Svojan: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:23, 30 December 2024

Svojan
Švojln
Pronunciation	[ʃvɔjl̩n]
Created by	user:Aenil2
Date	2024
Writing system	Latin

Svojan (autoglossonym: Švojln; Svojan : [ʃvɔjl̩n]) is a personal language I started working on in late 2024, as an attempt to use a Slavic-like phonology, while maintaining an unique grammar and vocabulary, unalike to the phonology's source languages.

Phonology

Consonants

Svojan has 27 consonants, which are quite similar to the ones of Slovak

Consonants
	Labials	Alveolars	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m /m/	n /n/		ň/n /ɲ/
Plosive	p /p/, b /b/	t /t/, d /d/		ť/t /c/, ď/d /ɟ/	k /k/, g /g/
Fricative	f /f/, v /v/	s /s/, z /z/	š /ʂ/, ž /ʐ/		ch /x/, h /ɣ~ɦ/
Affricate		ts /ts/, dz /dz/	č /tʂ/, dž /dʐ/
Approximants				j /j/	v /w/
Rhotics		r /r/,l /l/		ľ/l /ʎ/

Notes :

Palatal sounds /ɲ/, /c/, /ɟ/ and /ʎ/ are written without carons if they are followed by a front vowel
/w/ is either the labio-velar approximant /w/, the labio-dental approximant /ʋ/, the voiced labio-dental fricative /v/ or the voiced bilabial fricative /β/
Retroflex sounds /tʂ/, /dʐ/, /ʂ/ and /ʐ/ can also be pronounced as palato-alveolar /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/

Vowels

Svojan has 6 oral vowels and 3 nasal vowels. Oral vowels have length distinction.

Oral vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i /i/	y /ɨ/	u /u/
Mid	e /e/		o /o/
Open	a /a~ɑ/

Nasal vowels
	Front	Back
Mid	ę /ɛ̃/	ǫ /ɔ̃/
Open	ą /ɑ̃~ã/

Notes :

To mark length, the acute accent is used over the vowel. It sometimes can change the vowel :
- /e/ becomes /ɛ/ when long
- /o/ becomes /ɔ/ when long

Grammar

Nouns

Svojan nouns are gendered, and can inflect for case, number and definiteness

Noun genders

Nouns can take 1 of 3 genders : Masculine, Feminine and Neuter

The gender of a noun is highly predictable, and can be deducted from the following criterias:

Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nouns ending in a "hard" consonant Nouns ending in a nasal vowel	Nouns ending in a "soft" consonant Nouns ending in a front vowel (e, i and y)	Nouns ending in another consonant Nouns ending in a back vowel (a, o and u)
leden → lead (metal) savę → male child	kataď → competition koný → meal	silaž → stone avu → bird

Notes :

Hard consonants are /n/, /t/, /d/ and /l/
Soft consonants are /ɲ/, /c/, /ɟ/ and /ʎ/

Noun cases

Nouns in Svojan can take one of 12 cases (4 "alignment cases"/"mažilikaru dáikný" and 8 "preposition cases"/"džiteruktę dáikný") :

Alignment cases

Nominative: The nominative case is used to indicate the subject of a sentence, and the object of a predicate
Accusative: The accusative is used to indicate the direct object of a sentence. It is also used to indicate the complement of some adpositions, related to time
Genitive: The genitive case is used to indicate alienable possession
Dative: The dative case is used to indicate alienable possession, and the indirect object of a sentence

Preposition cases

Lative: The lative case is used to indicate movement to a location
Locative: The locative case is used to indicate position in space, and to indicate the complement of adposition related to position
Ablative: The ablative case is used to indicate movement from a location
Instrumental: The instrumental case is used to indicate instruments of an action, and to indicate the complement of adpositions related to accompaniment
Privative: The privative case is used to indicate an absence
Causal: The causal case is used to indicate the reason of an action, and to indicate the complement of adpositions related to cause
Causal-final: The causal-final case is used to indicate the purpose of an action
Adpositional: The adpositional case is used to indicate the complement of adpositions not related to time, position, accompaniment nor cause

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+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 20em"
 |+ Oral vowels
 |-
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 |+ Nasal vowels
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 ** /e/ becomes /ɛ/ when long
 ** /o/ becomes /ɔ/ when long
+==Grammar==
+===Nouns===
+Svojan nouns are gendered, and can inflect for case, number and definiteness
+====Noun genders====
+Nouns can take 1 of 3 genders : Masculine, Feminine and Neuter
+The gender of a noun is highly predictable, and can be deducted from the following criterias:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|- style="text-align:center; width: 70em"
+! Masculine
+! Feminine
+! Neuter
+|-
+|
+* Nouns ending in a "hard" consonant<br />
+* Nouns ending in a nasal vowel
+|
+* Nouns ending in a "soft" consonant<br />
+* Nouns ending in a front vowel (e, i and y)
+|
+* Nouns ending in another consonant <br />
+* Nouns ending in a back vowel (a, o and u)
+|-
+|
+* leden → lead (metal)<br />
+* savę → male child
+|
+* kataď → competition<br />
+* koný → meal
+|
+* silaž → stone<br />
+* avu → bird
+|}
+Notes :
+* Hard consonants are /n/, /t/, /d/ and /l/
+* Soft consonants are /ɲ/, /c/, /ɟ/ and /ʎ/
+====Noun cases====
+Nouns in Svojan can take one of 12 cases (4 "alignment cases"/"mažilikaru dáikný" and 8 "preposition cases"/"džiteruktę dáikný") :
+=====Alignment cases=====
+;Nominative
+:The nominative case is used to indicate the subject of a sentence, and the object of a predicate
+;Accusative
+:The accusative is used to indicate the direct object of a sentence. It is also used to indicate the complement of some adpositions, related to time
+;Genitive
+:The genitive case is used to indicate alienable possession
+;Dative
+:The dative case is used to indicate alienable possession, and the indirect object of a sentence
+=====Preposition cases=====
+;Lative
+:The lative case is used to indicate movement to a location
+;Locative
+:The locative case is used to indicate position in space, and to indicate the complement of adposition related to position
+;Ablative
+:The ablative case is used to indicate movement from a location
+;Instrumental
+:The instrumental case is used to indicate instruments of an action, and to indicate the complement of adpositions related to accompaniment
+;Privative
+:The privative case is used to indicate an absence
+;Causal
+:The causal case is used to indicate the reason of an action, and to indicate the complement of adpositions related to cause
+;Causal-final
+:The causal-final case is used to indicate the purpose of an action
+;Adpositional
+:The adpositional case is used to indicate the complement of adpositions not related to time, position, accompaniment nor cause