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Verse:Ed Dynje/Tonal tricons IE: Difference between revisions

< Verse:Ed Dynje
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{{construction}}
== Diachronical sketch ==
# Turn PIE *o to low or rising tone via *a and *əˁ. The resulting stage will have 3 to 4 tones depending on dialect, with the new tonal distinction existing in tandem with the inherited pitch accent. At this stage, h₂ and h₃ have tonalized to low tone as well.
# h₁ tonalizes to high tone, yielding 5 diachronic tones: stød (from h₁), high level, mid rising, low level (unmarked), low rising. The stød tone merges with the high level tone in most descendants. It is thought that the low level tone became mid level.


{{Infobox language
== Proto-whateverthisis ==
|image =  
* Vowels: {{angbr|*ɨ *ə *a}} /ɨ ə a(ː)/
|imagesize =  
** {{angbr|*ɨ}} arises from epenthesis of syllabic resonants
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
* Tones: stød (from h₁), high level, mid rising, mid level (unmarked), low rising
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
* Satemize *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ to *ts *ts’ *dz; labiovelars merge with plain velars. PIE tenuis stops become aspirated stops. This yields:
|nativename = ''Wieber-Muts''
* Surface consonants: /[ʔ] b g d w dz t’ j kʰ l m n tsʰ p ts’ k’ r s tʰ/
|pronunciation= /ˈviːbɐ ˈmuːts/
* Abstract consonants: ||h₁ b g d w dz t’ j k l m n ts h₂~h₃ p ts’ k’ r s t||
|region = Wiebermien
|extinct = Developed into [[Middle Wiebian]] in 400 v.C.
|familycolor=Pfeuno-Kitelucquian
|fam1= [[Pfeuno-Kitelucquian languages|Pfeuno-Kitelucquian]]
|fam2= [[Pfeunic languages|Pfeunic]]
|fam3= [[Wiebian|Wiebic]]
|script=Wiebian script (read: Fraktur gib. Because German)
|iso3=qwb
|notice=IPA
}}


[[Ancient Wiebian/Sketchbook|Sandbox]]<br/>
== Morphology ==
[[Ancient Wiebian/Lexicon|Lexicon]]<br/>
[[Wiobian/Verse|Wiebian verse]]<br/>
[[Wiobian/Music|About Wiebian music]]<br/>
[[Wiebian/Wiebian]]<br/>
[[Wiobian/de|Diese Seite auf Deutsch ansehen]]<br/>
 
'''Mirror Ancient Wiebian''' is [[User:IlL/Mirror_Hussmauch|M-Hussmauch]]'s counterpart to [[Ancient Wiebian]]. It is intended to be a result of morphing (tho not by regular sound changes) Ancient Wiebian into an Irish-like language.
 
==Todo==
==Background==
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' or '''M-Classical Wiebian''' is the oldest attested form of [[M-Wiebian]], used as a spoken language until 400 v.C.
 
==Orthography==
:''See also: [[Wiebian/Script]].''
 
{{PAGENAME}} script is based on the [[M-Tergetian]] script (same as [[Tergetian]] script modulo a few letters); letter names derive from M-Primitive Tergetian.
 
==Phonology==
{{PAGENAME}} phonology is based entirely on Irish.
===Phonotactics===
(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
===Consonants===
Voiceless plosives were lightly aspirated. Auslautverhärtung (final obstruent devoicing) as in German or Dutch.
====Early Ancient Wiebian====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Early {{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Lamino-dental
! | Apico-alveolar
! | Co-articulated
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
|
| '''n''' /n/
| '''đ''' [ŋǃ]
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t, th''' /t̪/
|
| '''ŧ''' /ǃ/
|
| '''k''' /k/
| /ʔ-/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d̪/
|
| '''đ''' /ɡǃ/
|
| '''g''' /ɡ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
| '''f''' /f/
| '''ss, sz''' /s̻/
| '''s''' /s̺/;
| '''ś, sch''' /ɧ/<br/> '''ƨ''' /ɧ̬/
|
| '''ch, h''' /x/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
| '''pf''' /pf/
| '''z, tz''' /ts̻/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
|
| '''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''w''' /w/
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|}
 
