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'''Old Thean''' is the oldest attested language of Æm Múr and the earliest attested [[Trans-Sarnathian languages|Trans-Sarnathian]] language. It forms the basis of Literary Thean which was used as a literary language of Thea for over 2000 years before the emergence of Modern Standard Thean.
{{list subpages}}
== Example sentences ==
* ''dhat muː gwhaː xay'' 'I am your father'
* ''mu: kwel'' (or ''tso: mu: kwel'') 'you are eating'
* ''təkwle:ns xwaː (gwher) 2lar'' (teacher AUX.REL.3SG (LOC) breathe) 'the teacher that is breathing'


== Textual witnesses ==
{{Infobox language
Early Old Thean (perceived as a poetic register during the Late OTh period)
|image =
* The Tale of the Alchemist (the alchemist travels the world in search of ingredients for his elixir of life)
|imagesize =
* An Odyssey analogue
|creator =
Late Old Thean (basis of Literary Thean)
|name = Classical Thean
* The Code of Queen Naa¹³-Xay¹¹ (<- Tentative ModThean reading)
|nativename =
|pronunciation=
|setting = [[Verse:Angai]]
|region =
|speakers=975 million
|date=2025
|familycolor=tsimulh
|fam1=[[Verse:Angai/Theic languages|Theic]]
|iso3=
|official=Thea, Qualand, the Alliance
|notice=IPA
}}


== Early Old Thean phonology ==
'''Classical Thean''' was the most spoken language of Angai Europe before the timeline split. With 975 million L1 and L2 speakers worldwide, Thean was the fourth-most spoken language in 2025.
== Late Old Thean phonology ==
=== Simple initials ===
* /m n l r/ m n l r
* /(p) t ts&#810; ts̠ tʃ k kʷ/ p t tþ ts tš k kw
* /(bʰ) dʰ dz&#810;ʰ dz&#800;ʰ dʒʰ gʰ gʷʰ/ bh dh dðh dzh džh gh gwh
* /(pʼ) tʼ ts&#810;ʼ ts̠ʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ b d dð ds dž g gw
* /s&#810; s̠ ʃ x xʷ ʔ/ þ s š x xw 2
* /z{{den}} z{{ret}} {{ž}} ɣ ɣʷ/ ð z ž γ γw
* /j w/ y w


/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords from [[Kua]]ic and Rieng-Chrâtt.
In [[Verse:Angai/1|Timeline 1 of Angai]], Classical Thean evolves into highly tonal languages.
 
== Todo ==
* Make change-of-state verbs (e.g. 'to die', 'to ripen') the basic lexical items
* What does kʼ- mean? ƛʼu 'to hunt'; kʼƛʼu 'tooth'
== Gibberish ==
<poem>
təčʼay ʔəmʼarʼ ʔənkał xʷkʸiš
ǯun gǯed ʔəšo nəyiš
kʔan tnʼoh kʼlir ʔəlšey
łuy sca tweł knal ʔərgʷiš
</poem>
 
== History ==
The oldest attested stage of Thean, called Old Thean, uses a logography. The history of Classical Thean begins with the publication and spread of [some religious text; some form of Buddhism I guess] in a phonetic orthography and the rhyming prose tales of [author]. This switch to a phonetic orthography was incentivized by the introduction of the printing press.
=== Diachronics ===
==== Consonants ====
* Proto-Theic k g kʼ -> kʸ gʸ kʸʼ
* Proto-Theic kʷ gʷ kʷʼ -> č ʒ{{hacek}} čʼ
* Proto-Theic q ɢ qʷ -> k g kʼ
* Proto-Theic qʷ ɢʷ qʷʼ -> kʷ gʷ kʷʼ
==== Stressed vowels ====
* Proto-Theic a -> o after kʷ-series consonants, e after kʸ-series ones, a otherwise
* Proto-Theic ã -> a
* Proto-Theic i -> e
* Proto-Theic ī -> i
* Proto-Theic u -> o
* Proto-Theic ū -> u
 
== Classical Thean phonology ==
=== Initials ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Dental
! colspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! | central || lateral
! | plain || labialized
|-
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! | tenuis
| /p/ p
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}/ c
| /t/ t
|
| /ts{{ret}}/ č
| /c/ kʸ
| /k/ k
| /kʷ/ kʷ
| /ʔ/ ʔ
|-
! | voiced
| /b/ b
| /d{{den}}z{{den}}/ ʒ
| /d/ d
|
| /dz{{ret}}/ ǯ
| /ɟ/ gʸ
| /g/ g
| /gʷ/ gʷ
|
|-
! | ejective
| /pʼ/ pʼ
| /t{{den}}s{{den}}ʼ/ cʼ
| /tʼ/ tʼ
| /tɬʼ/ ƛʼ
| /ts{{ret}}ʼ/ čʼ
| /cʼ/ kʸʼ
| /kʼ/ kʼ
| /kʷʼ/ kʷʼ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Fricative
|
| /s{{den}}/ s
|
| /ɬ/ ł
| /s{{ret}}/ š
| /ç/ xʸ
| /x/ x
| /xʷ/ xʷ
| /h/ h, /ɦ/ ɦ
|-
! rowspan="2" |Sonorant
! | plain
| /m/ m
|
| /n/ n
| /l/ l
| /r{{ret}}/ r
| /j/ y
|
| /w/ w
|
|-
! | glottalized
| /mˀ/ mʼ
|
| /nˀ/ nʼ
| /lˀ/ lʼ
| /r{{ret}}ˀ/ rʼ
| /jˀ/ yʼ
|
| /wˀ/ wʼ
|
|}
 
/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords.


