Koṭärt: Difference between revisions
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{{privatelang}} | {{privatelang}} | ||
(This page is heavily a WIP, | (This page is heavily a WIP, a lot of data here is incorrect and/or inaccurate. Major changes coming soon) | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name=Koṭärt | |name=Koṭärt | ||
|nativename=Koṭärt | |nativename=Koṭärt | ||
|pronunciation= | |pronunciation=ko̞ˈʈæɹt | ||
|pronunciation_key=IPA for Koṭärt | |pronunciation_key=IPA for Koṭärt | ||
|creator=Hyacinth | |creator=[[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]] | ||
|setting= | |setting= | ||
Paukaṣṣat | Paukaṣṣat | ||
* Lakkāl | * Lakkāl | ||
|created=c. 2023- | |created=c. 2023-2025 | ||
|ethnicity=Ṃkṛkoṭärt, Śätst, etc. | |ethnicity=Ṃkṛkoṭärt, Śätst, etc. | ||
|familycolor=unclassified | |familycolor=unclassified | ||
|fam1= | |fam1=Śäts Valley | ||
|ancestor=Proto- | |ancestor=Proto-Śäts Valley | ||
|ancestor2=Proto-Koṭärt | |ancestor2=Proto-Koṭärt | ||
|ancestor3=Archaic Old Koṭärt | |ancestor3=Archaic Old Koṭärt | ||
|ancestor4=Mainlands Old Koṭärt | |ancestor4=Mainlands Old Koṭärt | ||
|stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect | |stand1=Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect (previously) | ||
|dia1=Koṭärt dialect cluster | |dia1=Koṭärt dialect cluster | ||
|dia2=Koṭärt-Western dialect cluster | |dia2=Koṭärt-Western dialect cluster | ||
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Koṭärt]] ( | [[Koṭärt]] ([[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], ''lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə ko̞ˈʈæɹt/]], or ''Koṭärtlyap'' [[IPA for Koṭärt|/ko̞.ʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/]]) is an artificial language created by [[User:Ākśśau wë Tlyauñi|Hyacinth Fairfax]] for a conworld project, ''Paukaṣṣat'', and a future book. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of ''Lakkāl'', serving as a [[w:lingua franca|lingua franca]] between various Lakkālt communes. It is also the most spoken human language in Paukaṣṣat. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Consonant inventory (Standard dialect) | |||
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 | | |||
! colspan=1| [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]] | |||
! colspan=1| [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] | |||
! colspan=1| [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] | |||
! colspan=1| [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]] | |||
! colspan=1| [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]] | |||
! colspan=1| [[w:Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br> | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1| [[w:Stop consonant|Plosive]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless retroflex plosive|ʈ]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]] | |||
| ([[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]]) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1| [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=1| [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] | |||
| ([[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=1| [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈ͡ʂ]] | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=1| [[w:Lateral affricate|Lateral Affricate]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate|t͡ɬ]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiceless palatal lateral affricate|c͡ʎ̝̊]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=1| [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]] | |||
|([[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]) | |||
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1| [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral Approximant]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]] | |||
| [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1| [[w:Tap and flap consonants|Flap]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|[[w:Voiced retroflex flap|ɽ]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Notes:<br> | |||
* Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda. | |||
* The pronunciation of /[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]~[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]/ varies, the forms [[[w:Voiceless palatal plosive|c]]], [[[w:Palatalization|k̟ʲ]]] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are [[w:Free variation|dependent on the speaker]]. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /[[w:Palatalization|kʲ]]/ | |||
* [[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ]. | |||
* [[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example. | |||
* /[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]/ is realized variously and can also be an allophone of /[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]/. Around vowels (/Vŋ/) it is pronounced simply as a nasalized vowel ([Ṽ]), however when followed by a velar plosive it is usually pronounced as a standalone consonant with preceding vowel nasalized ([Ṽŋk]). Rarely, whenever /ŋ/ is in the consonant cluster, following /t/, it is usually realized as /t/ with [[w:Nasal release|Nasal release]]: [tⁿ]. | |||