Gemination was phonemic in Early Ancient Wiebian and was often marked with double letters. The gemination sign, transcribed as '''c''' (''Ang'', deriving from {{sc|ˀangom}}, the Primitive [[Tergetian]] letter for the glottal stop), is also often used in Early Ancient Wiebian texts. It acts like the Japanese ''sokuon'' symbol: ''nu swicle'' /nuː(ə) s̺wilːə/ 'I slid (intransitive)'. By late {{PAGENAME}} most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. '''c''' only survived as part of the graphemes '''ck''' for /k/ after a short vowel, and '''ch''' [x], which was in complementary distribution with '''h''' [h] by that time.
 
====Late Ancient Wiebian====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Late {{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
! | Labial
! | Alveolar
! | Co-articulated
! | Palatal
! | Velar
! | Uvular
! | Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
| '''đ''' [ŋǃ]
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t, th''' /t/
| '''ŧ''' /ǃ/
|
| '''k, ck''' /k/
|
| /ʔ-/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/
| '''d''' /d/
| '''đ''' /ɡǃ~ŋǃ/
|
| '''g''' /ɡ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''ß''' /s/
| '''sch''' /ɧ~ʂ~ʃ/
| '''ch''' /ç/
|
| '''ch''' [χ]
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
| '''w''' /v/
| '''s''' /z~ʃ~s/, '''ƨ''' /ʃ/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
| '''pf''' /pf/
| '''z, tz''' /ts/
| '''tsch''' /tʃ~ʈʂ~kɧ/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| '''r''' [r]
|
|
|
| '''r''' /ʀ/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
| '''l''' /l/
|
| '''j''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
 
''n'' assimilates before clicks and velar plosives to /ŋ/.
 
A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiebian. Words beginning with an orthographic vowel begin with a glottal stop initial.
 
In Late Ancient Wiebian /ʀ/ (from Early Ancient Wiebian /r/) is always vocalized to [ɐ] before a consonant or word-finally (as in North German dialects). /ʀ/ had a special pronunciation [r] for ceremonies, singing and stage performances, and public announcements.
 
[χ] is an allophone of /ç/ after back vowels. Final ''-ig'' is pronounced /ɪç/.
 
===Vowels===
In Early {{PAGENAME}} each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late {{PAGENAME}} when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final ''-h'' was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an ''-h'' after the vowel.
 
====Early Ancient Wiebian====
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Early {{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|  '''ie, i, ih''' /iə~iː/
| '''ü''' /y/
| '''üe, ü, üh''' /yə~yː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ue, u, uh''' /uə~uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e, ä''' /ɛ/
| '''e, ä''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /œ/
| '''ö''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /aː/
|
|
|}
 
Diphthongs: '''au''' /ɜu/ '''äu, eu''' /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ '''ei''' /ɛɪ/
 
====Late Ancient Wiebian====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Late {{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ie, i''' /iː/
| '''ü''' /ʏ/
| '''ü, üh''' /yː/
|
|
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''u, uh''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e, ä''' /ɛ/
| '''e, ee, eh, ä, äh''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /œ/
| '''ö, öh''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
|
| '''o''' /ɔ/
| '''o, oo, oh''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
|
|
|
|
| /ɐ/
|
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a, aa, ah''' /aː/
|
|
|}
 
Diphthongs: '''au''' /aʊ/ '''äu, eu''' /ɔʏ/ '''ei''' /aɪ/
 
===Stress===
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
 
==Grammar==
===Parts of speech===
{{PAGENAME}} inflected both nouns and adjectives according to case and number. The inflection of adjectives in addition depended on their position and definiteness.
====Nouns====
Nouns can be preceded by a definite article ''ein''.
 
definite article (similarly for possessive pronouns ''nein'', ''mein'', ''winder'', ''wein'', ''sein'', ''linder'', ''lein''):
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Number
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Singular
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Gender
! | Masculine
! | Feminine
! | Masculine
! | Feminine
|-
! Nominative
| ''ein'' || ''eine'' || ''einer'' || ''einet'' || ''einer''
|-
! Accusative
| ''eine'' || ''eine'' || ''einer'' || ''einet'' || ''einer''
|-
! Genitive
| ''ein'' || ''einen'' || ''einend'' || ''einst'' || ''einst''
|-
! Dative
| ''einisch'' || ''einer'' || ''einend'' || ''einens'' || ''einen''
|}
=====Gender=====
Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in {{PAGENAME}}.
 