=== Nuclei ===
=== Nuclei ===
/i e a o u iː eː aː oː uː ai au ei eu oi/
/i e a o u/ ''i e a o u'', unstressed /ə/ ''ə''


=== Finals ===
=== Finals ===
/-m -n -l -r -j -w -mʔ -nʔ -lʔ -rʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ʔ -t -k -kʷ, -s, -Cs/
(Codas in parentheses are only found in loanwords)
 
* Tone A: null -n -y -l -r -d(soft d) (-m -w)
* Tone B: -ʔ -nʼ -lʼ -rʼ -yʼ -dʼ (-mʼ -wʼ)
* Tone C: -h -ł -š -x -s (-ms -ns -ls -rs -ys -ws -ps -ts -ks)
* Tone D: -k -t (-p)
 
=== Stress ===
Very strong final stress


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
* 1sg xay
* 1sg xey
* 2sg mu:
* 2sg mo
* 1pl li:
* 1pl tli
* 2pl: na:
* 2pl: tna


=== The Early Old Thean auxiliary ===
=== The Classical Thean auxiliary ===
The Early Old Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.
The Classical Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.


The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)
The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)


* Present tense affirmative: 1sg ''tsoi'', 2sg ''tso:'' (or zero), 3sg ''laː'', 1pl.ex, ''tsol'', 2pl ''tson'', 3pl ''lar''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
* Present tense interrogative, negative: ''bhə-gwhai, bhə-gwhau, bhə-gwhaː, bhə-gwhal, bhə-gwhan, bhə-gwhar''
|+ Classical Thean auxiliary constructions (V = verb)
* Present tense relative: ''xwiː, xuː, xwaː, xol, xon, xor''
! colspan=2 style="width: 75px; "| → Person
* Focused: ''gwhaː''
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
** (''dhat muː gwhaː xay'' 'I am your father')
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
* Past tense affirmative: ''dzhei, dzhu:, dzheː, dzhel, dzhen, dzher''
! style="width: 75px; " | 3
* Past tense interrogative, negative: ''2ə-dzhei, 2ə-dzhu:, 2ə-dzheː, 2ə-dzhel, 2ə-dzhen, 2ə-dzher''
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
* Future tense affirmative: ''2ai, 2au, 2aː, 2al, 2an, 2ar''
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
* Future tense interrogative, negative: ''2ə-dhai, 2ə-dhau, 2ə-dhaː, 2ə-dhal, 2ə-dhan, 2ə-dhar''
|-
* Conditional/subjunctive: ''dhoi, dho:, dhoː, dhol, dhon, dhor''
!rowspan=3| present
! affirmative
| ''xco xey gʷer V''
| ''(rəco) mo gʷer V''
| ''la šru gʷer V''
| ''łco tli gʷer V''
| ''nəco tna gʷer V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''xgʷay xey gʷer V''
| ''rəgʷay mo gʷer V''
| ''gʷay šru gʷer V''
| ''łgʷay tli gʷer V''
| ''nəgʷay tna gʷer V''
|-
! negative
| ''xgʷay xey wa gʷer V''
| ''rəgʷay mo wa gʷer V''
| ''gʷay šru wa gʷer V''
| ''łgʷay tli wa gʷer V''
| ''nəgʷay tna wa gʷer V''
|-
!rowspan=3| past
! affirmative
| ''xʒe xey V''
| ''rəʒe mo V''
| ''ʒe sru V''
| ''łʒe tli V''
| ''nəʒe tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxʒe xey V''
| ''ʔərʒe mo V''
| ''ʔəʒe sru V''
| ''ʔəłʒe tli V''
| ''ʔənʒe tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxʒe xey wa V''
| ''ʔərʒe mo wa V''
| ''ʔəʒe sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłʒe tli wa V''
| ''ʔənʒe tna wa V''
|-
!rowspan=3| future
! affirmative
| ''xʔal xey V''
| ''rəʔal mo V''
| ''ʔal sru V''
| ''łʔal tli V''
| ''nəʔal tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxda xey V''
| ''ʔərda mo V''
| ''ʔəda sru V''
| ''ʔəłda tli V''
| ''ʔənda tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxda xey wa V''
| ''ʔərda mo wa V''
| ''ʔəda sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłda tli wa V''
| ''ʔənda tna wa V''
|-
!rowspan=3| conditional/subjunctive
! affirmative
| ''xdo xey V''
| ''rədo mo V''
| ''do sru V''
| ''łdo tli V''
| ''nədo tna V''
|-
! interrogative
| ''ʔəxdo xey V''
| ''ʔədo mo V''
| ''ʔədo sru V''
| ''ʔədol tli V''
| ''ʔədon tna V''
|-
! negative
| ''ʔəxdo xey wa V''
| ''ʔədo mo wa V''
| ''ʔədo sru wa V''
| ''ʔəłdo tli wa V''
| ''ʔəndo tna wa V''
|-
|}
 
Todo: Add more forms, look at Welsh
 
== Derivational morphology ==
* ''kʼ-'' (allomorph of ''k-''?) derives agent or instrument nouns
** ƛʼu 'to hunt', kʼƛʼu 'tooth'


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Old Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost. In Early Old Thean, T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Classical Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost, and T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.


In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle
In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle
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