* [[w:Glottal stop|Glottal stop]] is not a phoneme in Koṭärt, but it may sometimes appear in speech, e.g. in the beginning of words which start with vowel, to put emphasis, or to avoid [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]]. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Romanization for Consonants''' | |||
! Letter !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Letter !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:P|p]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|p]]/ || [[w:S|s]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|s]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:T|t]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t]]/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṭ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḳ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c~k̟ʲ]]/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṣ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂ]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:K|k]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|k]]/ || [[w:Ś|ś]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɕ]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:M|m]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|m]]/ || [[w:Ts (digraph)|ts]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡s]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:N|n]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|n]]/ || [[w:C|c]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ͡ʂ]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṇ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɳ]]/ || [[w:Ć|ć]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɕ]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Ñ|ñ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɲ]]/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|tl]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɬ]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṃ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ŋ]]/¹ || [[w:List of Latin-script trigraphs|tly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c͡ʎ̝̊]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṛ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɽ]]/ || [[w:W|w]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|w]]/² | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Y|y]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|j]]/³ || [[w:R|r]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɹ]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:L|l]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|l]]/ || [[w:G|g]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɰ]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|ly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʎ]]/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḷ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɭ]]/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Notes:<br> | |||
¹ – The ⟨ṃ⟩ represents the phonetic /ŋ/, meaning it also indicates vowel nasalization<br> | |||
² – ⟨u⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs<br> | |||
³ – ⟨i⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs<br> | |||
⁴ – The digraph ⟨wy⟩ represents [jː], historically pronounced as [wj]<br> | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates [[w:Vowel length|long]] and short [[w:Monopthong|monophthongs]], with long vowels being phonetically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within [[w:Umlaut|umlaut]] and [[w:Ablaut|ablaut]] systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation. | |||
All vowels can be nasalized, in romanization it's represented as ⟨Vṃ⟩, m with a dot below. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Short monophthongs | |||
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 | | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]] | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close vowel|Close]]''' | |||
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] [[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]] | |||
| ([[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) | |||
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]''' | |||
| | |||
| ([[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]''' | |||
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]] [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]] | |||
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] ([[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]) | |||
| [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]''' | |||
| | |||
| ([[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]''' | |||
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]] | |||
| ([[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]''' | |||
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Notes:<br> | |||
* /[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]/ can have different phonetic values, depending on a dialect, and even [[w:Free variation|speaker's idiolect]], it may be realised as [[[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]]], [[[w:Close-mid central rounded vowel|ɵ]]], or [[[w:Mid central rounded vowel|ɵ̞]]]. | |||