=====Number=====
{{PAGENAME}} has three numbers, like Proto-Pfeuno-Kitelucquian: singular, dual and plural.
 
The dual is marked by dual case suffixes.
 
{{PAGENAME}} has many morphological ways of forming plurals, some of which may be combined.
*''-e'' suffix: ''Ŧehr'' 'bird' > ''Ŧehre''
*''-en'' suffix: ''Ŧeib'' 'harp' > ''Ŧeiben''
*''<sup>i</sup>-er''
*''-et'' suffix
*''De-'' prefix
*''<sup><s>i</s></sup>'' "de-umlauting" the singular stem
*plural ablaut
 
The plural form of a noun was unpredictable.
 
The genitive plural could be in a third ablaut grade.
 
=====Case endings=====
In {{PAGENAME}}, nouns are also inflected in 4 cases:
*Nominative: subject
*Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
*Dative: indirect object, some adverbial expressions, possessor after {{PAGENAME}}
*Genitive: it's your bog-standard genitive case.
**The genitive is often "hyphenated" to the word it modifies because of its ambiguity.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible " style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | First declension
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Dual
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''Gein'' || ''Gein'''er''''' || ''Geine''
|-
! Accusative
| ''Gein'''e''''' || ''Gein'''er''''' || ''Geine'''n'''''
|-
! Genitive
| ''Gein-'' || ''Gein'''end''''' || ''Geine'''n-'''''
|-
! Dative
| ''Gein'''isch''' || ''Gein'''end''''' || ''Geine'''ns'''''
|}
 
=====Case and adpositions=====
Adpositions combine with the definite article ''ein'', e.g. ''ehrner Heste'' (< *''er einer...'') 'for the wife'.
*''dach'' - with (dat), ''dachn-''
*''die'' - into/in (acc/dat), ''dien-''
*''đei'' - partitive (gen), ''đein-''
*''ehr'' - for (dat), ''ehrn-''
*''gar'' - to, towards (acc), ''garn-''
*''lie'' - from (dat), ''lien-''
*''nöter'' - 'by means of' (gen)
*''pfalt'' - before (dat), ''pfaltn-''
*''sie'' - onto/on (acc/dat), ''sien-''
*''tab'' - towards/at (acc/dat) ''tabn-''
*''trieg'' - around (dat) ''triegn-''
*''zecker'' - after (dat), ''zeckn-''
 
====Adjectives====
Predicative adjectives: no ending
 
Weak adjectives (Adjectives modifying definite nouns): Just one ending, ''-e''
 
Strong adjectives (other attributive adjectives):
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Singular
! rowspan="2" style="width: 100px;" | Dual
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px;" | Plural
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Gender
! | Masculine
! | Feminine
! | Masculine
! | Feminine
|-
! Nominative
| ''-en'' || ''-e'' || ''-ig'' || ''-te'' || ''-er''
|-
! Accusative
| ''-es'' || ''-e'' || ''-ig'' || ''-te'' || ''-er''
|-
! Genitive
| ''-e'' || ''-er'' || ''-lich'' || ''-st'' || ''-st''
|-
! Dative
| ''-es'' || ''-en'' || ''-lich'' || ''-ens'' || ''-en''
|}
 
=====Degree=====
Wiebian uses analytic constructions for degrees of adjectives.
 
In {{PAGENAME}}, to form the comparative one attaches the semi-serial verb ''kloh'' ('cross'; athematic) to the predicative form of the adjective. (The same applies to verbs.) The standard of comparison is in the accusative. The superlative is identical to the comparative.
 
