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| r/l + n = -rn [extension of n]<br>
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| */s/ and /d/ can only happen before /a/, and if the opposite were to happen, the nucleus would be dropped.
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| EX: The hypothetical ''iridin'' becomes ''eren''
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| *Due the tendence of final consonants to be easily lost, only consonant clusters and sonorants are allowed as final codas. Also, final /m/ and /n/ disappear as the precedent vowel is nasalized.
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| alba "people" [alf, elbi]
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| arda "things" [arc, irida]
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| alma "high faculties" [a, elmi]
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| arna "emotions, sensations" [an, erni]
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| amba "time" [amf, embi]
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| anda "space" [anc, inida]
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| -
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| endar "land", arni "lands"
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| embal "celestial body", ambeli...
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| o
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| NA > ni [0], nae [1]
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| alba enir
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| ni, pe, ae
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| MA
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| NA
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| PA
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| TA
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| LA
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| RA
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| -
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| ALBA
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| ARDA
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| AMBA
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| ANDA
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| ALMA
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| ARNA
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| aia aio
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| nao aocar i
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| nua valár
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| ni erec alber
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| fla
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| alf
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| *analytic
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| *one article
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| *no declension
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| *context and syntax play important role
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| ni arc alber
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| ni erec alber =/= ni erec er alf
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| ni irida alber
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| iru > eri > ere
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| ni, mi
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| ec, fe
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| al, ar
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| iru > eri > ere
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| iru > eri > ere > irida
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| /r/ > /rd/
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| e > i
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| r > rVdV
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| anu/nua > ni
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| ani/nia > ne
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| ana/nā > na
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| ''Elbi irida ni indili'' = ''Ara avâla ana ahalâ''
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| Ni irida eren, ec cilma
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| Tua hícal, rī askút
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| iku [Adamic] > ihu (canon law) > *ehi (enlightment of vowels) > *ei (enlightment of consonants) > ae (enlightment of vowels)
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| /h/ > /∅/
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| ihu
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| ehi
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| ae
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| e
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| ni irida andal
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| ere & irida > -c-
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| Canon Sound Laws:
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| Laws of sound change:
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| /g/ > /z/ when next to /i/
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| Ex: gīg > zīl "giant"
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| /g/ > /Q/ when next to /u/
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| Ex:
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| /k/ > /s/ when next to /i/
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| Ex: saíkat > sesal
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| /k/ > /h/ when next to /u/
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| Ex: kun > hul "dog"
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| /t/ > /ts/ when next to /i/
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| Ex: daítas > ecal
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| /t/ > /l/ when next to /u/
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| Ex: tu > lu
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| /d/ > /ʔ/ when next to /i/
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| Ex: dîts > īl
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| /d/ > /r/ when nex to /u/
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| Ex: dûts > rūl
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| /p/ > /f/ when next to /u/
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| Ex:
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| /p/ > /n/ when next to /i/
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| Ex:
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| /b/ > /v/ when next to /u/
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| Ex: bûl > uvvūl
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| /b/ > /m/ when next to /i/
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| Ex: bîbl > mīl
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| Laws of elision:
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| Syncope: in a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost (except if its sonority value is higher than its antecedant)
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| EX: datasyú > dasyl
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| Apocape: in a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost (except if its sonority value is higher than its posterior)
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| EX: apâla > pāl
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| Aphaeresis: in a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost (except if it has coda). Also, the last consonant or consonantal cluster (regardless of the number of syllables in a word) is lost.
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| EX: avâla > vāl
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| Laws of epenthesis:
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| Prothesis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added.
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| EX: bûl (*bbûl) > uvvūl
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| Anaptyxis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added.
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| EX: 'atlya > 'atalya
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| Paragoge: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant).
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| EX: gal (*gall) > gallal
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| sēqur
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| ===Consonants===
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| ===Vowels===
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| The Bright Tongue is mostly composed of stems, which modify roots.
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| ni irida eren...
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| From one root, many stems are forged
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| ncl > ner (*nendir), cilba, arnic, nalbi (*nadelbi)...
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| ALMA > ELEME
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| eldar (alba-endar)
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| erbal (arda-elbar)
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| arbelë
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| ilben, ilbini
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| eleben, af
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| lef, felin
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| ilmen, ilmini
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| elemen, am
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| lem, melin
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| irdem, irdimi
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| eredem, erc
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| rec, cerin
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| ==Syntax== | | ==Syntax== |