* [[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]], in addition to its role as a phoneme, is an allophone of /[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]/ when unstressed, however [[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]] is an unstressed allophone of /a/ as well, but in two-syllable words and when it precedes a stressed syllable in a multisyllable word. For example, ''ṣtaṃśau'' [[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂtɐ̃ˈɕaʊ̯̈]]]. | |||
* [[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]]] is a stressed allophone of /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/, however some put stress on /[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]/ nonetheless. | |||
* [[[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]] is an allophone of /[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]/ when it follows a retroflex consonant. | |||
* If a vowel that isn't open or near-open is followed by a [[w:Rhotic consonant|rhotic]], then it's not infrequent to be pronounced as a [[w: R-colored vowel|r-colored vowel]]. | |||
* Mid vowels except [[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]], when unstressed, may be raised to [e~ɪ], [o] and [ø~ɵ] after [j]. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Long monophthongs | |||
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 | | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
! colspan=1|[[w:Near-front vowel|Near-front]] | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]]''' | |||
! colspan=1|[[w:Near-back vowel|Near-back]] | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]]''' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close vowel|Close]]''' | |||
| [[w:Close front rounded vowel|yː]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]''' | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel|ɪː]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Near-close near-back rounded vowel|ʊː]] | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]''' | |||
| [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]] [[w:Open-mid front rounded vowel|œː]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜː]] | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ʌ̞ː]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open vowel|Open]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|ɑː]] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Long vowels are pronounced with a length of two [[w:Mora|morae]]. Lengthening plays a role in morphology and semantics of words. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Diphthongs | |||
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 | | |||
! colspan=4|[[w:Close back rounded vowel|-/u/]] | |||
! colspan=4|[[w:Close front unrounded vowel|-/i/]] | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=1| | |||
! colspan=1|Phonetic | |||
! colspan=1|Unstressed | |||
! colspan=1|Pre-stress | |||
! colspan=1|Stressed | |||
! colspan=1|Phonetic | |||
! colspan=1|Unstressed | |||
! colspan=1|Pre-stress | |||
! colspan=1|Stressed | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|[[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|/e̞/-]] | |||
| /e̞u̯/ | |||
| [eʊ̯̈] | |||
| [e̞ʊ̯̈] | |||
| [e̞ʊ̯̈] | |||
| /e̞i̯/ | |||
| [eɪ̯] | |||
| [e̞ɪ̯] | |||
| [ɛi̯] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|[[w:Mid central vowel|/ə/-]] | |||
| /əu̯/ | |||
| [əu̯] | |||
| [əu̯] | |||
| [ɜʊ̯̈] | |||
| /əi̯/ | |||
| [əi̯] | |||
| [əi̯] | |||
| [ɜɪ̯̈] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛː/-]] | |||
| /ɛːu̯/ | |||
| [ɛːʊ̯̈] | |||
| [ɛːʊ̯̈] | |||
| [ɛːʉ̯] | |||
| /ɛːi̯/ | |||
| [ɛːi̯] | |||
| [ɛːi̯] | |||
| [ɛːi̯] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open-mid central unrounded vowell|/ɜː/-]] | |||
| /ɜːu̯/ | |||
| [ɜːʊ̯] | |||
| [ɜː⁽ʊ̯̈⁾] | |||
| [ɜːʊ̯̈] | |||
| /ɜːi̯/ | |||
| [ɜːɨ̯] | |||
| [ɜːɨ̯] | |||
| [ɜːɪ̯̈] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|[[w:Open front unrounded vowel|/a/-]] | |||
| /au̯/ | |||
| [əʊ̯] | |||
| [ɐu̯] | |||
| [aʊ̯] | |||
| /ai̯/ | |||
| [əi̯] | |||
| [ɐi̯] | |||
| [ai̯] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|[[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|/æ/-]] | |||
| /æu̯/ | |||
| [æʊ̯] | |||
| [æʊ̯̈] | |||
| [æu̯] | |||
| /æi̯/ | |||
| [æɪ̯̈] | |||
| [æi̯] | |||
| [æi̯] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Koṭärt [[Koṭärt#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] allow [[w:Vowel hiatus|vowel hiatus]] up to two consonants in a row, which are oftenly pronounced as a vowel-semivowel pair, meaning phonetically there are more diphthongs than presented on a table, yet they do not carry any sort of [[w:Semantics|semantic]] significance, and can be alternatively substituted by two vowels with an intervocalic [[w:glottal stop|glottal stop]]. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Romanization for Vowels''' | |||