====Pronouns====
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Personal pronouns'''
!style="width:90px;"|Person →
! colspan="3" |1
! colspan="2" |1+2
! colspan="3" |2
|-
!|Number →
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Singular
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Dual
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Plural
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Dual
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Plural
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Singular
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Dual
!style="width:90px;" rowspan="2" |Plural
|-
!|Case ↓
|-
!|Nominative
| |''nu''
|colspan="2" |''um''
| |''wich''
| |''winden''
| |''sie''
| |''lich''
| |''linden''
|-
!|Accusative
| |''nue''
|colspan="2" |''umen''
| |''wich''
| |''wien''
| |''sie''
| |''lich''
| |''lien''
|-
!|Genitive
| |''inn''
|colspan="2" |''ume''
| |''wind''
| |''wie''
| |''sie''
| |''lind''
| |''lie''
|-
!|Possessive<br/>pronouns
| |''nein''
|colspan="2" |''mein''
| |''winder''
| |''wein''
| |''sein''
| |''linder''
| |''lein''
|-
!|Dative
| |''ins''
|colspan="2" |''umens''
| |''wind''
| |''wiens''
| |''sies''
| |''lind''
| |''liens''
|}
 
Wiebian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalents are the demonstratives ''mi'' 'this' and ''a'' 'that'.
 
Possessive pronouns were derived from combining genitive pronouns with another element, such as the definite article ''ein'' or an adjectival suffix ''-er''.
 
====Verbs====
Verbs have stem forms for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. (A similar but more well preserved system is found in [[Themsarian]]). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar.
 
The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.
 
The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in {{PAGENAME}}.
 
Jussive endings are only found in special registers.
=====Personal endings=====
In {{PAGENAME}}, the verb is also inflected for person.
 
Athematic stems umlaut in the present for certain persons; thematic stems always umlaut in the preterite.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Imperative endings
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ner''
|''-n''
|-
!|2
|''-Ø''
|''-ler''
|''-l''
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4" | Indicative endings
|-
!style="width: 50px; "|
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular
!style="width: 100px; "|Dual
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural
|-
!|1
|''<sup>i</sup>-n''
|''-end''
|''-em''
|-
!|1.in
|''-''
|''-ner''
|''-en''
|-
!|2
|''<sup>i</sup>-er''
|''-ler''
|''-el''
|-
!|3.m
|''<sup>i</sup>-n''
|rowspan="2"|''<sup>i</sup>-ung''
|rowspan="2"|''<sup>i</sup>-e''
|-
!|3.f
|''<sup>i</sup>-s''
|}
 
=====Formation of verbal principal parts=====
 
Verbal nouns are formed by one of the following methods:
*''-s''
*ablaut
*''<sup>i</sup>-el''
*''-en''
*''-ke''
*Prefix ''Ge-''
 
=====TAM auxiliary constructions=====
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Some tense constructions'''
|-
!|Meaning
!|{{PAGENAME}} construction
|-
!perfect
|''duom'' + [subject]-DAT + (''zraf'' can go here for progressive) + [verb]-VERBAL_NOUN-ACC
|}
 
====Numerals====
Cardinals 0-10: ''ühm'', ''wahm'', ''discher'', ''narg'', ''đauf'', ''sälisch'', ''stuhm'', ''rut'', ''lerz'', ''pfarb'', ''kier''
 
Ordinals are formed with the suffix ''-er'': ''pfalter'', ''stefter'', ''narger'', ''đaufer'', ''sälischer'', ''stuhmer'', ''ruter'', ''lerzer'', ''pfarber'', ''kierer''
 
===Syntax===
====Word order====
Constituents are arranged in V2 order in both {{PAGENAME}} and most modern topolects (with more variation allowed in classical poetry). Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun.
====Use of "es"====
''es'' is a particle borrowed from the Primitive Tergetian emphasis clitic ={{sc|is}}. Originally an emphatic particle, in Late Ancient Wiebian it became mandatory in certain contexts.
 
====Truth value====
For negation, {{PAGENAME}} uses a negative verb ''mei'' (present).
 
====Passive====
====Conjunctions====
Conjunctions
*''zug'' - and
*''am'' - or
*''sinder'' - but
*''gödel'' - because
*''einstein'' - right when
*''euler'' - until
 
====Relative clauses====
 
====Serial verbs====
 
==Derivational morphology==
Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.
 