! [[w:Vowel length|Short vowel]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Umlaut|Umlaut]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Vowel length|Long vowel]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! [[w:Vowel length|Lengthened]] [[w:Umlaut|Umlaut]] !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:A|a]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|a]]/ || [[w:Ä|ä]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|æ]]/ || [[w:Ā|ā]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɑː]]/ || [[w:Á|á]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʌ̞ː]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:I|i]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|i]]/ || || || [[w:Ī|ī]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɪː]]/ || || | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:U|u]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|u]]/ || [[w:Ü|ü]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|y]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ū]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʊː]]/ || [[w:Ú|ú]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|yː]]/ | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:E|e]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|e̞]]/ || || || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ē]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɛː]]/ || || | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Ë|ë]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ə]]/ || || || [[w:É|é]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɜː]]/ || || | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:O|o]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|o̞]]/ || [[w:Ö|ö]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ø̞]]/ || [[w:Macron (diacritic)|ō]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɔː]]/ || [[w:Ó|ó]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|œː]]/ | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Phonetics== | ==Phonetics== | ||
Below is the phonemic analysis of Koṭärt vowels. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Short monophthongs | |||
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 | | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]] | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]''' | |||
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e̞]] [[w:Mid front rounded vowel|ø̞]] | |||
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə]] | |||
| [[w:Mid back rounded vowel|o̞]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]''' | |||
| [[w:Near-open front unrounded vowel|æ]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]''' | |||
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
The phonemic vowels of the Koṭärt-Weśte dialect are quite asymmetrical, three front vowels, one central vowel, and one back vowel. Most phonemic vowels are mid, except for /a/ and /æ/. It contrasts very similar sounding /a/, /æ/, and /ə/, although in some dialects /a/ is more back, making it more distinct. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Diphthongs (phonemic values and romanisation) | |||
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 | | |||
! colspan=1|[[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
! colspan=1|[[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
! colspan=1|[[w:R-colored vowel|Rhotic]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 |Closed | |||
|/e̞i̯/ ⟨ei⟩ | |||
|/e̞u̯/ ⟨eu⟩ | |||
|/e̞ɹ/ ⟨er⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|/əu̯/ ⟨ëu⟩ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|/ai̯/ ⟨ai⟩ | |||
|/au̯/ ⟨au⟩ | |||
|/aɹ/ ⟨ar⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|/æu̯/ ⟨äu⟩ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=4 |[[Wiktionary:schwebeablaut|Open]] | |||
|/je̞/ ⟨ye⟩ | |||
|/we̞/ ⟨we⟩ | |||
|/ɹe̞/ ⟨re⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|/wə/ ⟨wë⟩ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|/ja/ ⟨ya⟩ | |||
|/wa/ ⟨wa⟩ | |||
|/ɹa/ ⟨ra⟩ | |||
|- | |||
| | |||
|/wæ/ ⟨wä⟩ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Phonotactics== | ==Phonotactics== | ||
| Line 72: | Line 469: | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
==Links== | |||
* [https://www.frathwiki.com/Ko%E1%B9%AD%C3%A4rt Koṭärt] on FrathWiki | |||
==Classmeter== | |||
<div style="float:left;"> | |||
{{Classmeter | |||
|valign="top" | |||
|Name = Koṭärt | |||
|NativeName = Koṭärt | |||
|Type = Agglutinative | |||
|Alignment = Ergative-Absolutive | |||
|Head = | |||
|Tonal = no | |||
|Declined = yes | |||
|Conjugated = yes | |||
|Genders = 0 | |||
|NCase = yes | |||
|NNumber = yes | |||
|NDefiniteness = no | |||
|NGender = no | |||
|VVoice = yes | |||
|VMood = yes | |||
|VPerson = yes | |||
|VNumber = yes | |||
|VTense = yes | |||
|VAspect = yes | |||
|Phonology=100 | |||
|NounCases=100 | |||
|NounNumbers=98 | |||
|VerbPerson=95 | |||
|VerbNumber=95 | |||
|VerbAspect=95 | |||
|VerbTense=95 | |||
|VerbMood=95 | |||
|VerbVoice=100 | |||
|AdjCase=95 | |||
|AdjNumber=95 | |||
|AdjComparative=100 | |||
|AdjSuperlative=100 | |||
|Participle=100 | |||
|Infinitive=100 | |||
|Modality=50 | |||
|Words=20 | |||
|adjective = final | |||
|adposition = initial | |||
|adverb = final | |||
|relativeclause = final | |||
|nounclause = initial | |||
|order = SVO | |||
}} | |||
</div> | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||