*''be-'': intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix (stolen from German)
**'''''be'''rast'' 'make powerful, strengthen' < ''Rast'' 'power'
*''des-'': detransitivizing/valency-decreasing
**''desŧolz'' 'be wrapped' < ''ŧolz'' wrap
*''em-/en-'': perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
*''-er'': collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
**''Pfug'''er''''' 'throne' < ''Pfug'' 'chair'
**''Rug'''er''''' 'statue' < ''rug, rieg, Rugs'' 'carve'
**''Jeng'''er''''' 'ocean, sea' < ''Jeng'' 'water'
*''ger-'': inceptive, dynamic
**'''''ger'''ŧest'': 'initiate' < ''ŧest'' 'run' (intransitive)
**'''''ger'''schwecht'': 'blow at (without affecting); start to blow; try blowing' < ''schwecht'' 'blow'
*''irr-'' (< PGam {{recon|''hiz''}}): negative
**'''''irr'''beul'' 'not straight, unjust' < ''beul'' 'straight, just'
*''-lein'' agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
**''Winklein'' 'mortal' < ''wink-'' 'die' + ''-lein''
*''-mack'': resultative, ability
*''-null'': prototypical member of a set, ''Ur-''
*''-nung, -ung'': singulative/diminutive
*''-s'' (~ Thm. infinitve ''-s''): verbal nouns, nominalization
*''-zie'': abstract noun, -ness/-hood
*''wech-'': perfective/telic
*''-zim'': characterized by [noun]
 
==Phrasebook==
 
==Sample texts==
<poem>
''Schüngzie bäßes mei Karfs Schüngzie;''
''meist Brack bäßen.''
''Geuls bäßen mei Karfs Geuls;''
''meist Körde bäßes.''
''- Martin Luther King ein Steftere''
</poem>
===The North Wind and the Sun===
'''''Ein Simmhall zug eine Unde'''''
 
''Wahmer besprillung es ein Simmhall zug eine Unde, ja luhs feud klöhen, westers bach ŧäches Zemmes Desŧolzes Schammerlein gerzweiden. Đer gerockung es, hin ein pfalts gar ein Schammerlein quetzen đa Zemme beđecken, Grechs hin luhs feud klöhen brühnen. Ein Simmhall gerschwichten es bach reier Rast, sinter jahr aust schwichten es đa, đahner aust ŧölzen es ein Schammerlein đa Zemme trieg đie, zug berten berts desflästen es ein Simmhall đei đa Gernurts. Immer enhächtes es eine Unde đa ŧächern Fleiđen, zug irrsterŧes quitzen es ein Schammerlein đa Zemme. Mieder fügeln es ein Simmhall Bereugs, hin eine Unde klöhen luhs feud đei đind.''
 
'''The North Wind and the Sun'''
 
''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.''
 
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1===
''Reite Wäher desschrefft [] im [] gund [] im []. Ans []''
 
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
 
{{List subpages|caption=Related pages with more information}}
 
[[Category:M-Pfeuno-Kitelucquian languages]][[Category:M-Wiebic languages]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]][[M-Category:Hussmauch]]

Latest revision as of 17:19, 5 March 2024

Diachronical sketch

  1. Turn PIE *o to low or rising tone via *a and *əˁ. The resulting stage will have 3 to 4 tones depending on dialect, with the new tonal distinction existing in tandem with the inherited pitch accent. At this stage, h₂ and h₃ have tonalized to low tone as well.
  2. h₁ tonalizes to high tone, yielding 5 diachronic tones: stød (from h₁), high level, mid rising, low level (unmarked), low rising. The stød tone merges with the high level tone in most descendants. It is thought that the low level tone became mid level.

Proto-whateverthisis

  • Vowels: ⟨*ɨ *ə *a⟩ /ɨ ə a(ː)/
    • ⟨*ɨ⟩ arises from epenthesis of syllabic resonants
  • Tones: stød (from h₁), high level, mid rising, mid level (unmarked), low rising
  • Satemize *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ to *ts *ts’ *dz; labiovelars merge with plain velars. PIE tenuis stops become aspirated stops. This yields:
  • Surface consonants: /[ʔ] b g d w dz t’ j kʰ l m n tsʰ p ts’ k’ r s tʰ/
  • Abstract consonants: ||h₁ b g d w dz t’ j k l m n ts h₂~h₃ p ts’ k’ r s t||

Morphology

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